U | |
---|---|
Example glyphs | |
Bengali-Assamese | |
Tibetan | |
Tamil | |
Malayalam | ഉ |
Sinhala | උ |
Ashoka Brahmi | |
Devanagari | |
Cognates | |
Hebrew | ו |
Greek | Ϝ (Ϛ), Υ (Ȣ) |
Latin | F, V, U, W, Y, Ⅎ |
Cyrillic | Ѕ, У (Ꙋ), Ѵ, Ю |
Properties | |
Phonemic representation | /u/ /ʊ/ |
IAST transliteration | ū Ū |
ISCII code point | A8 (168) |
Indic letters | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Consonants | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Vowels | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Other marks | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Punctuation | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
U is a vowel of Indic abugidas. In modern Indic scripts, U is derived from the early "Ashoka" Brahmi letter
Āryabhaṭa numeration
Aryabhata used Devanagari letters for numbers, very similar to the Greek numerals, even after the invention of Indian numerals. The उ sign ु was used to modify a consonant's value ×104, but the vowel letter did not have an inherent value by itself.[1]
Historic U
There are three different general early historic scripts - Brahmi and its variants, Kharoṣṭhī, and Tocharian, the so-called slanting Brahmi. U as found in standard Brahmi,
Brahmi U
The Brahmi letter U
Ashoka (3rd-1st c. BCE) |
Girnar (~150 BCE) |
Kushana (~150-250 CE) |
Gujarat (~250 CE) |
Gupta (~350 CE) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Tocharian U
The Tocharian letter
Ku | Khu | Gu | Ghu | Cu | Chu | Ju | Jhu | Nyu | Ṭu | Ṭhu | Ḍu | Ḍhu | Ṇu |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tu | Thu | Du | Dhu | Nu | Pu | Phu | Bu | Bhu | Mu | Yu | Ru | Lu | Vu |
Śu | Ṣu | Su | Hu | ||||||||||
Kharoṣṭhī U
The Kharoṣṭhī letter U is indicated with the vowel mark
Devanagari U
U (उ) is a vowel of the Devanagari abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter
Devanagari-using languages
The Devanagari script is used to write the Hindi language, Sanskrit and the majority of Indo-Aryan languages. In most of these languages, उ is pronounced as [u]. Like all Indic scripts, Devanagari vowels come in two forms: an independent vowel form for syllables that begin with a vowel sound, and a vowel sign attached to base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel.
Bengali U
U (উ) is a vowel of the Bengali abugida. It is derived from the Siddhaṃ letter
Bengali script-using languages
The Bengali script is used to write several languages of eastern India, notably the Bengali language and Assamese. In most languages, উ is pronounced as [u]. Like all Indic scripts, Bengali vowels come in two forms: an independent vowel form for syllables that begin with a vowel sound, and a vowel sign attached to base consonant to override the inherent /ɔ/ vowel.
Gujarati U
U (ઉ) is a vowel of the Gujarati abugida. It is derived from the Devanagari U
Gujarati-using languages
The Gujarati script is used to write the Gujarati and Kutchi languages. In both languages, ઉ is pronounced as [u]. Like all Indic scripts, Gujarati vowels come in two forms: an independent vowel form for syllables that begin with a vowel sound, and a vowel sign attached to base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel. In addition to the standard vowel sign, U forms a unique ligature when combined with the consonant R:
- ર (r) + ઉ (u) gives the ligature ru:
Javanese U
Telugu U
U (ఉ) is a vowel of the Telugu abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter
Malayalam U
U (ഉ) is a vowel of the Malayalam abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter
Odia U
U (ଉ) is a vowel of the Odia abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter
Kaithi U
U (𑂇) is a vowel of the Kaithi abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter
Comparison of U
The various Indic scripts are generally related to each other through adaptation and borrowing, and as such the glyphs for cognate letters, including U, are related as well.
Comparison of U in different scripts | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Notes
|
Character encodings of U
Most Indic scripts are encoded in the Unicode Standard, and as such the letter U in those scripts can be represented in plain text with unique codepoint. U from several modern-use scripts can also be found in legacy encodings, such as ISCII.
