Ancient history |
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Preceded by prehistory |
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Late Antiquity is a historiographical term for the historical period from c. 200 AD to c. 700 AD, which marks the transition from Classical Antiquity to the Middle Ages. Precise boundaries for the period are a matter of debate, but historian Peter Brown proposed a period between the 2nd and 8th centuries. While generally, it can be thought of as from the end of the Roman Empire's Crisis of the Third Century (c. 235–284) to the re-organization of the Eastern Roman Empire under Heraclius and the Muslim conquests in the mid-7th century,[citation needed] for the purposes of this page it will be considered the period 200 to 700 AD.
This list's the main types state that existed in Africa, Americas, Central Asia, East Asia, Europe, Eurasian Steppe, South Asia, and West Asia.
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The Revelation of Adam, Gnostic Texts
Transcription
Hi, I’m John Green, this is crash course: world history and today we’re going to learn about the Roman Empire, which of course began when two totally nonfictional twins, Romulus and Remus, who’d been raised by wolves, founded a city on seven hills. Mr Green, Mr Green, what, what does SPQR stand for? It means shut piehole quickly, rapscallion. No, it means Senatus Populusque Romanus, one of the mottoes of the Roman Republic. So today we’re going to do some old school Great Man History and focus on Julius Caesar while trying to answer a question: When, if ever, is it OK to stab someone 23 times? [music intro] [music intro] [music intro] [music intro] [music intro] [music intro] Shakespeare answers that question by saying that Roman senators killed Caesar because he was going to destroy the Roman republic, but even if that’s true, we still have to answer whether: a. The Roman Republic was worth preserving, and b. whether Caesar actually destroyed it. One of the things that made the Roman republic endure, both in reality and in imagination was its balance. According to the Greek historian Polybius, "THE THREE kinds of government, monarchy, aristocracy and democracy, were all found united in Rome. And … it was no easy thing to determine with assurance, whether the entire state was an aristocracy, a democracy, or a monarchy.” At the heart of this blended system was the Senate, a body of legislators chosen from a group of elite families. (Rome was divided into two broad classes: the Patricians – the small group of aristocratic families and the Plebeians, basically everybody else. The Senators were drawn from the Patricians.) The Senate was a sort of a mixture of legislature and giant advisory council. Their main job was to set the policy for the Consuls. Each year the Senate would choose from among its ranks 2 co-Consuls to serve as sort of the chief executives of Rome. There needed to be two so they could check each other’s ambition, and also so that one could, you know, take care of Rome domestically, while the other was off fighting wars, and conquering new territory. There were two additional checks on power: First, the one-year term. I mean, how much trouble could you really do in a year, right? Unless you’re the CEO of Netflix, I mean he destroyed that company in like two weeks. And secondly, once a senator had served as consul, he was forbidden to serve as consul again for at least 10 years. Although that went a little bit like you say you’re only going to eat one Chipotle burrito per week, and then there are a few exceptions, and then all of a sudden you’re there every day, and YES, I know guacamole is more, JUST GIVE IT TO ME! But right, we were talking about the Romans. The Romans also had a position of dictator, a person who would who’d take over in the event the Republic was in imminent danger. The paradigm for this selfless Roman ruler was Cincinnatus, a general who came out of comfortable retirement at his plantation, took command an army, defeated whatever enemy he was battling, and then laid down his command and returned to his farm, safe in the knowledge that one day the second largest city in Ohio would be named for him. If that model of leadership sounds familiar to Americans by the way, it’s because George Washington was heavily influenced by Cincinnatus when he invented the idea of a two term presidency. So along comes Caesar. Gaius Ju- Gay-us? No it’s Gaius, I know from Battlestar Galactica. Gaius Julius Caesar was born around 100 BCE to one of Rome’s leading families. His birth was somewhat miraculous, requiring a surgical procedure that we know as Caesarian section. Coming as he did from the senatorial class, it was natural that Caesar would serve in both the army and the Senate, which he did. He rose through the ranks, and after some top-notch generalling, and a gig as the governor of Spain, he decided to run for consul. In order to win, Caesar needed financial help, which he got from Crassus, one of Rome’s richest men. Crassus ran a private fire company whose business model was essentially, “hey, I notice your house is on fire. Give me some money and I’ll help you out with that.” Caesar succeeded in becoming consul in 59 