1430s

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2nd millennium
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1430 1431 1432 1433 1434 1435 1436 1437 1438 1439
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The 1430s decade ran from January 1, 1430, to December 31, 1439.

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Events

1430

January–December

January 7 – Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, marries Isabella of Portugal.
January 10 – Philip the Good founds the Order of the Golden Fleece.
March 29 – The Ottoman Empire, under Murad II, captures Thessalonica after an eight-year siege.
May 14 – The French first attempt to relieve the Siege of Compiègne.
May 23 – Joan of Arc is captured by the Burgundians, while leading an army to relieve Compiègne.
June 14 – William Waynflete becomes vicar of Skendleby, Lincolnshire.
July 11 – Battle of Trnava: The Hussites defeat the Hungarian-Moravian-Serbian army.
October 27 – Švitrigaila succeeds his cousin Vytautas as ruler of Lithuania.

Date unknown

With the surrender of Chalandritsa and the citadel of Patras to the Byzantine Despotate of the Morea, the Principality of Achaea comes to an end.
Bratislava Castle is converted to a fortress under Sigismund of Luxemburg.
Optical methods are first used in the creation of art.

1431

January–December

January 9 – Pretrial investigations for Joan of Arc begin at Rouen in France, which is under English occupation.
February 21 – The trial of Joan of Arc for heresy begins.
March – Alexander I Aldea takes the throne of Wallachia with support from Alexander I of Moldavia.
March 3 – Pope Eugene IV succeeds Pope Martin V, to become the 207th pope.
May 30 – 19-year-old Joan of Arc is burned at the stake in Rouen.
June 16 – The Teutonic Knights and Švitrigaila sign the Treaty of Christmemel, creating an anti-Polish alliance.
September – Battle of Inverlochy: Donald Balloch defeats the Royalists.
October 30 – The Treaty of Medina del Campo is signed, consolidating peace between Portugal and Castille.
November 9 – The Battle of Ilava: The Hungarians defeat the Hussite army.
November 18 – A treaty in Suceava concludes an attack on Poland, launched this year by Alexander I of Moldavia during the Lithuanian Civil War.
December 13 – Vlad, future Prince of Wallachia as Vlad II Dracul, is made a member of the Order of the Dragon. Because of this, his son Vlad III the Impaler will inspire the literary figure named Dracula.
December 16 – Henry VI of England is crowned King of France at Notre-Dame de Paris.

Date unknown

The University of Poitiers is founded.
The Ayutthaya Kingdom besieges Angkor and sacks the Khmer capital, ending the Khmer Empire.
Nezahualcoyotl is crowned Tlatoani of the Kingdom of Texcoco.
Byzantine–Ottoman Wars: The Ottoman governor of Thessaly Turahan Bey breaks through the Hexamilion wall for the second time, and ravages the Peloponnese Peninsula.^[1]

1432

January–December

January 1 – Iliaș succeeds his father as Prince of Moldavia.^[2]
Spring – An Albanian revolt, led by Gjergj Arianit Komneni, breaks out against the Ottoman Empire, and spreads through most of Albania.
April – At the end of the Hook and Cod wars, Jacqueline, Countess of Hainaut and Countess of Holland and Zeeland, is forced by Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, to abdicate all her estates in his favour, ending Hainaut and Holland as independent counties.
May 6 – Jan van Eyck's Ghent Altarpiece is first presented to the public.^[3]
June 1 – Battle of San Romano: Florence defeats Siena.
August 31 – Sigismund Kęstutaitis attempts the capture or murder of Švitrigaila, his rival for the throne of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Švitrigaila manages to escape.
December 8 – Lithuanian Civil War (1432–1438): The first battle between the forces of Švitrigaila and Sigismund Kęstutaitis is fought near the town of Oszmiana (Ashmyany), launching the most active phase of the civil war in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.

Date unknown

The Université de Caen is founded.^[4]
The first baccalaureate service is believed to have originated at the University of Oxford.

