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Harti

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

For other uses, see Harti (disambiguation).
Harti
هَرْتِي
Sheikh Harti's tomb in Qa’ableh, Somalia
Regions with significant populations
 Somalia
 Yemen

 Oman

 Ethiopia
 Kenya
Languages
Somali
Religion
Islam
Related ethnic groups
Ogaden, Marehan, Lailkase and other Darod and Somali groups

Harti (Somali: Harti, Arabic: هرتي), meaning "strong man", is a Somali clan family that is the part of the Darod clan.[1] The major sub-clans include the Majeerteen, Warsangeli, Dishiishe, Dhulbahante and [2] while other minor sub-clans consist of Kaskiqabe, Geesaguule and Liibaangashe.[3][4]

The clan settles the apex of the Horn of Africa and its peripheries,[5] and in the south, the clan settles on both sides of the Kenya-Somalia border.[6][7][8]

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Transcription

Distribution

Commander-poet Ismail Mire (pictured) administered the largest infantry Shiikhyaale and Adan Ali Gurey the second-largest, Golaweyne.

The extended formal name of the Harti clan is Saleh Abdi Mohamed Abdirahman bin Isma'il al-Jabarti. The primary homeland of the Harti is the state of Puntland in northeastern Somalia. The clan is well represented in the regions of Sool, Sanaag, Togdheer, Bari, Nugaal and Mudug. There is also a significant trading Harti community in the state of Jubaland particularly in the port city of Kismayo. In Ethiopia, they are well represented in the Dollo Zone, whilst they have a notable presence in the North Eastern Province of Kenya.

History

Northern Sultanates

Main article: Somali aristocratic and court titles
Mohamoud Ali Shire, Sultan of the Warsangali Sultanate

The Majeerteen Sultanate (Migiurtinia) was founded in the mid-18th century. It rose to prominence the following century, under the reign of the resourceful Boqor (King) Osman Mahamuud.[9] Centred in Aluula, it controlled much of northern and central Somalia in the 19th and early 20th centuries. The polity maintained a robust trading network, entered into treaties with foreign powers, and exerted strong centralized authority on the domestic front.[10][11]

With the gradual extension of European colonial rule into northern Somalia, all three sultanates were annexed to Italian Somaliland and British Somaliland in the early 20th century.

Darawiish sultanate-emirate-chieftainship

(Abdi) Nur Hedik (white shirt), wearing the emblematic Kuuk Darawiish prayer bead on his left wrist and the emblematic Darawiish duubcad turban on his head; Hedik was the commnder of Dooxato (Darawiish cavalry) who had a Shiikhyaale division named after him, was of the western Ugaadhyahan clan.

The Darawiish, mostly hailed from the Dhulbahante and drew the majority of its followers from this clan; the four major Darawiish administrative divisions, i.e. Dooxato, Shiikhyaale, Golaweyne and Miinanle were near exclusively Dhulbahante.[12][13][14] The Dhulbahante in Buuhodle were particularly the first and most persistent supporters of the Dervish chieftainship-emirate-sultanate.[15] The poet Aadan Carab noted that the Dhulbahante experienced a genocide at the hands of European colonialists due to their Darawiish adherence, noting the Dhulbahante genocide in his poem Diidda Ama Yeella.[16] The Dervish chieftainship-sultanate resisted colonial occupation, especially the British who were aided by other Somali clans.[17]

Foundation of Puntland

In 1998, the Harti community convened at Garowe to discuss their political future. The conference lasted for a period of three months. Attended by the area's political elite, traditional elders (Issims), members of the business community, intellectuals and other civil society representatives, the autonomous Puntland State of Somalia was established to deliver services to the population, offer security, facilitate trade, and interact with domestic and international partners.[18] Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed served as the fledgling state's founding president.[19]

Clan tree

The Dalyare fort is a Dhulbahante garesa located in the Oodagooye basin; the Oodagooye basin being where the territories of the Dhulbahante sub-clans of Ugaasyo, Baharsame, Galool Oriye and western Ugaadhyahan converge.

There is no clear agreement on the clan and sub-clan structures and many lineages are omitted. The following listing is taken from the World Bank's Conflict in Somalia: Drivers and Dynamics from 2005 and the United Kingdom's Home Office publication, Somalia Assessment 2001.[20][21]

Notable Harti members

Territory of Darawiish sultan Diiriye Guure in 1907 (marked out in black ink delineation), according to Somali historian Muxamed Ibraahim Muxamed, consisted of the Ciid-Nugaal regions of Nugaal province, Las Anod District, Xudun District, Taleh District, Boocame District and Bookh District.

Commanders

Prime ministers & leaders

The Sugulle family had many Darawiish leaders, including Jama Sugulle (pictured) the revivor of Darawiishnimo in 1960 via eponymous Somali Darawiish police unit; Badhiidh Sugulle commanded Taargooye, Cabbane Sugulle commanded Burcadde-Godwein, Barni Sugulle was governor of Indhabadan, and Faarax Sugulle was head of haroun (government).

Enterprisers

The last residents of the Silsilad fort were Haji Yusuf Barre, the singlehanded defender of Taleh, Mohamud Hosh (pictured), the last castellan of Taleh and Jama Biixi Kidin, an abandoned Darawiish child prisoner.
Ministero delle Colonie depicts that Illig treaty cedes Boocame district, Taleh district, Xudun district, Las Anod district, Bookh district (of Ethiopia) and Nugaal province territories to Darawiish.