BC and thereafter sought to dominate Roman politics by allying himself with Crassus and also with Rome’s other most powerful man, the general Pompey. You’ll no doubt remember Pompey from his fascination with Alexander the Great. Pompey, Crassus, and Caesar were the so-called first triumvirate, and the alliance worked out super well, for Caesar. Not so well for the other two. Let’s go to the Thought Bubble. After a year as consul that included getting the senate to pass laws largely because of intimidation by Pompey’s troops, Caesar landed the governorship of Gaul, at least the southern part of Gaul that Rome controlled. He quickly conquered the rest of Gaul and his four loyal armies—or legions, as the Romans called them—became his source of power. Caesar continued his conquests, invading Britain and waging another successful war against the Gauls. While he was away, Crassus died in battle with the Parthians and Pompey, who had become Caesar’s rival and enemy, was elected Consul. Pompey and the Senate decided to try to strip Caesar of his command and recall him to Rome. If he returned to Rome without an army, Caesar would have been prosecuted for corrupt consuling and also probably exceeding his authority as governor, so instead he returned with the 13th Legion. He crossed the Rubicon River, famously saying, “the die is cast” or possibly, “Let the die be cast.” Sorry, Thought Bubble, sources disagree. Basically, Caesar was invading his own hometown. Pompey was in charge of Rome’s army but like a boss fled the city, and by 48 BCE Caesar was in total command of all of Rome’s holdings, having been named both dictator and consul. Caesar set out to Egypt to track down Pompey only to learn that he’d already been assassinated by agents of the Pharaoh Ptolemy. Egypt had its own civil war at the time, between the Pharaoh and his sister/wife Cleopatra. Ptolemy was trying to curry favor with Caesar by killing his enemy, but Caesar was mad in that the-only-person-who-gets-to-tease-my-little-brother-is-me kind of way, except with murder instead of teasing. So Caesar sided with—and skoodilypooped with—Cleopatra. Thank you, Thought Bubble. Cleopatra went on to become tBut before all that, Caesar made his way back from Egypt to Rome, stopping off to defeat a few kings in the east, and was declared dictator again. he last Pharaoh of Ancient Egypt and bet on Marc “I am the Wrong Horse” Antony instead of Emperor “There Is a Baby Attached to My Leg” Augustus. But before all that, Caesar made his way back from Egypt to Rome, stopping off to defeat a few kings in the east, and was declared dictator again. That position that was later extended for ten years, and then for life. He was elected consul in 46 and then again in 45 BCE, this last time without a co-consul. By 45 BCE Caesar was the undisputed master of Rome and he pursued reforms that strengthened his own power. He provided land pensions for his soldiers, restructured the debts of a huge percentage of Rome’s debtors, and also changed the calendar to make it look more like the one we use today. But by 44 BCE, many Senators had decided that Caesar controlled too much of the power in Rome, and so they stabbed him 23 times on the floor of the Roman senate. Caesar was duly surprised about this and all, but he never said, “Et Tu, Brute” when he realized Brutus was one of the co-conspirators. That was an invention of Shakespeare. The conspirators thought that the death of Caesar would bring about the restoration of the Republic, and they were wrong. For one thing, Caesar’s reforms were really popular with the Rome’s people, who were quick to hail his adopted son Octavian, along with his second in command Mark “I am the wrong horse” Antony and a dude named Lepidus, as a second triumvirate. This triumvirate was an awesome failure, degenerating into a second civil war. Octavian and Antony fought it out. Antony being the wrong horse lost. Octavian won, changed his name to Caesar Augustus, became sole ruler of Rome, attached a baby to his leg, adopted the title Emperor, and started printing coins identifying himself as Divini Filius: Son of God. More on that next week. Although Augustus tried to pretend that the forms of the Roman republic were still intact, the truth was that he made the laws and the Senate had become nothing more than a rubber stamp. Which reminds me, it’s time for the open letter. Movie magic! An open letter to the Roman Senate. Oh, but first, let’s see what’s in the secret compartment. Ah, it’s a harmonica! Stan, do you want me to play some old, Roman folk songs? Very well. Stan, I just want to thank you for doing such a good job of overdubbing there. Dear Roman Senate, whether you were rubber stamping the laws of Emperor Augustus, or stabbing Caesar on the floor of your sacred hall, you were always doing something! I don’t want to sound nostalgic for a time when people lived to be 30, a tiny minority of adults could vote, and the best fashion choice was bedsheets, but oh my god, at least you did something! You’re senate was chosen from among the Patrician class. Our senate here in the United States is chosen from among the obstructionist class. But don’t get me wrong Roman senate, you were terrible. Best wishes, John