Preview | ఉ | ଉ | ಉ | ഉ | ઉ | ਉ | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unicode name | DEVANAGARI LETTER U | BENGALI LETTER U | TAMIL LETTER U | TELUGU LETTER U | ORIYA LETTER U | KANNADA LETTER U | MALAYALAM LETTER U | GUJARATI LETTER U | GURMUKHI LETTER U | |||||||||
Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex |
Unicode | 2313 | U+0909 | 2441 | U+0989 | 2953 | U+0B89 | 3081 | U+0C09 | 2825 | U+0B09 | 3209 | U+0C89 | 3337 | U+0D09 | 2697 | U+0A89 | 2569 | U+0A09 |
UTF-8 | 224 164 137 | E0 A4 89 | 224 166 137 | E0 A6 89 | 224 174 137 | E0 AE 89 | 224 176 137 | E0 B0 89 | 224 172 137 | E0 AC 89 | 224 178 137 | E0 B2 89 | 224 180 137 | E0 B4 89 | 224 170 137 | E0 AA 89 | 224 168 137 | E0 A8 89 |
Numeric character reference | उ |
उ |
উ |
উ |
உ |
உ |
ఉ |
ఉ |
ଉ |
ଉ |
ಉ |
ಉ |
ഉ |
ഉ |
ઉ |
ઉ |
ਉ |
ਉ |
ISCII | 168 | A8 | 168 | A8 | 168 | A8 | 168 | A8 | 168 | A8 | 168 | A8 | 168 | A8 | 168 | A8 | 168 | A8 |
Preview | 𑌉 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unicode name | BRAHMI LETTER U | SIDDHAM LETTER U | GRANTHA LETTER U | |||
Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex |
Unicode | 69641 | U+11009 | 71044 | U+11584 | 70409 | U+11309 |
UTF-8 | 240 145 128 137 | F0 91 80 89 | 240 145 150 132 | F0 91 96 84 | 240 145 140 137 | F0 91 8C 89 |
UTF-16 | 55300 56329 | D804 DC09 | 55301 56708 | D805 DD84 | 55300 57097 | D804 DF09 |
Numeric character reference | 𑀉 |
𑀉 |
𑖄 |
𑖄 |
𑌉 |
𑌉 |
Preview | ꡟ | 𑐄 | 𑰄 | 𑆇 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unicode name | PHAGS-PA LETTER U | NEWA LETTER U | BHAIKSUKI LETTER U | SHARADA LETTER U | ||||
Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex |
Unicode | 43103 | U+A85F | 70660 | U+11404 | 72708 | U+11C04 | 70023 | U+11187 |
UTF-8 | 234 161 159 | EA A1 9F | 240 145 144 132 | F0 91 90 84 | 240 145 176 132 | F0 91 B0 84 | 240 145 134 135 | F0 91 86 87 |
UTF-16 | 43103 | A85F | 55301 56324 | D805 DC04 | 55303 56324 | D807 DC04 | 55300 56711 | D804 DD87 |
Numeric character reference | ꡟ |
ꡟ |
𑐄 |
𑐄 |
𑰄 |
𑰄 |
𑆇 |
𑆇 |
Preview | ဥ | ᩏ | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Unicode name | MYANMAR LETTER U | TAI THAM LETTER U | ||
Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex |
Unicode | 4133 | U+1025 | 6735 | U+1A4F |
UTF-8 | 225 128 165 | E1 80 A5 | 225 169 143 | E1 A9 8F |
Numeric character reference | ဥ |
ဥ |
ᩏ |
ᩏ |
Preview | ឧ | |
---|---|---|
Unicode name | KHMER INDEPENDENT VOWEL QU | |
Encodings | decimal | hex |
Unicode | 6055 | U+17A7 |
UTF-8 | 225 158 167 | E1 9E A7 |
Numeric character reference | ឧ |
ឧ |
Preview | උ | 𑄅 | ᥧ | 𑤄 | ꢆ | ꨂ | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unicode name | SINHALA LETTER UYANNA | CHAKMA LETTER U | TAI LE LETTER U | DIVES AKURU LETTER U | SAURASHTRA LETTER U | CHAM LETTER U | ||||||
Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex |
Unicode | 3467 | U+0D8B | 69893 | U+11105 | 6503 | U+1967 | 71940 | U+11904 | 43142 | U+A886 | 43522 | U+AA02 |
UTF-8 | 224 182 139 | E0 B6 8B | 240 145 132 133 | F0 91 84 85 | 225 165 167 | E1 A5 A7 | 240 145 164 132 | F0 91 A4 84 | 234 162 134 | EA A2 86 | 234 168 130 | EA A8 82 |
UTF-16 | 3467 | 0D8B | 55300 56581 | D804 DD05 | 6503 | 1967 | 55302 56580 | D806 DD04 | 43142 | A886 | 43522 | AA02 |
Numeric character reference | උ |
උ |
𑄅 |
𑄅 |
ᥧ |
ᥧ |
𑤄 |
𑤄 |
ꢆ |
ꢆ |
ꨂ |
ꨂ |
