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This timeline lists the dates of the first women's suffrage in Muslim majority countries. Dates for the right to vote, suffrage, as distinct from the right to stand for election and hold office, are listed.
Some countries with majority Muslim populations established universal suffrage upon national independence, including Pakistan, Bangladesh, Indonesia, and Malaysia. In most North Africa countries, women participated in the first national elections or soon following.[1] Some dates relate to regional elections and, where possible, the second date of general election has been included. Even countries listed may not have universal suffrage for women, and some may have regressed in women's rights since the initial granting of suffrage.
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Transcription
Women could not participate in elections for much of human history, dating back to the ancient Greeks and Romans. In the 1800s, women began fighting for the right to vote, petitioning their governments and rallying fellow citizens to the cause. In 1893, New Zealand became the first country to allow women to vote, after almost 25% of the country’s women of European descent signed petitions. All New Zealand women – including Maori women – gained the right to vote. Australia followed suit in 1902. Enfranchisement did not extend to all Australian women, however. Aboriginal women and men could not vote for another sixty years. In Europe and North America, suffrage supporters submitted petitions, gave speeches, and held rallies. Some women were arrested and engaged in hunger strikes while in jail. One advocate, the American Alice Paul, served six prison terms. Other leaders of the suffrage movement included Millicent Garrett Fawcett and Emmeline and Christabel Pankhurst in the United Kingdom; and Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and Matilda J. Gage in the United States. When World War I spread across Europe, many woman suffrage organizations shifted their energies to aiding the war effort. The role that women played during that war helped sway public support behind enfranchisement. In 1918, women in the United Kingdom, Germany, Poland, and Canada, among other countries, gained the right to vote. In Canada, however, First Nations women and men had to wait more than another forty years until they could vote. In 1920, women in the United States won their battle. Native Americans were barred from voting for four more years on the federal level, while some states withheld their voting rights even longer. Ecuador became the first South American country to enfranchise women, granting full voting rights to all women in 1929. The next year, South Africa began enfranchisement of women – but only those of European descent. This was due to apartheid – the white government’s policy of segregation and discrimination against the country’s nonwhite majority. Voting rights did not extend to all South Africans until 1994. In 1931, women in Spain gained the right vote, but this lasted only five years, until Francisco Franco came to power in 1936. The end of World War II brought liberation to many European and Asian countries, and with that, enfranchisement of women. In 1947, India and Pakistan gained independence from Britain, and both of their constitutions granted women the right to vote. Chinese women gained voting rights in 1949, after a new government took power following a civil war. During the late 1940s and 1950s, women across Latin America gained the right to vote. The end of World War II brought decolonization in Africa. As African countries gained independence, voting rights for women followed. By the end of the 1960s, women across most of Africa could participate in elections. As the 1970s began, there were still a few European countries that did not allow women to vote. Over the course of the decade, Switzerland, Portugal, Spain, and Moldova all enfranchised women. Liechtenstein followed in 1984. Some conservative Middle Eastern countries did not enfranchise women until the twenty-first century. In Bahrain, women won the right to vote in 2002; in Qatar, 2003; and in Kuwait, 2005. Saudi Arabia was the last country, besides Vatican City, that still denied women the right to vote because of their sex. In 2011 the Saudi king announced that women would be allowed to vote in later elections.
Timeline
1917
1918
1920
1921
1924
1927
1930
1932
1934
1938
1945
1946
1947
- Pakistan[4] (Upon its national independence)
1948
1949
1952
- Lebanon[4] (An educational requirement).[5]
- Ivory Coast[4]
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
- Afghanistan (first time)
1967
1970
1972
- Bangladesh[4][6] (Bangladesh achieved independence on December 16, 1971 and women suffrage was never barred)
1973
1974
1976
- West Bank (women allowed to vote in local elections for the first time; at the previous election, in 1972, only male property owners could vote)[9]
1978
- Nigeria (North)
1985
1996
- Afghanistan (revoked by Taliban)
- Gaza Strip (first elections held in the territory since 1923)[11]
1999
2002
- Afghanistan (re-granted after the fall of Taliban)
2003
2005
2006
2011
See also
- Rawya Ateya (first female parliamentarian in Egypt and the Arab world)
- List of the first female members of parliament by country
- List of equal or majority Muslim countries
- List of suffragists and suffragettes
- List of women's rights activists
- Sex segregation in Islam
- Timeline of women's suffrage
- Women in Islam
References
- ^ Caraway, Teri L. (2004). "Inclusion and Democratization: Class, Gender, Race, and the Extension of Suffrage". Comparative Politics. 36 (4): 443–460. doi:10.2307/4150170. JSTOR 4150170.
- ^ Pipes, Richard (1997). The Formation of the Soviet Union: Communism and Nationalism, 1917-1923. Harvard University Press. p. 81. ISBN 9780674309517.
- ^ Tadeusz Swietochowski. Russian Azerbaijan, 1905-1920: The Shaping of a National Identity in a Muslim Community. Cambridge University Press, 2004. ISBN 0521522455, 9780521522458, p.144
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj Lewis, Jone Johnson. "International Woman Suffrage Timeline". About.com. Retrieved 2 November 2013.
- ^ a b Elections in Asia and the Pacific: A Data Handbook : Volume I: Middle East, Central Asia, and South Asia. Oxford University Press. 2001. p. 174. ISBN 0191530417.
- ^ a b c d e f g h "Timeline of Women's Suffrage Granted, by Country". Infoplease. Retrieved 2 November 2013.
- ^ a b "A World Chronology of the Recognition of Women's Rights to Vote and to Stand for Election". Inter-Parliamentary Union. Retrieved 2 November 2013.
- ^ "Timeline: Brunei". BBC News. 2011-01-11. Retrieved 2011-04-24.
- ^ Pro-plo, Communist Sweep in West Bank Elections: 72.3% of Eligible Voters. Including Women, Particip JTA, 13 April 2013
- ^ a b c Apollo Rwomire (2001). African Women and Children: Crisis and Response. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 8. ISBN 9780275962180.
- ^ "PALESTINIAN WOMEN VOTE FOR CHANGE". Chicago Tribune.
- ^ Henderson, Simon. "Women in Gulf Politics:A Progress Report". Washington Institute. Retrieved 2 November 2013.
- ^ Al Kitbi, Ebtisam (20 July 2004). "Women's Political Status in the GCC States". Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Retrieved 2 November 2013.
- ^ "Women in Saudi Arabia 'to vote and run in elections'". BBC News. London. September 25, 2011. Retrieved September 25, 2011.