Green. So did Caesar destroy the Republic? Well, he started a series of civil wars, he seized power for himself, subverted the ideas of the republic, he changed the constitution, but he’s only really to blame if he was the first one to do that. And he wasn’t. Take the general Marius, for instance, who rose to power on the strength of his generalship and on his willingness to open up the army to the poor, who were loyal to him personally, and not to Rome,and whom he promised land in exchange for their good service in the army. This of course required the Romans to keep conquering new land so they could keep giving it to new legionnaires. Marius also was consul 5 times in a row 60 years before Caesar. Or look at the general Sulla who, like Marius, ensured that his armies would be more loyal to him personally than to Rome, but who marched against Rome itself, and then became its dictator, executing thousands of people in 81 BCE, 30 years before Caesar entered the scene. There is another way of looking at this question altogether if we dispense with great man history. Maybe Rome became an empire before it had an emperor. Like, remember the Persian Empire? You’ll remember that empire had some characteristics that made it, imperial. Like a unified system of government, continual military expansion, and a diversity of subject peoples. The Roman empire had all three of those characteristics long before it became The Roman Empire. Like Rome started In 219 BCE, Hannibal attacked a Roman town and then led an army across Spain, and then crossed the freaking Alps with elephants. out as a city, and then it became a city state, then a kingdom, and then a Republic, but that entire time, it was basically comprised of the area around Rome. By the 4th century BCE, Rome started to incorporate its neighbors like the Latins and the Etruscans, and pretty soon they had all of Italy under their control, but that’s not really diversity of subject peoples. I mean, nothing personal Italians, but you have a lot of things in common, like the constant gesticulations. If you want to talk about real expansion and diversity, you’ve got to talk about the Punic Wars. These were the wars that I remember, primarily because they involved Hannibal crossing the Alps with freaking war-elephants, which was probably the last time that the elephants could have risen up, and formed their awesome secret elephant society with elephant planes and elephant cars. In the First Punic War, Rome wanted Sicily, which was controlled by the Carthaganians. Rome won, which made Carthage cranky, so they started the second Punic war. In 219 BCE, Hannibal attacked a Roman town and then led an army across Spain, and then crossed the freaking Alps with elephants. Hannibal and his elephant army almost won, but alas, they didn’t and as a result the Romans got Spain. People in Spain are definitely NOT Romans (despite Russell Crowe’s character in Gladiator), which means that by 201 BCE Rome was definitely an empire. People in Spain are definitely NOT Romans (despite Russell Crowe’s character in Gladiator), which means that by 201 BCE Rome was definitely an empire. The third Punic War was a formality – Rome found some excuse to attack Carthage and then destroyed it so completely that these days you can’t even find it on a map. Eventually this whole area, and a lot more would be incorporated into a system of provinces and millions of people would be ruled by the Roman Empire. And it’s ridiculous to say that Rome was a Republic until Augustus became Rome’s first official emperor, because by the time he did that, Rome had been an empire for 200 years. There is a reason why I am arguing that the death of the Republic came before Caesar and probably around the time that Rome became an Empire. If anything destroyed the idea of Republican Rome, it was the concentration of power into the hands of one man. And this man was always a general. I mean, you can’t march on Rome without an army, after all. Why were there such powerful generals? Because Rome had decided to become an Empire, and empires need to expand militarily. Particularly, the Roman empire needed to expand militarily because it always needed new land to give its retired legionnaires. That expansion created the all-powerful general and the incorporation of diverse peoples made it easier for them to be loyal to him, rather than to some abstract idea of the Republic. Julius Caesar didn’t create emperors: Empire created them. Next week we’ll be discussing Christianity, so that shouldn’t be controversial. Until then, thanks for watching. Crash Course is produced and directed by Stan Muller, our script supervisor is Danica Johnson. The show is written by my high school history teacher Raoul Meyer and myself and our graphics team is Thought Bubble. Last week's Phrase of the Week was "Pre-Distressed Designer Jeans" If you want to guess at this week’s Phrase of the Week or suggest future ones, you can do so in Comments where you can also ask questions about today’s video which our team of historians will endeavor to answer. Thanks for watching Crash Course, and as we say in my hometown, don’t forget to be awesome. [scoots out of frame] [scoots out of frame] Whoah... Geez!
