E | |
---|---|
Example glyphs | |
Bengali–Assamese | |
Tibetan | |
Tamil | |
Thai | เ |
Malayalam | എ |
Sinhala | එ |
Ashoka Brahmi | |
Devanagari | |
Properties | |
Phonemic representation | /eː/ |
IAST transliteration | e E |
ISCII code point | AC (172) |
Indic letters | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Consonants | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Vowels | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Other marks | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Punctuation | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
E is a vowel of Indic abugidas. In modern Indic scripts, E is derived from the early "Ashoka" Brahmi letter
Āryabhaṭa numeration
Aryabhata used Devanagari letters for numbers, very similar to the Greek numerals, even after the invention of Indian numerals. The े sign was used to modify a consonant's value ×1010, but the vowel letter ए did not have an inherent value by itself.[1]
Historic Ē
There are three different general early historic scripts - Brahmi and its variants, Kharoṣṭhī, and Tocharian, the so-called slanting Brahmi. E as found in standard Brahmi,
Brahmi Ē
The Brahmi letter E
Ashoka (3rd-1st c. BCE) |
Girnar (~150 BCE) |
Kushana (~150-250 CE) |
Gujarat (~250 CE) |
Gupta (~350 CE) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Tocharian Ē
The Tocharian letter
Ke | Khe | Ge | Ghe | Ce | Che | Je | Jhe | Nye | Ṭe | Ṭhe | Ḍe | Ḍhe | Ṇe |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Te | The | De | Dhe | Ne | Pe | Phe | Be | Bhe | Me | Ye | Re | Le | Ve |
Śe | Ṣe | Se | He | ||||||||||
Kharoṣṭhī E
The Kharoṣṭhī letter E is indicated with the vowel mark
Devanagari Ē
Ē (ए) is a vowel of the Devanagari abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter
Devanagari Using Languages
The Devanagari script is used to write the Hindi language, Sanskrit and the majority of Indo-Aryan languages. In most of these languages, ए is pronounced as [e]. Like all Indic scripts, Devanagari vowels come in two forms: an independent vowel form for syllables that begin with a vowel sound, and a vowel sign attached to base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel.
Bengali Ē
Ē (এ) is a vowel of the Bengali abugida. It is derived from the Siddhaṃ letter
Bengali Script Using Languages
The Bengali script is used to write several languages of eastern India, notably the Bengali language and Assamese. In most languages, এ is pronounced as [e]. Like all Indic scripts, Bengali vowels come in two forms: an independent vowel form for syllables that begin with a vowel sound, and a vowel sign attached to base consonant to override the inherent /ɔ/ vowel.
Gujarati Ē
Ē (એ) is a vowel of the Gujarati abugida. It is derived from the Devanagari Ē
Gujarati-using Languages
The Gujarati script is used to write the Gujarati and Kutchi languages. In both languages, એ is pronounced as [e]. Like all Indic scripts, Gujarati vowels come in two forms: an independent vowel form for syllables that begin with a vowel sound, and a vowel sign attached to base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel.
Gujarati Candra E
Candra E (ઍ short E) is a vowel of the Gujarati abugida. It is derived from the Devanagari Candra E, and ultimately the Brahmi letter
Gujarati-using Languages
The Gujarati script is used to write the Gujarati and Kutchi languages. In both languages, ઍ is pronounced as gu. Like all Indic scripts, Gujarati vowels come in two forms: an independent vowel form for syllables that begin with a vowel sound, and a vowel sign attached to base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel.
Javanese E
Telugu E
E (ఎ) is a vowel of the Telugu abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter
Telugu Ē
In addition, Telugu also contains a second E vowel, Ē (ఏ). It is also derived from the Brahmi letter
Malayalam E
E (എ) is a vowel of the Malayalam abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter
Malayalam Ē
Ē (ഏ, Long E) is a vowel of the Malayalam abugida. It is ultimately a derivation of a predecessor to Malayalam short "E" that arose after Grantha. Like other Malayalam vowels, Ē has two forms: an independent letter for word and syllable-initial vowel sounds, and a vowel sign for changing the inherent "a" of consonant letters. Vowel signs in Malayalam usually sit adjacent to its base consonant - below, to the left, right, or both left and right, but are always pronounced after the consonant sound.
Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics Vowels
Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics | ||||||||||||||||||||
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ᐁ, ᐃ, ᐅ and ᐊ are the bare vowel characters in the Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics. ᐞ is derived from the vowel series, and has the value of a glottal stop. Unlike the bare-consonant forms of most Canadian syllabic letters that are a small version of the A-series letter, ᐞ is a small version of the I-series ᐃ. The base character ᐁ is derived from a handwritten form of the Devanagari letter ए.[4][5] Unlike most writing systems without legacy computer encodings, complex Canadian syllabic letters are represented in Unicode with pre-composed characters, rather than with base characters and diacritical marks.
Variant | E-series | I-series | O-series | A-series | Other | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bare vowels | ᐁ | ᐃ | ᐅ | ᐊ | - | |||||||
E | I | O | A | - | ||||||||
Small | - | ᐞ | ᣜ | ᣝ | - | - | ᐜ | |||||
- | ʔ | Eastern W | Western W | - | - | Ai | ||||||
Long vowels | - | ᐄ | ᐆ | ᐇ | ᐋ | |||||||
- | Ī | Ō | Cree Ō | Ā | ||||||||
W- vowels | ᐌ | ᐍ | ᐎ | ᐏ | ᐒ | ᐓ | ᐗ | ᐘ | - | |||
We | Cree We | Wi | Cree Wi | Wo | Cree Wo | Wa | Cree Wa | - | ||||
W- long vowels | - | ᐐ | ᐑ | ᐔ | ᐕ | ᐖ | ᐙ | ᐚ | ᐛ | - | ||
- | Wī | Cree Wī | Wō | Cree Wō | Naskapi Wō | Wā | Cree Wā | Naskapi Wā | - | |||
Carrier vowels | ᐈ | ᐉ | - | - | - | |||||||
Ē | I | - | - | - | ||||||||
Vowels with ring diacritic | - | ᐂ | ᢰ | ᢱ | ᢲ | ᢳ | - | |||||
- | Āi | Oy | Ay | Āy | Way | - |
Odia E
E (ଏ) is a vowel of the Odia abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter
Kaithi E
E (𑂉) is a vowel of the Kaithi abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter
Comparison of E
The various Indic scripts are generally related to each other through adaptation and borrowing, and as such the glyphs for cognate letters, including E, are related as well.
Comparison of E in different scripts | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Notes
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Character encodings of E
Most Indic scripts are encoded in the Unicode Standard, and as such the letter E in those scripts can be represented in plain text with unique codepoint. E from several modern-use scripts can also be found in legacy encodings, such as ISCII.
Preview | ఏ | ଏ | ಏ | ഏ | એ | ਏ | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unicode name | DEVANAGARI LETTER E | BENGALI LETTER E | TAMIL LETTER EE | TELUGU LETTER EE | ORIYA LETTER E | KANNADA LETTER EE | MALAYALAM LETTER EE | GUJARATI LETTER E | GURMUKHI LETTER EE | |||||||||
Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex |
Unicode | 2319 | U+090F | 2447 | U+098F | 2959 | U+0B8F | 3087 | U+0C0F | 2831 | U+0B0F | 3215 | U+0C8F | 3343 | U+0D0F | 2703 | U+0A8F | 2575 | U+0A0F |
UTF-8 | 224 164 143 | E0 A4 8F | 224 166 143 | E0 A6 8F | 224 174 143 | E0 AE 8F | 224 176 143 | E0 B0 8F | 224 172 143 | E0 AC 8F | 224 178 143 | E0 B2 8F | 224 180 143 | E0 B4 8F | 224 170 143 | E0 AA 8F | 224 168 143 | E0 A8 8F |
Numeric character reference | ए |