1433

January–December

May 31 – Sigismund is crowned Holy Roman Emperor in Rome.^[5] There has been no crowned Emperor since the death of his father, Charles IV, in 1378.
August 14 – Edward I becomes King of Portugal.^[6]
September – Cosimo de' Medici, later the de facto ruler of Florence and patron of Marsilio Ficino, is exiled by the Albizzi/Strozzi faction (Cosimo returns a year later, in September 1434).^[7]
October – Iliaș of Moldavia is deposed by his half-brother and joint ruler Stephen II.^[8]

Date unknown

The Ming Dynasty in China completes its last great maritime expedition, led by Admiral Zheng He;^[9] the fleet would be dispersed, altering the balance of power in the Indian Ocean, and making it easier for Portugal and other Western naval powers to gain dominance over the seas.
In Ming Dynasty China, cotton is listed as a permanent item of trade, on the tax registers of Songjiang prefecture.^[10]

1434

January–December

April 14 – The foundation stone of Nantes Cathedral in Nantes, France, is laid.^[11]
May 30 – Hussite Wars – Battle of Lipany: The Catholics and Ultraquists defeat the Taborites, ending the Hussite Wars.^[12]
June 19 or 20 – Zara Yaqob becomes Emperor of Ethiopia.^[13]
Late June – Miner Engelbrekt Engelbrektsson begins a Swedish rebellion against King Eric of Pomerania (named the Engelbrekt rebellion after him), eventually leading to the deposition of the king.
July 10–August 9 – Suero de Quiñones and his companions stage the Passo Honroso, at the Órbigo in León.
August 16 – King Eric of Pomerania is deposed from the Swedish throne at a meeting in Vadstena. He still retains power in Denmark and Norway, though.
September – Cosimo de' Medici returns to Florence, one year after being exiled by the Albizzi and Strozzi faction.^[14]
October 21 – The University of Catania is founded in Italy.^[15]

Date unknown

Jan van Eyck paints the Arnolfini Portrait.^[16]
Explorer Gil Eanes rounds Cape Bojador in Western Sahara, thus destroying the legends of the "Dark Sea".
Portuguese traders deliver their first cargo of African slaves to Lisbon.
In Ming Dynasty China, a long episode of drought, flood, locust infestation, and famine cripple agriculture and commerce in areas throughout the country, until 1448.
The Puke Feud occurs in Sweden.

1435

January–December

January 11 – Sweden's first Riksdag of the Estates is summoned under rebel leader Engelbrekt Engelbrektsson, who is elected rikshövitsman (military commander of the realm), in the absence of a king, on January 13.
January 13 – Sicut Dudum, a papal bull forbidding the enslavement of the Guanche natives in Canary Islands by the Spanish, is promulgated by Pope Eugene IV.
February 2 – The Kingdom of Naples passes to René of Anjou.
By August – Battle of Podraga: Brothers Iliaș and Stephen II battle to a draw for the throne of Moldavia, leading to a joint rule by them, helped by the intervention of the Polish king.
August 5 – Battle of Ponza: In a naval battle, the Duchy of Milan decisively defeats Alfonso V of Aragon who is captured.^[17]
September 1 – Battle of Wiłkomierz: Sigismund Kęstutaitis decisively defeats Grand Duke Švitrigaila, in the decisive battle of the civil war in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
September 21 – The Treaty of Arras between Charles VII of France and Philip III of Burgundy ends the English-Burgundian alliance.
October 14 – Eric of Pomerania is reinstated as king of Sweden, only briefly, however, he is once again deposed in January of the following year.

Date unknown

Francis of Paola founds the Order of the Minims in Italy.
China returns to a policy of isolation.
Gil Eanes and Afonso Gonçalves Baldaia explore the coast of Africa, as far as the Angra dos Ruivos (in modern-day Western Sahara).
Enea Piccolomini, the future Pope Pius II, is sent by Cardinal Albergati on a secret mission to Scotland and Northern England.

1436

January–December

January 11 – Eric of Pomerania is deposed from the Swedish throne for the second time, only three months after having been reinstated. Engelbrekt Engelbrektsson remains the leader of the land, in his capacity of rikshövitsman (military commander of the realm).
February – Charles Knutsson becomes joint rikshövitsman with Engelbrekt (the two will share the title until Engelbrekt's death).
April – Paris is recaptured from the English by French forces during the Hundred Years War.
May 4 – Following the murder of Engelbrekt Engelbrektsson, while on his way to Stockholm for negotiations. Charles Knutsson temporarily holds the position of leader of Sweden alone. The probable first meeting of the Riksdag of the Estates takes place afterwards, in Uppsala, Sweden.
June 25
- Scottish princess Margaret Stewart marries the future Louis XI of France in Tours.
- The Incorporated Guild of Smiths in Newcastle upon Tyne (England) is founded.
July 5 – The Hussite Wars effectively end in Bohemia. Sigismund is accepted as King.
July 29 – French forces abandon their Siege of Calais.
August 30 – Brunelleschi's Dome at Florence Cathedral is dedicated.^[18]
September 1 – Eric of Pomerania is once again reinstated as king of Sweden. Charles Knutsson, at the same time, resigns the post of rikshövitsman.
September 10 – Battle of Piperdean: The Scottish defeat the English.