Political entities
![](/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/East-Hem_477ad.jpg/550px-East-Hem_477ad.jpg)
Location | Name | Capital(s) | State type | Existed |
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Africa: Central | Sao civilisation | Various | Tribal city states | 6th century BC – 16th century AD |
Africa: North | Garamantes | Garama | Tribal Confederation/Empire | 500 BC – 700 AD |
Africa: North; Asia: West; Europe: West | Umayyad Caliphate | Dammascus, Harran | Empire | 661–750 AD |
Africa: North, Europe: South | Vandal Kingdom | Carthage | Kingdom | 435–534 AD |
Africa: Northeast | Kingdom of Aksum | Aksum | Kingdom | c.100 – c.940 AD |
Africa: Northeast | Alodia | Soba | Empire | 680–1504 AD |
Africa: Northeast | Blemmyes | Tribal Kingdom | 600 BC – 8th century AD | |
Africa: Northeast | Makuria | Dongola | Kingdom | 340–1312 AD |
Africa: Northeast | Nobatia | Pachoras | Kingdom | 350–650 AD |
Africa: Northwest | Gaetulia | Tribal confederation | c. 350 BC – 550 AD | |
Africa: Northwest | Garmul | Altava | Kingdom | 530–578 AD |
Africa: Northwest | Ouarsenis | Jedars | Kingdom | 430–735 AD |
Africa: West | Ghana Empire | Koumbi Saleh | Empire | c. 400 – 1235 AD |
Americas: Central | Maya | Various | Kingdom City States | 2000 BC – 900AD |
Americas: Central | Zapotec | Various | Kingdom City States | 700 BC – 1521 AD |
Americas: North | Cholula | Cholula | City-state | 600 BC – 700 AD |
Americas: North | Pueblo | Various | Tribal chiefdom's | 12th century BC – 14th century AD |
Americas: North | Teotihuacan Empire | Teotihuacan | Empire | 100 BC – 8th century AD |
Americas: North | Teuchitlán | Various Chiefdoms | 350 BCE to 450/500 CE | |
Americas: South | Lima | Lima | Kingdom | 100–650 AD |
Americas: South | Moche | Moche-Trujillo. | United Independent Polities | 100–800 AD |
Americas: South | Nazca | Various | Tribal chiefdom's | 100 BC – 800 AD |
Americas: South | Tiwanaku empire | Tiwanaku | Empire | 300–1000 AD |
Americas: South | Wari Empire | Huari | Empire | 500–1100 AD |
Europe: Balkans | Avar Khaganate | Khaganate | 567–804 AD | |
Europe: Balkans, Asia: West; Africa: Northeast | Byzantine Empire | Constantinople | Empire | 395–1453 AD |
Europe: Balkans | Gepids | Sirmium | Kingdom | 454–567 AD |
Europe: British Isles | Ailech | Grianán Ailigh | Kingdom | 450–1283 AD |
Europe: British Isles | Airgíalla | Clogher | Tribal Federation/Kingdom | 331–1590 AD |
Europe: British Isles | Bernicia | Bamburgh | Kingdom | 420–634 AD |
Europe: British Isles | Brycheiniog | Talgarth | Kingdom | 450–1045 AD |
Europe: British Isles | Cai | Tribal kingdom | 25–871 AD | |
Europe: British Isles | Ce | Tribal kingdom | 1st century – 900 AD | |
Europe: British Isles | Ceredigion | Kingdom | 475–680 AD | |
Europe: British Isles | Connacht | Tribal chiefdom/kingdom | c. 10th century BC – 1474 AD | |
Europe: British Isles | Dál Riata | Dunadd | Kingdom | 501–878 AD |
Europe: British Isles | Deira | York | Kingdom | 559–664 AD |
Europe: British Isles | Dumnonia | Isca Dumnoniorum | Dukedom/principality | 290–875 AD |
Europe: British Isles | Dyfed | Kingdom | 410–910 AD | |
Europe: British Isles | Kingdom of East Anglia | Rendlesham, Dommoc | Kingdom | 6th C – 918 AD |
Europe: British Isles | Elmet | Loidis | Kingdom | 4th–7th century AD |
Europe: British Isles | Ergyng | Kingdom | 5th–7th century AD | |
Europe: British Isles | Essex | Kingdom | 527–825 AD | |
Europe: British Isles | Fortriu | Tribal kingdom | 1–850 AD | |