Preview | 𑘄 | 𑦤 | 𑩓 | ꠃ | 𑵤 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unicode name | MODI LETTER U | NANDINAGARI LETTER U | SOYOMBO VOWEL SIGN U | SYLOTI NAGRI LETTER U | GUNJALA GONDI LETTER U | KAITHI LETTER U | ||||||
Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex |
Unicode | 71172 | U+11604 | 72100 | U+119A4 | 72275 | U+11A53 | 43011 | U+A803 | 73060 | U+11D64 | 69767 | U+11087 |
UTF-8 | 240 145 152 132 | F0 91 98 84 | 240 145 166 164 | F0 91 A6 A4 | 240 145 169 147 | F0 91 A9 93 | 234 160 131 | EA A0 83 | 240 145 181 164 | F0 91 B5 A4 | 240 145 130 135 | F0 91 82 87 |
UTF-16 | 55301 56836 | D805 DE04 | 55302 56740 | D806 DDA4 | 55302 56915 | D806 DE53 | 43011 | A803 | 55303 56676 | D807 DD64 | 55300 56455 | D804 DC87 |
Numeric character reference | 𑘄 |
𑘄 |
𑦤 |
𑦤 |
𑩓 |
𑩓 |
ꠃ |
ꠃ |
𑵤 |
𑵤 |
𑂇 |
𑂇 |
Preview | 𑒅 | |
---|---|---|
Unicode name | TIRHUTA LETTER U | |
Encodings | decimal | hex |
Unicode | 70789 | U+11485 |
UTF-8 | 240 145 146 133 | F0 91 92 85 |
UTF-16 | 55301 56453 | D805 DC85 |
Numeric character reference | 𑒅 |
𑒅 |
Preview | 𑚄 | 𑠄 | 𑈃 | 𑊴 | 𑅒 | 𑊂 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unicode name | TAKRI LETTER U | DOGRA LETTER U | KHOJKI LETTER U | KHUDAWADI LETTER U | MAHAJANI LETTER U | MULTANI LETTER U | ||||||
Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex |
Unicode | 71300 | U+11684 | 71684 | U+11804 | 70147 | U+11203 | 70324 | U+112B4 | 69970 | U+11152 | 70274 | U+11282 |
UTF-8 | 240 145 154 132 | F0 91 9A 84 | 240 145 160 132 | F0 91 A0 84 | 240 145 136 131 | F0 91 88 83 | 240 145 138 180 | F0 91 8A B4 | 240 145 133 146 | F0 91 85 92 | 240 145 138 130 | F0 91 8A 82 |
UTF-16 | 55301 56964 | D805 DE84 | 55302 56324 | D806 DC04 | 55300 56835 | D804 DE03 | 55300 57012 | D804 DEB4 | 55300 56658 | D804 DD52 | 55300 56962 | D804 DE82 |
Numeric character reference | 𑚄 |
𑚄 |
𑠄 |
𑠄 |
𑈃 |
𑈃 |
𑊴 |
𑊴 |
𑅒 |
𑅒 |
𑊂 |
𑊂 |
Preview | ᬉ | ᯥ | ꦈ | ᮅ | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unicode name | BALINESE LETTER UKARA | BATAK LETTER U | JAVANESE LETTER U | SUNDANESE LETTER U | ||||
Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex |
Unicode | 6921 | U+1B09 | 7141 | U+1BE5 | 43400 | U+A988 | 7045 | U+1B85 |
UTF-8 | 225 172 137 | E1 AC 89 | 225 175 165 | E1 AF A5 | 234 166 136 | EA A6 88 | 225 174 133 | E1 AE 85 |
Numeric character reference | ᬉ |
ᬉ |
ᯥ |
ᯥ |
ꦈ |
ꦈ |
ᮅ |
ᮅ |
Preview | ᜂ | ᝢ | ᝂ | ᜢ | 𑴄 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unicode name | TAGALOG LETTER U | TAGBANWA LETTER U | BUHID LETTER U | HANUNOO LETTER U | MASARAM GONDI LETTER U | |||||
Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex |
Unicode | 5890 | U+1702 | 5986 | U+1762 | 5954 | U+1742 | 5922 | U+1722 | 72964 | U+11D04 |
UTF-8 | 225 156 130 | E1 9C 82 | 225 157 162 | E1 9D A2 | 225 157 130 | E1 9D 82 | 225 156 162 | E1 9C A2 | 240 145 180 132 | F0 91 B4 84 |
UTF-16 | 5890 | 1702 | 5986 | 1762 | 5954 | 1742 | 5922 | 1722 | 55303 56580 | D807 DD04 |
Numeric character reference | ᜂ |
ᜂ |
ᝢ |
ᝢ |
ᝂ |
ᝂ |
ᜢ |
ᜢ |
𑴄 |
𑴄 |
References
- ^ Ifrah, Georges (2000). The Universal History of Numbers. From Prehistory to the Invention of the Computer. New York: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 447–450. ISBN 0-471-39340-1.
- ^ Bühler, Georg (1898). "On the Origin of the Indian Brahmi Alphabet". archive.org. Karl J. Trübner. Retrieved 10 June 2020.
- ^ Asiatic Society of Bengal (1838). Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. Princeton Theological Seminary Library. Calcutta : Printed at the Baptist Mission Press [etc.]