Date unknown

Vlad II Dracul seizes the recently vacated throne of Wallachia, with Hungarian support.
The Bosnian language is first mentioned in a document.
Date of the Visokom papers, the last direct sources on the old town of Visoki.
In Ming dynasty China, the inauguration of the Zhengtong Emperor takes place.
In Ming dynasty China, a significant portion of the southern grain tax is commuted to payments in silver, known as the Gold Floral Silver (jinhuayin). This comes about due to officials' and military generals' increasing demands to be paid in silver instead of grain, as commercial transactions draw more silver into nationwide circulation. Some counties have trouble transporting all the required grain to meet their tax quotas, so it makes sense to pay the government in silver, a medium of exchange that is already abundant amongst landowners, through their own private commercial affairs.
The Florentine polymath Leon Battista Alberti begins writing the treatise On Painting, in which he argues for the importance of mathematical perspective, in the creation of three-dimensional vision on a two-dimensional plane. This follows the ideas of Masaccio, and his concepts of linear perspective and vanishing point in artwork.
Afonso Gonçalves Baldaia becomes the first European to explore the western coast of Africa, past the Tropic of Cancer.
Johannes Gutenberg begins work on the printing press.

1437

January–December

February 20–21 – James I of Scotland is fatally stabbed at Perth in a failed coup by his uncle and former ally, Walter Stewart, Earl of Atholl.
March 11–25 – Nova Scorpii AD 1437 is observed from Seoul, Korea. ^[19]^[20]
March 25 – In a ceremony in Holyrood Abbey, James II of Scotland is crowned at the age of six by Pope Eugene IV. For security of the crown, the capital of Scotland is moved to Edinburgh, from Dunfermline.
April 23 – Malmö in Denmark (now Sweden) receives its current coat of arms.
June – A peasant army gathers at Bobâlna during the Transylvanian peasant revolt. The revolt will be crushed by January of next year.
September 20–October 19 – A Portuguese attempt to conquer Tangier fails, and Prince Ferdinand is taken hostage.
December 9 – Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor, dies.

Date unknown

Sandside Chase in the north of Scotland: Clan Mackay defeat the Clan Gunn of Caithness.
The Kazan Khanate is established.
Ulugh Beg's Zij-i Sultani star catalogue is published.

1438

January–December

January 1 – Albert II of Habsburg becomes King of Hungary.
January 9 – The city of Cluj (Kolozsvár) is conquered, thus marking the end of the Transylvanian peasant revolt, which started at Bobâlna.
January 10 – The Council of Florence opens in Ferrara.
February 2 – The Unio Trium Nationum pact is established in Transylvania.
February 10 – All Souls' College is founded in the University of Oxford by Henry Chichele, Archbishop of Canterbury, and Henry VI of England as a graduate institution.^[21]
March 18 – Albert II of Habsburg becomes King of Germany.
April 14 – The County of Holland declares war on several cities of the Hanseatic League, triggering the Dutch–Hanseatic War.^[22]
July 7 – Charles VII of France issues the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges, giving the French church control over the appointment of bishops, and depriving the Pope of French ecclesiastical revenues.
September 13 – Afonso V becomes King of Portugal.
October
- Eric of Pomerania, King of Sweden, Denmark and Norway, loses direct control of Sweden, as Karl Knutsson Bonde is elected Regent of Sweden.
- The siege of Brescia in Italy by the condottieri troops of Niccolò Piccinino, begun on July 11, is raised after the arrival of Scaramuccia da Forlì.