Europe: British Isles | Glywysing | Cardiff | Kingdom | 490–1063 AD |
Europe: British Isles | Gododdin | Kingdom | 5th–8th century AD | |
Europe: British Isles | Gwent | Caerwent, Porth-is-Coed | Kingdom | 420–1081 AD |
Europe: British Isles | Gwynedd | Various | Kingdom | 420–1261 AD |
Europe: British Isles | Haestingas | Hastings | Tribal kingdom | 6th century – 771 AD |
Europe: British Isles | Hwicce | Worcester | Kingdom | 577–780s AD |
Europe: British Isles | Kent | Durovernum | Kingdom | 455–871 AD |
Europe: British Isles | Leinster | Kingdom | 436–1632 AD | |
Europe: British Isles | Lindsey | Lindum | Kingdom/Client | 410–775 AD |
Europe: British Isles | Meath | Dublin | Kingdom | 1st century – 1173 AD |
Europe: British Isles | Mercia | Tamworth | Kingdom | 527 – 918 AD |
Europe: British Isles | Kingdom of Northumbria | Bamburgh | Kingdom | 653–954 AD |
Europe: British Isles | Osraige | Kilkenny | Kingdom | 150–1185 AD |
Europe: British Isles | Pictland | Kingdom | 250 BC – 850 AD[1] | |
Europe: British Isles | Powys | Various | Kingdom | 488–1160 AD |
Europe: British Isles | Rheged | Kingdom | 550–650 AD | |
Europe: British Isles | Kingdom of East Anglia | Rendlesham, Dommoc | Kingdom | 512–927 AD |
Europe: British Isles | Seisyllwg | Kingdom | 680–920 AD | |
Europe: British Isles | Strathclyde | Dumbarton, Govan | Kingdom | 450–1093 AD |
Europe: British Isles | Sussex | Selsey | Kingdom | 477–860 AD |
Europe: British Isles | Tyrconnell | Dun na nGall | Kingdom | 464–1607 AD |
Europe: British Isles | Wessex | Winchester | Kingdom | 519–1018 AD |
Europe: British Isles | Wihtwara | Wihtgarsburgh | Kingdom | 512–927 AD |
Europe: East | Samo's Empire | Morava | Empire | 631–648 AD |
Europe: East, West, Central, Balkans | Hunnic Empire | Tribal Empire | 370s–469 AD | |
Europe: East; Asia: Central | Huns | Nomadic confederation | 1st century – 370 AD | |
Europe: East; Asia, Central; Eurasian: Caucasus | Khazar Khaganate | Various | Nomadic Kingdom | 618–1048 AD |
Europe: East | Kutrigurs | Nomadic confederation/client | 453 – 8th century AD | |
Europe: East | Old Great Bulgaria | Phanagoria | Kingdom | 632–668 AD |
Europe: East | Venedae | Tribal Confederation | 400 BC – 7th century AD | |
Europe: East | Volga Bulgaria | Bolghar, Bilär | Kingdom | 660–1236 AD |
Europe: South | Duchy of Benevento after 774, Principality of Benevento | Benevento | Dukedom/Principality/Client | 571–1074 AD |
Europe: South | Kingdom of the Lombards | Pavia | Kingdom | 568–774 AD |
Europe: South | Odoacer's Kingdom | Ravenna | Kingdom | 476–493 AD |
Europe: South | Ostrogothic Kingdom | Ravenna | Kingdom | 493–553 AD |
Europe: South, West, Balkans, British Isles; Africa: North; Asia: West | Roman Empire | Rome, Constantinople | Empire | 27 BC – 1453 AD |
Europe: South | San Marino | San Marino | Republic | 301 AD – present |
Europe: South | Duchy of Tridentum | Benevento | Dukedom/Principality | 574–1802 AD |
Europe: West | Alamannia | Kingdom | 213 AD–496 AD | |
Europe: West | Alemanni | Tribal Confederation | 85 BC – 213 AD | |
Europe: West | Armorica | Kingdom/dukedom | 343–1532 AD | |
Europe: West | Austrasia | Metz | Kingdom | 511–751 AD |
Europe: West | Bavaria | Dukedom | 508–788 AD | |
Europe: West | Kingdom of the Burgundians | Borbetomagus, Lugdunum | Kingdom | 410–534 AD |
Europe: West | Carantania | Karnburg | Principality | 658–828 AD |
Europe: West | Cornouaille | Principality | 430–1084 AD | |
Europe: West | Francia | Tournai, Paris | Kingdom/Empire | 481–843 AD |