ए |
এ |
এ |
ஏ |
ஏ |
ఏ |
ఏ |
ଏ |
ଏ |
ಏ |
ಏ |
ഏ |
ഏ |
એ |
એ |
ਏ |
ਏ |
ISCII | 172 | AC | 172 | AC | 172 | AC | 172 | AC | 172 | AC | 172 | AC | 172 | AC | 172 | AC | 172 | AC |
Preview | 𑌏 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unicode name | BRAHMI LETTER E | SIDDHAM LETTER E | GRANTHA LETTER EE | |||
Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex |
Unicode | 69647 | U+1100F | 71050 | U+1158A | 70415 | U+1130F |
UTF-8 | 240 145 128 143 | F0 91 80 8F | 240 145 150 138 | F0 91 96 8A | 240 145 140 143 | F0 91 8C 8F |
UTF-16 | 55300 56335 | D804 DC0F | 55301 56714 | D805 DD8A | 55300 57103 | D804 DF0F |
Numeric character reference | 𑀏 |
𑀏 |
𑖊 |
𑖊 |
𑌏 |
𑌏 |
Preview | ꡠ | 𑐊 | 𑰊 | 𑆍 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unicode name | PHAGS-PA LETTER E | NEWA LETTER E | BHAIKSUKI LETTER E | SHARADA LETTER E | ||||
Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex |
Unicode | 43104 | U+A860 | 70666 | U+1140A | 72714 | U+11C0A | 70029 | U+1118D |
UTF-8 | 234 161 160 | EA A1 A0 | 240 145 144 138 | F0 91 90 8A | 240 145 176 138 | F0 91 B0 8A | 240 145 134 141 | F0 91 86 8D |
UTF-16 | 43104 | A860 | 55301 56330 | D805 DC0A | 55303 56330 | D807 DC0A | 55300 56717 | D804 DD8D |
Numeric character reference | ꡠ |
ꡠ |
𑐊 |
𑐊 |
𑰊 |
𑰊 |
𑆍 |
𑆍 |
Preview | ဧ | ᦵ | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Unicode name | MYANMAR LETTER E | NEW TAI LUE VOWEL SIGN E | ||
Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex |
Unicode | 4135 | U+1027 | 6581 | U+19B5 |
UTF-8 | 225 128 167 | E1 80 A7 | 225 166 181 | E1 A6 B5 |
Numeric character reference | ဧ |
ဧ |
ᦵ |
ᦵ |
Preview | ឯ | เ | ꪵ | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unicode name | KHMER INDEPENDENT VOWEL QE | THAI CHARACTER SARA E | TAI VIET VOWEL E | |||
Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex |
Unicode | 6063 | U+17AF | 3648 | U+0E40 | 43701 | U+AAB5 |
UTF-8 | 225 158 175 | E1 9E AF | 224 185 128 | E0 B9 80 | 234 170 181 | EA AA B5 |
Numeric character reference | ឯ |
ឯ |
เ |
เ |
ꪵ |
ꪵ |
Preview | එ | 𑄆 | ᥫ | 𑤆 | ꢌ | ꨃ | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unicode name | SINHALA LETTER EYANNA | CHAKMA LETTER E | TAI LE LETTER E | DIVES AKURU LETTER E | SAURASHTRA LETTER E | CHAM LETTER E | ||||||
Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex |
Unicode | 3473 | U+0D91 | 69894 | U+11106 | 6507 | U+196B | 71942 | U+11906 | 43148 | U+A88C | 43523 | U+AA03 |
UTF-8 | 224 182 145 | E0 B6 91 | 240 145 132 134 | F0 91 84 86 | 225 165 171 | E1 A5 AB | 240 145 164 134 | F0 91 A4 86 | 234 162 140 | EA A2 8C | 234 168 131 | EA A8 83 |
UTF-16 | 3473 | 0D91 | 55300 56582 | D804 DD06 | 6507 | 196B | 55302 56582 | D806 DD06 | 43148 | A88C | 43523 | AA03 |
Numeric character reference | එ |
එ |
𑄆 |
𑄆 |
ᥫ |
ᥫ |
𑤆 |
𑤆 |
ꢌ |
ꢌ |
ꨃ |
ꨃ |
Preview | 𑘊 | 𑦪 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Unicode name | MODI LETTER E | NANDINAGARI LETTER E | ||
Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex |
Unicode | 71178 | U+1160A | 72106 | U+119AA |
UTF-8 | 240 145 152 138 | F0 91 98 8A | 240 145 166 170 | F0 91 A6 AA |
UTF-16 | 55301 56842 | D805 DE0A | 55302 56746 | D806 DDAA |