Date unknown

Pachacuti becomes ruler of the Kingdom of Cusco and begins its expansion into the Inca Empire (Tahuantinsuyu).^[23]
At 95 years of age, Nang Keo Phimpha becomes queen of Lan Xang for a few months before being deposed and killed.
Just two years after the Ming dynasty court of China allowed landowners paying the grain tax to pay their tax in silver instead, the Ming court now decides to close all silver mines and prohibit all private silver mining in Zhejiang and Fujian provinces. This is a concerted effort to halt the increase of silver circulating into the market. The illegal mining of silver is now an offense punishable by death; although it becomes a dangerous affair, the high demand for silver also makes it very lucrative, and so many chose to defy the government and continue to mine.
The Sukhothai Kingdom merges with the Ayutthaya Kingdom.

1439

January–December

May 4 – Battle of Grotnik: Władysław III's royal army defeats the Hussite movement in Poland.
June 29 – Date of Venerable Macarius' Miracle of the Moose, according to Russian hagiographers.
July 6 – Pope Eugene IV issues the Bull of Union with the Greeks, proclaiming the end of the East–West Schism. The bull is repudiated by most eastern bishops shortly thereafter.
September 8 – Cardinal Giovanni Vitelleschi captures Foligno, ending Trinci's signoria.
September 29 or October 1 – Eric of Pomerania, King of Sweden, Denmark and Norway, is declared deposed in Sweden. Karl Knutsson Bonde continues to serve as Regent of Sweden.
November 12 – In England, Plymouth becomes the first town incorporated by the English Parliament.

Date unknown

Johannes Gutenberg develops printing with movable type at Mainz at about this date.
The Great Ordinance is adopted by the French Estates-General. This measure grants the king the exclusive right to raise troops, and establishes the taxation measure known as the taille, in support of a standing army.
The Council of Florence is moved to Florence.
At the Portuguese Cortes, Peter, Duke of Coimbra is appointed Regent of the Kingdom.

Significant people

Births

1430

March 10 – Oliviero Carafa, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1511)
March 23 – Margaret of Anjou, queen of Henry VI of England (d. 1482)^[24]
June 13 – Beatrice, Duchess of Viseu, Portuguese infante (d. 1506)
June 27 – Henry Holland, 3rd Duke of Exeter, Lancastrian leader during the English Wars of the Roses (d. 1475)
October 16 – King James II of Scotland (d. 1460) and his twin Alexander Stewart, Duke of Rothesay (d. 1430)
October 28 – Richard West, 7th Baron De La Warr, English soldier, son of Reginald West (d. 1475)
November 11 – Jošt of Rožmberk, Bishop of Breslau, Grand Prior of the Order of St. John (d. 1467)
date unknown
- Hosokawa Katsumoto, Japanese warlord
- Barbara von Ottenheim, German alleged witch and sculpture model (d. 1484)
- Isabel Bras Williamson, Scottish merchant (d. 1493)
- Joana de Castre, Catalan noble (d. 1480)
probable – Heinrich Kramer, German churchman and inquisitor (d. 1505)
approximate – Clara Hätzlerin, German scribe (d. 1476)

1431

January 1 – Pope Alexander VI (d. 1503)^[25]
October 26 – Ercole I d'Este, Duke of Ferrara, Italian politician (d. 1505)
November or December – Vlad III the Impaler, Prince of Wallachia (d. 1476)
date unknown
- William Elphinstone, Scottish statesman (d. 1514)
- Helena Palaiologina, Despotess of Serbia (d. 1473)
- Ladislaus Hunyadi, Hungarian statesman and warrior (d. 1457)
probable
- William Hastings, 1st Baron Hastings (d. 1483)
- John Neville, 1st Marquess of Montagu, English politician (d. 1471)
- François Villon, French poet
- Vlad III, Prince of Wallachia, A member of the House of Drăculești, as well as the Voivode of Wallachia 1456-1462

1432

January 15 – King Afonso V of Portugal (d. 1481)
March 1 – Isabella of Coimbra, Portuguese infanta (d. 1455)
March 2 – Countess Palatine Margaret of Mosbach, Countess consort of Hanau (d. 1457)
March 30 – Mehmed II, the Conqueror, Ottoman Sultan (d. 1481)
April 12 – Anne of Austria, Landgravine of Thuringia, consort of William III, Landgrave of Thuringia (d. 1462)
August 15 – Luigi Pulci, Italian poet (d. 1484)
date unknown – Pope Innocent VIII (d. 1492)
probable – Alvise Cadamosto, Italian explorer (d. 1488)