Europe: West | Franks | Various | Tribal Confederation | 210–481 AD |
Europe: West | Frisian Kingdom | Dorestad, Utrecht | Kingdom | 600–734 AD |
Europe: West | Kingdom of Galicia | Santiago de Compostela | Kingdom | 409–1833 AD |
Europe: West | Poher | Vorgium | Principality | 520–936 AD |
Europe: West | Raetia Curiensis | Chur | Bishopric (religious state) | 452–1160 AD |
Europe: West | Rugiland | Vindobona | Kingdom | 467–487 AD |
Europe: West | Saxons (Continental) | Tribal confederation | 5th century BC – 754 AD | |
Europe: West | Kingdom of Soissons | Noviodunum | Kingdom | 457 – 486 AD |
Europe: West | Suebi | Tribal Confederation | 60 BC – 409 AD | |
Europe: West | Kingdom of the Suebi | Braga | Kingdom | 409–585 AD |
Europe: West | Visigothic Kingdom | Various | Kingdom | 418–720 AD |
Europe: South, West, British Isles; Africa: North | Western Roman Empire | Mediolanum, Ravenna | Empire | 395–476 AD |
Eurasian: Caucasus | Arminiya | Dvin | Principality/client | 653–884 AD |
Eurasian: Caucasus | Caspiane | Tribal Kingdom/Client | 650 BC – 387 AD | |
Eurasian: Caucasus | Caucasian Albania | Kabalak, Partav | Kingdom/Client | 65 BC – 628 AD |
Eurasian: Caucasus | Kingdom of Iberia | Various | Kingdom | 302 BC – 580 AD |
Eurasian: Caucasus | Principality of Iberia | Tbilisi | Principality | 580–891 AD |
Eurasian: Caucasus | Lazica | Phasis | Kingdom/client | 1st century BC – 7th century AD |
Eurasian: Caucasus | Sarir | Humraj | Kingdom/Client | 453 – 12th century AD |
Asia: West | Adiabene | Arbela | Kingdom/Client | 15–379 AD |
Asia: West | Armenia | Van | Kingdom | 553 BC – 428 AD |
Asia: West | Corduene | Principality/kingdom/client | 800 BC – 653 AD | |
Asia: West | Ghassanid | Balka, Harith, Petra, Sideir | Kingdom/Client | 220–712 AD |
Asia: West | Kindah | Qaryat Dhāt Kāhil | Tribal kingdom | 2nd century BC – 525 AD |
Asia: West | Lakhmids | Al-Hirah | Kingdom | 300–602 AD |
Asia: West; Africa, Northeast | Rashidun Caliphate | Medina, Kuffa | Empire | 632–661 AD |
Asia: West, Central, Eurasian: Caucasus | Sasanian Empire | Estakhr, Ctesiphon | Empire | 224–637 AD |
Asia: West | Zabdicene | Principality/client | 780 BC – 5th century AD | |
Asia: Central | Afrighids | Kath | Kingdom/Client | 305–995 AD |
Asia: Central | Alchon Huns | Kapisa | Kingdom | 370–670 AD |
Asia: Central | Fergana | Khokand | Kingdom | 220 BC – 590 AD |
Asia: Central | Hephthalite Empire | Various | Empire | 408–670 AD |
Asia: Central | Kangju | Tribal Federation | 280 BC – 585 AD | |
Asia: Central | Kidarites | Bactria, Peshawar, Taxila | Kingdom | 320–467 AD |
Asia: Central | Khotan | Khotan | Kingdom | 56–1006 AD |
Asia: Central | Kucha | Kucha | Buddhist Kingdom | 46–658 AD |
Asia: Central | Nezak Huns | Ghazna, Kapisa | Kingdom | 484–665 AD |
Asia: Central | Patola Shahis | Gilgit | Buddhist Kingdom | 6th–8th century AD |
Asia: Central | Shanshan | Kingdom | 92 BC –445 AD | |
Asia: Central | Shule Kingdom | Kashgar | Kingdom | 200 BC–790 AD |
Asia: Central, East | Rouran Khaganate | Confederation | 330–555 AD | |
Asia: Central | Sumpa | Tribal chiefdom/client | 1600 BC – 7th century AD | |
Asia: East, Central | Tang dynasty | Chang'an, Luoyang | Empire | 618–907 AD |
Asia: Central, East | Tibetan Empire | Lhasa, Pho brang | Empire | 618–907 AD |
Asia: Central | Turgesh Khaganate | Balasagun | Nomadic Empire | 699–766 AD |
Asia: Central, East | First Turkic Khaganate | Ordu Baliq | Confederation | 552–747 AD |
Asia: Central | Turpan | Turpan | Buddhist Kingdom | 480–640 AD |