Numeric character reference | 𑘊 |
𑘊 |
𑦪 |
𑦪 |
Preview | 𑒋 | ꫠ | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Unicode name | TIRHUTA LETTER E | MEETEI MAYEK LETTER E | ||
Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex |
Unicode | 70795 | U+1148B | 43744 | U+AAE0 |
UTF-8 | 240 145 146 139 | F0 91 92 8B | 234 171 160 | EA AB A0 |
UTF-16 | 55301 56459 | D805 DC8B | 43744 | AAE0 |
Numeric character reference | 𑒋 |
𑒋 |
ꫠ |
ꫠ |
Preview | 𑚆 | 𑠆 | 𑈄 | 𑊶 | 𑅓 | 𑊃 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unicode name | TAKRI LETTER E | DOGRA LETTER E | KHOJKI LETTER E | KHUDAWADI LETTER E | MAHAJANI LETTER E | MULTANI LETTER E | ||||||
Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex |
Unicode | 71302 | U+11686 | 71686 | U+11806 | 70148 | U+11204 | 70326 | U+112B6 | 69971 | U+11153 | 70275 | U+11283 |
UTF-8 | 240 145 154 134 | F0 91 9A 86 | 240 145 160 134 | F0 91 A0 86 | 240 145 136 132 | F0 91 88 84 | 240 145 138 182 | F0 91 8A B6 | 240 145 133 147 | F0 91 85 93 | 240 145 138 131 | F0 91 8A 83 |
UTF-16 | 55301 56966 | D805 DE86 | 55302 56326 | D806 DC06 | 55300 56836 | D804 DE04 | 55300 57014 | D804 DEB6 | 55300 56659 | D804 DD53 | 55300 56963 | D804 DE83 |
Numeric character reference | 𑚆 |
𑚆 |
𑠆 |
𑠆 |
𑈄 |
𑈄 |
𑊶 |
𑊶 |
𑅓 |
𑅓 |
𑊃 |
𑊃 |
Preview | ᬏ | ꦌ | ᮈ | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unicode name | BALINESE LETTER EKARA | JAVANESE LETTER E | SUNDANESE LETTER E | |||
Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex |
Unicode | 6927 | U+1B0F | 43404 | U+A98C | 7048 | U+1B88 |
UTF-8 | 225 172 143 | E1 AC 8F | 234 166 140 | EA A6 8C | 225 174 136 | E1 AE 88 |
Numeric character reference | ᬏ |
ᬏ |
ꦌ |
ꦌ |
ᮈ |
ᮈ |
Preview | 𑴆 | |
---|---|---|
Unicode name | MASARAM GONDI LETTER E | |
Encodings | decimal | hex |
Unicode | 72966 | U+11D06 |
UTF-8 | 240 145 180 134 | F0 91 B4 86 |
UTF-16 | 55303 56582 | D807 DD06 |
Numeric character reference | 𑴆 |
𑴆 |
Preview | ᐁ | ᐃ | ᐅ | ᐊ | ᐞ | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unicode name | CANADIAN SYLLABICS E | CANADIAN SYLLABICS I | CANADIAN SYLLABICS O | CANADIAN SYLLABICS A | CANADIAN SYLLABICS GLOTTAL STOP | |||||
Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex |
Unicode | 5121 | U+1401 | 5123 | U+1403 | 5125 | U+1405 | 5130 | U+140A | 5150 | U+141E |
UTF-8 | 225 144 129 | E1 90 81 | 225 144 131 | E1 90 83 | 225 144 133 | E1 90 85 | 225 144 138 | E1 90 8A | 225 144 158 | E1 90 9E |
Numeric character reference | ᐁ |
ᐁ |
ᐃ |
ᐃ |
ᐅ |
ᐅ |
ᐊ |
ᐊ |
ᐞ |
ᐞ |
- The full range of E Canadian syllabic characters can be found at the codepoint ranges 1401-141B, 141E, 142B-142E, 18B0-18B3, 18DC-18DD.
References
- ^ Ifrah, Georges (2000). The Universal History of Numbers. From Prehistory to the Invention of the Computer. New York: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 447–450. ISBN 0-471-39340-1.
- ^ Bühler, Georg (1898). "On the Origin of the Indian Brahmi Alphabet". archive.org. Karl J. Trübner. Retrieved 10 June 2020.
- ^ Evolutionary chart, Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal Vol 7, 1838 [1]
- ^ Andrew Dalby (2004:139) Dictionary of Languages
- ^ Some General Aspects of the Syllabics Orthography, Chris Harvey 2003