1433

August 31 – Sigismondo d'Este, Italian nobleman (d. 1507)
September 17 – James of Portugal, Portuguese cardinal (d. 1459)^[26]
September 24 – Shekha of Amarsar, Rajput chieftain (d. 1488)
September 27 – Stanisław Kazimierczyk, Polish canon regular and saint (d. 1489)^[27]
October 19 – Marsilio Ficino, Florentine philosopher (d. 1499)^[28]
November 10
- Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy (d. 1477)^[29]
- Jeanne de Laval, French noble, queen consort of Naples (d. 1498)^[30]
date unknown
- Stephen III of Moldavia, prince from 1457 (d. 1504)^[31]
- Giovanni Giocondo, Veronese-born friar, architect and classical scholar (d. 1515)^[32]
probable – Kettil Karlsson, regent of Sweden from 1464 (d. 1465)

1434

January 7 – Adolf, Duke of Bavaria (d. 1441)
March 12 – William III, Count of Henneberg-Schleusingen (d. 1480)
March 19 – Ashikaga Yoshikatsu, Japanese shōgun (d. 1443)
March 25 – Eustochia Smeralda Calafato, Italian saint (d. 1485)
June 13 – Cristoforo della Rovere, Roman Catholic cardinal (d. 1478)
September 18 – Eleanor of Portugal, Holy Roman Empress (d. 1467)^[33]
September 23 – Yolande of Valois, Duchess consort of Savoy (d. 1478)
December 28 – Antonio Grimani, Italian admiral (d. 1523)
probable
- Isabella of Bourbon, Burgundian countess, spouse of Charles the Bold (d. 1465)
- Matteo Maria Boiardo, Italian poet (d. 1494)
- Kano Masanobu, Japanese painter (d. 1530)

1435

January 20 – Ashikaga Yoshimasa, shōgun (d. 1490)
February 1 – Amadeus IX, Duke of Savoy (d. 1472)
April 8 – John Clifford, 9th Baron de Clifford, English noble (d. 1461)
April 16 – Jan II the Mad, Duke of Żagań (1439–1449 and 1461–1468 and again in 1472) (d. 1504)
May 4 – Joan of France, Duchess of Bourbon, French princess (d. 1482)
October 24 – Andrea della Robbia, Italian artist (d. 1525)
date unknown
- Yoshida Kanetomo, Shinto priest (d. 1511)^[34]
- Jean Molinet, French poet and chronicler (d. 1507)
- Kim Si-seup, Korean scholar and author (d. 1493)
- Sophie of Pomerania, Duchess of Pomerania (d. 1497)
- Thomas Stanley, 1st Earl of Derby (d. 1504)^[35]
probable
- Johannes Tinctoris, Flemish music theorist and composer (approximate date; d. 1511)
- Andrea del Verrocchio, Florentine sculptor (approximate date; d. 1488)

1436

January 20 – Ashikaga Yoshimasa, Japanese shōgun (d. 1490)
January 26 – Henry Beaufort, 3rd Duke of Somerset, Lancastrian military commander during the English Wars of the Roses (d. 1464)
February 26 – Imagawa Yoshitada, 9th head of the Imagawa clan in Japan (d. 1476)
April 4 – Amalia of Saxony, Duchess of Bavaria-Landshut (d. 1501)
June 6 – Regiomontanus, German astronomer (d. 1476)
November 5 – Richard Grey, 3rd Earl of Tankerville, English nobleman, attainted as a Yorkist supporter during the Wars of the Roses (d. 1466)
November 16 – Leonardo Loredan, Doge of Venice (d. 1521)
November 26 – Princess Catherine of Portugal, nun and writer (d. 1463)
date unknown
- Sheikh Hamdullah, Anatolian Islamic calligrapher (d. 1520)
- Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros, Spanish cardinal and statesman (d. 1517)
- Hernando del Pulgar, Spanish writer (d. c. 1492)
- Abi Ahmet Celebi, chief physician of the Ottoman Empire (writer of a study on kidney and bladder stones; supporter of the research of Jewish doctor Musa Colinus ul-Israil on the application of drugs; founder of the first Ottoman medical school)