Asia: Central | Tuyuhun | Fuqi | Nomadic Kingdom | 285–670 AD |
Asia: Central | Xionites | Tribal federation | 320 – late 5th century AD | |
Asia: East, Central | Yueban | Tribal confederation | 160–490 AD | |
Asia: South | Andhra Ikshvaku | Vijayapuri | Kingdom | 3rd–4th century |
Asia: South | Aulikara dynasty | Mandsaur | Kingdom | 4th century–550 AD |
Asia: South | Ay | Aykudi | Kingdom | 4th century BC – 12th century AD |
Asia: South | Kingdom of Bumthang | Chakhar Gutho | Kingdom | 7th–17th centuries AD |
Asia: South | Chalukya dynasty | Badami | Kingdom | 543–753 AD |
Asia: South | Chera Kingdom | Kingdom | 5th century BC – 1102 AD | |
Asia: South | Davaka kingdom | Lanka | Kingdom | ?–6th century AD |
Asia: South | Eastern Chalukyas | Vengi, Rajamundry | Kingdom | 624–1129 AD |
Asia: South | Eastern Ganga dynasty | Various | Kingdom | 493–1947 AD |
Asia: South | Gauda Kingdom | Karnasuvarna | Kingdom | 590–626 AD |
Asia: South | Gupta Empire | Pataliputra | Empire | 320–620 AD |
Asia: South | Gurjara-Pratihara | Kannauj | Empire | 650–1036 AD |
Asia: South | Harsha | Kanauj | Empire | 606–647 AD |
Asia: South | Kabul Shahi | Kabul, Waihind | Kingdom/Empire | 6th century – 1026 AD |
Asia: South | Kadamba dynasty | Banavasi | Kingdom | 345–540 AD |
Asia: South | Kamarupa | Various | Kingdom | 350–1140 AD |
Asia: South | Maitraka | Vallabhi | Empire | 475–767 AD |
Asia: South | Maukhari | Kannauj | Empire | 550s – 8th century AD |
Asia: South | Mushika | Ezhimalai | Kingdom | 3rd century BC – 4th century AD |
Asia: South | Nala dynasty | Pushkari | Kingdom | 6th century AD |
Asia: South | Pallava Empire | Kanchi | Empire | 250 BC – 800 AD |
Asia: South | Pundra | Pundravardhana | Kingdom | 1300 BC – 550 AD |
Asia: South | Rai dynasty | Aror | Empire | 489–690 AD |
Asia: South | Rajarata | Various | Kingdom | 377 BC – 1310 AD |
Asia: South | Ruhuna | Magama | Principality | 200 BC – 450 AD |
Asia: South | Sharabhapuriya dynasty | Sharabhapura | Kingdom | 5th–6th century AD |
Asia: South | Taank Kingdom | Shekilo | Kingdom | 550–700 AD |
Asia: South | Traikutaka dynasty | Kingdom | 388–456 AD | |
Asia: South | Vakataka Empire | Amaravati | Empire | 230 BC – 230 AD |
Asia: South | Varman dynasty | Kannauj | Kingdom | 725–770 AD |
Asia: South | Vishnukundina | Indrapalanagara | Empire | 420–624 AD |
Asia: South | Western Ganga dynasty | Kolar, Talakad | Kingdom | 350–1000 AD |
Asia: South | Western Satraps | Ozone, Barygaza | Kingdom | 35–405 AD |
Asia: Southeast | Champa | Various | Kingdom | 192–1832 AD |
Asia: Southeast | Chenla Kingdom | Bhavapura, Isanapura | Kingdom | 550–706 AD |
Asia: Southeast | Chi Tu | Kingdom | 100 BC – 7th century AD | |
Asia: Southeast | Funan | Various | Kingdom | 60–550 AD |
Asia: Southeast | Gangga Negara | Gangga Negara | Kingdom | 2nd–11th centuries AD |
Asia: Southeast | Langkasuka | Kedah, Pattani | Kingdom | 100–1516 AD |
Asia: Southeast | Lavo Kingdom | Lavo, Ayodhaya | Kingdom | 450–1388 AD |
Asia: Southeast | Melayu Kingdom | Jambi | Kingdom | 4th–13th centuries AD |
Asia: Southeast | Pyu city-states | Sri Ksetra | Federated City States | 250 BC – 1085 AD |
Asia: Southeast | Samaskuta Kingdom | Kingdom | ?–416 AD | |
Asia: Southeast | Tarumanagara | Sundapura | Kingdom | 358–669 AD |
Asia: Southeast | Thaton Kingdom | Thaton | Kingdom | 300 BC–1085 AD |
Asia: Southeast, Vietnam | Vạn Xuân | Longbian | Kingdom | 544–602 AD |
Asia: East, China | Cao Wei | Various | Kingdom | 220–265 AD |
Asia: East, China | Chen dynasty | Jiankang | Kingdom | 557–589 AD |
