To install click the Add extension button. That's it.

The source code for the WIKI 2 extension is being checked by specialists of the Mozilla Foundation, Google, and Apple. You could also do it yourself at any point in time.

4,5
Kelly Slayton
Congratulations on this excellent venture… what a great idea!
Alexander Grigorievskiy
I use WIKI 2 every day and almost forgot how the original Wikipedia looks like.
Live Statistics
English Articles
Improved in 24 Hours
Added in 24 Hours
What we do. Every page goes through several hundred of perfecting techniques; in live mode. Quite the same Wikipedia. Just better.
.
Leo
Newton
Brights
Milds

Method of undetermined coefficients

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

In mathematics, the method of undetermined coefficients is an approach to finding a particular solution to certain nonhomogeneous ordinary differential equations and recurrence relations. It is closely related to the annihilator method, but instead of using a particular kind of differential operator (the annihilator) in order to find the best possible form of the particular solution, an ansatz or 'guess' is made as to the appropriate form, which is then tested by differentiating the resulting equation. For complex equations, the annihilator method or variation of parameters is less time-consuming to perform.

Undetermined coefficients is not as general a method as variation of parameters, since it only works for differential equations that follow certain forms.[1]

YouTube Encyclopedic

  • 1/5
    Views:
    491 778
    81 643
    216 832
    211 387
    4 749
  • Method of Undetermined Coefficients - Nonhomogeneous 2nd Order Differential Equations
  • Undetermined Coefficients: Solving non-homogeneous ODEs
  • Method of Undetermined Coefficients - Non-Homogeneous Differential Equations
  • undetermined coefficients, diff eq, sect4.5#19
  • Method of Undetermined Coefficients Explained Part 1

Transcription

Description of the method

Consider a linear non-homogeneous ordinary differential equation of the form

where denotes the i-th derivative of , and denotes a function of .

The method of undetermined coefficients provides a straightforward method of obtaining the solution to this ODE when two criteria are met:[2]

  1. are constants.
  2. g(x) is a constant, a polynomial function, exponential function , sine or cosine functions or , or finite sums and products of these functions (, constants).

The method consists of finding the general homogeneous solution for the complementary linear homogeneous differential equation

and a particular integral of the linear non-homogeneous ordinary differential equation based on . Then the general solution to the linear non-homogeneous ordinary differential equation would be

[3]

If consists of the sum of two functions and we say that is the solution based on and the solution based on . Then, using a superposition principle, we can say that the particular integral is[3]

Typical forms of the particular integral

In order to find the particular integral, we need to 'guess' its form, with some coefficients left as variables to be solved for. This takes the form of the first derivative of the complementary function. Below is a table of some typical functions and the solution to guess for them.

Function of x Form for y

If a term in the above particular integral for y appears in the homogeneous solution, it is necessary to multiply by a sufficiently large power of x in order to make the solution independent. If the function of x is a sum of terms in the above table, the particular integral can be guessed using a sum of the corresponding terms for y.[1]

Examples

Example 1

Find a particular integral of the equation

The right side t cos t has the form

with n = 2, α = 0, and β = 1.

Since α + = i is a simple root of the characteristic equation

we should try a particular integral of the form

Substituting yp into the differential equation, we have the identity

Comparing both sides, we have

which has the solution

We then have a particular integral

Example 2

Consider the following linear nonhomogeneous differential equation:

This is like the first example above, except that the nonhomogeneous part () is not linearly independent to the general solution of the homogeneous part (); as a result, we have to multiply our guess by a sufficiently large power of x to make it linearly independent.

Here our guess becomes:

By substituting this function and its derivative into the differential equation, one can solve for A:

So, the general solution to this differential equation is:

Example 3

Find the general solution of the equation:

is a polynomial of degree 2, so we look for a solution using the same form,

Plugging this particular function into the original equation yields,

which gives:

Solving for constants we get:

To solve for the general solution,

where is the homogeneous solution , therefore, the general solution is:

References

  1. ^ a b Ralph P. Grimaldi (2000). "Nonhomogeneous Recurrence Relations". Section 3.3.3 of Handbook of Discrete and Combinatorial Mathematics. Kenneth H. Rosen, ed. CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0149-1.
  2. ^ Zill, Dennis G., Warren S. Wright (2014). Advanced Engineering Mathematics. Jones and Bartlett. p. 125. ISBN 978-1-4496-7977-4.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  3. ^ a b Dennis G. Zill (14 May 2008). A First Course in Differential Equations. Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-0-495-10824-5.


This page was last edited on 23 October 2022, at 07:52
Basis of this page is in Wikipedia. Text is available under the CC BY-SA 3.0 Unported License. Non-text media are available under their specified licenses. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. WIKI 2 is an independent company and has no affiliation with Wikimedia Foundation.