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| Clinical data | |
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| Other names | HupA |
| Routes of administration | Oral |
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| Pharmacokinetic data | |
| Elimination half-life | 10-14h[1] |
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| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) | |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.132.430 |
| Chemical and physical data | |
| Formula | C15H18N2O |
| Molar mass | 242.322 g·mol−1 |
| 3D model (JSmol) | |
| Melting point | 217 to 219 °C (423 to 426 °F) |
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Huperzine A is a naturally-occurring sesquiterpene alkaloid compound found in the firmoss Huperzia serrata[2] and in varying quantities in other food Huperzia species, including H. elmeri, H. carinat, and H. aqualupian.[3] Huperzine A has been investigated as a treatment for neurological conditions such as Alzheimer's disease, but a 2013 meta-analysis of those studies concluded that they were of poor methodological quality and the findings should be interpreted with caution.[4][5] Huperzine A inhibits the breakdown of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) by the enzyme acetylcholinesterase. It is commonly available over the counter as a nutritional supplement and marketed as a memory and concentration enhancer.
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What Is Huperzine A? (huperzia serrata)
Transcription
Pharmacological effects
Huperzine A is extracted from Huperzia serrata.[2] It is a reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor[6][7][8][9] and NMDA receptor antagonist[10] that crosses the blood–brain barrier.[11] Acetylcholinesterase is an enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of the neurotransmitter ACh and other choline esters that function as neurotransmitters. The structure of the complex of huperzine A with acetylcholinesterase has been determined by X-ray crystallography (PDB code: 1VOT; see the 3D structure).[12]
Huperzine A has been investigated as a possible treatment for diseases characterized by neurodegeneration such as Alzheimer's disease,[2][13] and there is some evidence from small-scale studies that it can benefit cognitive functioning, global clinical status, and ability to engage in activities of daily living (ADLs) among individuals with the disease. In a 2016 systematic review of systematic reviews,[14] huperzine A was associated with a standardized mean difference of 1.48 (95% CI, 0.95-2.02) compared to placebo on measures of ADL among people with dementia, but the evidence was very low-quality and uncertain. In a 2022 umbrella review,[15] huperzine A was associated with broad benefits to dementia patients' cognitive functioning, but the degree of heterogeneity in measurements and outcomes of the reviewed studies indicated publication bias toward huperzine A benefit.
Adverse effects
Huperzine A may present with mild cholinergic side effects such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.[5] Slight muscle twitching and slurred speech might also occur, as well as excessive saliva excretion and sweating. The use of huperzine A during pregnancy and lactation is not recommended due to the lack of sufficient safety data.[16]
Drug interactions
Huperzine A may have additive effects if taken with drugs causing bradycardia, such as beta-blockers,[17] which may decrease heart rate. Theoretically, there may be possible additive cholinergic effects if huperzine A is taken with other acetylcholinesterase inhibitors or cholinergic agents.[18]
Safety
Huperzine A, in spite of the possible cholinergic side effects, seems to have a wide margin of safety. Toxicology studies show huperzine A to be non-toxic even when administered at 50-100 times the human therapeutic dose. The extract is active for 6 hours at a dose of 2 μg/kg with no remarkable side effects.[19]
Other possible uses
Huperzine A might be useful in the treatment of organophosphate nerve agent poisoning by preventing damage to the central nervous system caused by such agents. [20] [21]
Synthesis
Two scalable and efficient total syntheses of huperzine A have been reported.[22][23]
References
- ^ Li YX, Zhang RQ, Li CR, Jiang XH (2007). "Pharmacokinetics of huperzine A following oral administration to human volunteers". European Journal of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics. 32 (4): 183–187. doi:10.1007/BF03191002. PMID 18348466. S2CID 2702029.
- ^ a b c Zangara A (June 2003). "The psychopharmacology of huperzine A: an alkaloid with cognitive enhancing and neuroprotective properties of interest in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease". Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior. 75 (3): 675–686. doi:10.1016/S0091-3057(03)00111-4. PMID 12895686. S2CID 36435892.
- ^ Lim WH, Goodger JQ, Field AR, Holtum JA, Woodrow IE (September 2010). "Huperzine alkaloids from Australasian and southeast Asian Huperzia". Pharmaceutical Biology. 48 (9): 1073–1078. doi:10.3109/13880209.2010.485619. PMID 20731560.
- ^ Yang G, Wang Y, Tian J, Liu JP (2013). "Huperzine A for Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials". PLOS ONE. 8 (9): e74916. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...874916Y. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0074916. PMC 3781107. PMID 24086396.
- ^ a b Li J, Wu HM, Zhou RL, Liu GJ, Dong BR (April 2008). Wu HM (ed.). "Huperzine A for Alzheimer's disease". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. CD005592 (2): CD005592. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD005592.pub2. PMID 18425924.