Asia: East, China | Cheng Han | Chengdu | Kingdom | 304–347 AD |
Asia: East, China | Chouchi | Lüeyang | Principality | 184–511 AD |
Asia: East, China | Duan | Tribal Chiefdom/Dukedom | 250–338 AD | |
Asia: East, China | Eastern Wei | Luoyang, Yecheng | Kingdom | 534–550 AD |
Asia: East, China | Eastern Wu | Wuchang, Jianye | Kingdom | 229–280 AD |
Asia: East, China | Former Zhao | Lishi | Kingdom | 304–329 AD |
Asia: East, China | Jin | Luoyang | Empire | 266–420 AD |
Asia: East, China | Khitans | Shangjing | Kingdom/Client | 388 – 1211 AD |
Asia: East, China | Liang dynasty | Jiankang, Jiangling | Kingdom | 502–557 AD |
Asia: East, China | Liu Song dynasty | Jiankang | Empire | 420–479 AD |
Asia: East, China | Mu'ege | Mugebaizhage | Chiefdom | 300–1698 AD |
Asia: East, China | Northern Liang | Jiankang | Kingdom/Client | 397–460 AD |
Asia: East, China | Northern Qi | Yecheng | Kingdom | 550–577 AD |
Asia: East, China | Northern Wei | Shengle | Empire | 386–585 AD |
Asia: East, China | Northern Zhou | Chang'an | Kingdom | 557–581 AD |
Asia: East, China | Shu Han | Chengdu | Kingdom | 221–263 AD |
Asia: East, China | Southern Qi | Jiankang | Kingdom | 477–502 AD |
Asia: East, China | Sui dynasty | Dazing, later Luoyang | Kingdom | 581–618 AD |
Asia: East, China | Western Liang | Jingzhou | Kingdom | 555–587 AD |
Asia: East, China | Western Qin | Yongshicheng | Kingdom | 385–431 AD |
Asia: East, China | Western Wei | Chang'an | Kingdom | 535–557 AD |
Asia: East, Japan | Japan | Various | Empire | 660 BC – present |
Asia: East, Korean Peninsula | Baekje | Various | Kingdom | 18 BC – 660 AD |
Asia: East, Korean Peninsula | Balhae | Dongmo | Empire | 698–926 AD |
Asia: East, Korean Peninsula | Buyeo | Buyeoseong | Kingdom | 189 BC – 494 AD |
Asia: East, Korean Peninsula | Dongye | Chiefdom | 3rd century BC – 5th century AD | |
Asia: East, Korean Peninsula | Gaya confederacy | Gaya | Confederacy | 42–562 AD |
Asia: East, Korean Peninsula | Goguryeo | Various | Kingdom | 37 BC – 668 AD |
Asia: East, Korean Peninsula | Mahan confederacy | Cheonan | Confederacy | 98 BC – 250 AD |
Asia: East, Korean Peninsula | Okjeo | Tribal state | 2nd century BC – 5th century AD | |
Asia: East, Korean Peninsula | Samhan | Confederacy | 1st century BC – 4th century AD | |
Asia: East, Korean Peninsula | Siljik | Kingdom | 102 – 6th century AD | |
Asia: East, Korean Peninsula | Silla | Gyeongju | Kingdom | 55 BC – 935 AD |
Asia: East, Korean Peninsula | Usan | Kingdom | 512–930 AD |
See also
- List of Copper Age states (c. 5000–3300 BC)
- List of Bronze Age states (c. 3300–1200 BC)
- List of Iron Age states (c. 1200–600 BC)
- List of Classical Age states (c. 600 BC–200 AD)
- List of states during the Middle Ages (c. 700–1500)
- List of former sovereign states
- List of states in the 3rd century
- List of states in the 4th century
- List of states in the 5th century
- List of states in the 6th century
- List of states in the 7th century
- List of ancient great powers
- List of medieval great powers
- List of modern great powers
- List of largest empires
- Lists of state leaders by year
- Ancient Africa
- Ancient Americas
- History of Central Asia
- Ancient China
- History of East Asia
- Ancient Europe
- History of India
- Ancient Iran
- Ancient Middle East
- Ancient Near East
- History of South Asia
References
- ^ Salway, Peter. "Gaelic Kingdoms: Kingdoms of Caledonia". 2014. The History Files. Retrieved 13 June 2014.
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