Royalty

Aw Abdille Ibrahim (pictured) and Yusuf Agararan were governors in the Cal (Darawiish) region.

Politicians

Ismaaciil, son of darawiish peace-time prime minister Xaashi Suni Fooyaan.
Aadan Carab reported on the Dhulbahante genocide at the hands of European colonialists during the Darawiish era in his poem Diidda ama Yeella.
The scout of Darawiish head of intelligence, Serar Shawe.
1903 drawing by Melton Prior depicting the Battle of Cagaarweyne commanded by Suleiman Aden Galaydh, Maxamuud Dheri and Diiriye Guure

Notes

  1. ^ Drake-Brockman, p.55.
  2. ^ Lewis, I M (1999). A Pastoral Democracy: A Study of Pastoralism and Politics Among the Northern Somalis. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 208. ISBN 9783825830847. Retrieved 12 April 2018.
  3. ^ PDRC (2007). "The Puntland Experience: A Bottom-up Approach to Peace and State Building (1991-2007)" (PDF). Interpeace: 8. Retrieved 21 September 2019.
  4. ^ Adam, Asha. "Legitimizing Puntland: Exploring Puntland's hybrid political order (Master's Thesis)" (PDF). Norwegian University of Life Sciences: 14. Retrieved 21 September 2019.
  5. ^ Marchal, Ronald (2014). "The Puntland State of Somalia. A Tentative Social Analysis". HAL: 15. Retrieved 21 September 2019.
  6. ^ Bradbury, M. "PART IV KISMAYO: PEACE-MAKING" (PDF). Oxfam Library. Retrieved 21 September 2019.
  7. ^ Elder, Claire; Yusuf, Zakaria (2013-05-21). "Jubaland in Jeopardy: The Uneasy Path to State-Building in Somalia". International Crisis Group. Retrieved 21 September 2019.
  8. ^ Bryden, Matt. "Report on Mission to Haud Area (REGION 5)". UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME. Retrieved 17 September 2019.
  9. ^ Helen Chapin Metz, ed., Somalia: a country study, (The Division: 1993), p. 10 ISBN 0844407755.
  10. ^ Horn of Africa, Volume 15, Issues 1–4, (Horn of Africa Journal: 1997), p. 130.
  11. ^ Transformation towards a regulated economy, (WSP Transition Programme, Somali Programme: 2000) p. 62.
  12. ^ Ciise, Jaamac (1976). Taariikhdii daraawiishta iyo Sayid Maxamad Cabdille Xasan. p. 175
  13. ^ Hoehne, Markus V. (2016). "Dervish State (Somali)". The Encyclopedia of Empire: 1–2.
  14. ^ De Vries, Lotje; Englebert, Pierre; Schomerus, Schomerus (21 September 2018). Secessionism in African Politics: Aspiration, Grievance, Performance, Disenchantment. Springer. p. 96.
  15. ^ Feyissa, Dereje; Höhne, Markus V. (2010). Borders & Borderlands as Resources in the Horn of Africa. Boydell and Brewer. p. 114.
  16. ^ Aadan-carab: 1917-2001 : maanmsoyahannadii hore kii u dambeeyey. Axmed F. Cali, p 314
  17. ^ Hoehne, Markus V. (2006). "Political identity, emerging state structures and conflict in northern Somalia". Journal of Modern African Studies. 44 (4): 405.
  18. ^ His Excellency Abdirahman Mohamed Mohamud (Farole). President of Puntland State of Somalia Somalia: Puntland's Experience in Peace-building and State-building Archived 17 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine. garoweonline.com (3 April 2012)
  19. ^ Somalia Business Law Handbook: Strategic Information and Laws. International Business Publications. 2013. p. 102. ISBN 978-1438771045. Retrieved 15 June 2017.
  20. ^ Worldbank, Conflict in Somalia: Drivers and Dynamics, January 2005, Appendix 2, Lineage Charts, p.55 Figure A-1
  21. ^ Country Information and Policy Unit, Home Office, Great Britain, Somalia Assessment 2001, Annex B: Somali Clan Structure Archived 2011-07-16 at the Wayback Machine, p. 43
  22. ^ Spearce, Walter (August 1903). Somali Campaign. The third leader is Deeria Goori, of the Dolbahanta tribe, who was badly wounded at the Battle of Gunrburru ... These men are the heads of their respective tribes, and are all wealthy and powerful.
  23. ^ Osman Omar, Mohamed (2001). The Scramble in the Horn of Africa; History of Somalia (1827-1977) (PDF). Indiana University. p. 333. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-07-13. . This letter is sent by all the Dervishes, the Amir, and all the Dolbahanta to the Ruler of Berbera ... We are a Government, we have a Sultan, an Amir, and Chiefs, and subjects ... In his last letter the Mullah pretends to speak in the name of the Dervishes, their Amir (himself), and the Dolbahanta tribes. This letter shows his object is to establish himself as the Ruler of the Dolbahanta, and it has a Mahdist look
  24. ^ "WAR DEG DEG AH Golihii wasiirada ee dowlad goboleedka Puntland oo Caawa la Ansixiyay laguna dhawaaqay". 2009-01-17.

References

This page was last edited on 26 March 2024, at 19:23
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