- ^ Wang R, Yan H, Tang XC (January 2006). "Progress in studies of huperzine A, a natural cholinesterase inhibitor from Chinese herbal medicine". Acta Pharmacologica Sinica. 27 (1): 1–26. doi:10.1111/j.1745-7254.2006.00255.x. PMID 16364207.
Huperzine A (HupA), a novel alkaloid isolated from the Chinese herb Huperzia serrata, is a potent, highly specific and reversible inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase (AChE).
- ^ Meletis CD, Barke JE (2004). Herbs and Nutrients for the Mind: A Guide to Natural Brain Enhancers. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 191. ISBN 978-0-275-98394-9.
- ^ Wang BS, Wang H, Wei ZH, Song YY, Zhang L, Chen HZ (April 2009). "Efficacy and safety of natural acetylcholinesterase inhibitor huperzine A in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease: an updated meta-analysis". Journal of Neural Transmission. 116 (4): 457–465. doi:10.1007/s00702-009-0189-x. PMID 19221692. S2CID 8655284.
- ^ Tang XC, He XC, Bai DL (1999). "Huperzine A: A novel acetylcholinesterase inhibitor". Drugs of the Future. 24 (6): 647. doi:10.1358/dof.1999.024.06.545143.
- ^ Coleman BR, Ratcliffe RH, Oguntayo SA, Shi X, Doctor BP, Gordon RK, et al. (September 2008). "[+]-Huperzine A treatment protects against N-methyl-D-aspartate-induced seizure/status epilepticus in rats". Chemico-Biological Interactions. 175 (1–3): 387–395. doi:10.1016/j.cbi.2008.05.023. PMID 18588864.
- ^ Patocka J (1998). "Huperzine A--an interesting anticholinesterase compound from the Chinese herbal medicine". Acta Medica. 41 (4): 155–157. doi:10.14712/18059694.2019.181. PMID 9951045.
- ^ Raves ML, Harel M, Pang YP, Silman I, Kozikowski AP, Sussman JL (January 1997). "Structure of acetylcholinesterase complexed with the nootropic alkaloid, (-)-huperzine A". Nature Structural Biology. 4 (1): 57–63. doi:10.1038/nsb0197-57. PMID 8989325. S2CID 236518.
- ^ Bai DL, Tang XC, He XC (March 2000). "Huperzine A, a potential therapeutic agent for treatment of Alzheimer's disease". Current Medicinal Chemistry. 7 (3): 355–374. doi:10.2174/0929867003375281. PMID 10637369.
- ^ Laver K, Dyer S, Whitehead C, Clemson L, Crotty M (April 2016). "Interventions to delay functional decline in people with dementia: a systematic review of systematic reviews". BMJ Open. 6 (4): e010767. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2015-010767. PMC 4854009. PMID 27121704.
- ^ Fan F, Liu H, Shi X, Ai Y, Liu Q, Cheng Y (2022-02-01). "The Efficacy and Safety of Alzheimer's Disease Therapies: An Updated Umbrella Review". Journal of Alzheimer's Disease. 85 (3): 1195–1204. doi:10.3233/JAD-215423. PMID 34924395. S2CID 245311001.
- ^ "Huperzine A". Natural Standard: The Authority on Integrative Medicine. Natural Standard. Retrieved 29 October 2014.
- ^ Pepping J (March 2000). "Huperzine A". American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy. 57 (6): 530, 533–530, 534. doi:10.1093/ajhp/57.6.530. PMID 10754762.
- ^ Skolnick AA (March 1997). "Old Chinese herbal medicine used for fever yields possible new Alzheimer disease therapy". JAMA. 277 (10): 776. doi:10.1001/jama.1997.03540340010004. PMID 9052690.
- ^ Lallement G, Baille V, Baubichon D, Carpentier P, Collombet JM, Filliat P, et al. (May 2002). "Review of the value of huperzine as pretreatment of organophosphate poisoning". Neurotoxicology. 23 (1): 1–5. doi:10.1016/S0161-813X(02)00015-3. PMID 12164543.
- ^ "Review of the Value of Huperzine as Pretreatment of Organophosphate Poisoning". Nutrition Review. 22 April 2013.
- ^ Liu L, Sun JX (March 2005). "[Advances on study of organophosphate poisoning prevented by Huperzine A]". Wei Sheng Yan Jiu = Journal of Hygiene Research. 34 (2): 224–226. PMID 15952670.
- ^ un MK, Wüstmann DJ, Herzon SB (2011). "A robust and scalable synthesis of the potent neuroprotective agent (−)-huperzine A". Chemical Science. 2 (11): 2251–2253. doi:10.1039/C1SC00455G. S2CID 98224866.
- ^ Tudhope SR, Bellamy JA, Ball A, Rajasekar D, Azadi-Ardakani M, Meera HS, et al. (2012). "Development of a Large-Scale Synthetic Route to Manufacture (−)-Huperzine A". Organic Process Research & Development. 16 (4): 635–642. doi:10.1021/op200360b.
External links
This page was last edited on 31 March 2024, at 10:16