Cesar Department
Departamento del Cesar | |
|---|---|
| Department of the Cesar | |
 Coat of arms | |
| Anthem: Himno del Cesar | |
 Cesar shown in green | |
 Topography of the department | |
| Coordinates: 10°29′N 73°15′W / 10.483°N 73.250°W | |
| Country |  Colombia |
| Region | Caribbean Region |
| Established | December 1967 |
| Capital | Valledupar |
| Government | |
| • Governor | Francis Ferdinand Ovalle Angarita (2016-2019) |
| Area | |
| • Total | 22,905 km2 (8,844 sq mi) |
| • Rank | 22nd |
| Population (2018)[2] | |
| • Total | 1,200,574 |
| • Rank | 16th |
| • Density | 52/km2 (140/sq mi) |
| GDP | |
| • Total | COP 37,524 billion (US$ 8.8 billion) |
| Time zone | UTC-05 |
| ISO 3166 code | CO-CES |
| HDI (2019) | 0.729[4] high · 21st of 33 |
| Website | www.gobcesar.gov.co |
Cesar Department (Spanish: Departamento del Cesar) or simply Cesar (Spanish pronunciation: [seˈsaɾ]) is a department of Colombia located in the north of the country in the Caribbean region, bordering to the north with the Department of La Guajira, to the west with the Department of Magdalena and Department of Bolivar, to the south with Department of Santander, to the east with the Department of North Santander, and further to the east with the country of Venezuela (Zulia State). The department capital city is Valledupar.[5]
The region was first inhabited by indigenous peoples known as Euparis in the Valley of Upar and Guatapuris in the Valley of the Cesar river, among these were the Orejones pertaining to the Toupeh, Acanayutos pertaining to the Motilon and Alcoholades pertaining to the Chimila. The first European to explore the area was Spanish Captain Peter Vadillo, but German Ambrose Alfinger savagely conquered the region in 1532.[6]
From 1996 to 2006 paramilitary groups committed gross human rights violations affecting tens of thousands of victims in the Cesar mining region.
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5 Million Bocachicos in a Wetland Cesar Department Chimichagua Municipality - Colombia (narrator) Environmental, economic and social variables are being studied at Colombia’s biggest continental wetland, the Zapatosa Wetland. Zapatosa Wetland This ecosystem is spread between the Cesar and Magdalena departments, and 5 municipalities; Chimichagua, Tamalameque, El Banco, Chiriguaná y Curumaní. Here, 150 thousand people live and 170 thousand heads of cattle graze. The critical environmental situation taking place in the eco region of Zapatosa and in the center of the Cesar department is caused by a variety of reasons such as poverty, mining, a low level of education of its population, and geographic isolation. External factors, such as weather changes, affect the rain cycle and rising waters in the Magdalena River basin. This accentuates periods of flooding and drought in the wetlands of the lower Magdalena. (traditional music) (man) We’re here in the municipality of Chimichagua, at the beautiful beaches where Guillermo Cubillos’ canoe lies sleeping. A charming municipality with a natural landscape gifted by God. It is part of the department of Cesar’s four municipalities, which are Tamalameque, Chiriguaná and Curumaní, as well as El Banco located in the department of Magdalena. These surround the beautiful wetland of Zapatosa, the first freshwater source of Colombia. (traditional music) (narrator) Traditionally, the method most commonly used was the throw net, but it has been displaced by stationary nets such as the trammel, chinchorra and chinchorro nets. In the wetlands, fishing practices such as trawling or gill net fishing have always been prohibited, yet fishermen paid no attention and have continued to fish illegally. This over-exploitation is practiced every day of the year, since fishermen set trammel nets of up to two thousand meters long, taking it out only for brief moments in order to collect their catch. The problem, besides over-exploitation, lies in the capturing of fish that have not yet reached their maturity to be consumed and yet the alevins die entangled in the nets. Species of low commercial value such as the coroncoro, is one of several that have been exterminated for being thrown out by fisherman due to their low commercial value. This is a contradiction, since undernourishment in this population is a common reality. (fishermen speak in loud voices) Happy because you are here today in the Saloa district. You showed concern with the issue, with what we are living here in this district, but thanks to you, things are improving slowly, and we too have begun educating one another. We have been bringing a kind of teaching to many people, and so we have been addressing this issue calmly, because this was heading, we were heading down the wrong path. And, well, we feel happy about this new project that we have been doing at this present time, such as the repopulation of alevins by introducing 5 million 150 thousand of them, so that we can, in the near future, have more fish here in the wetland, not just here in Saloa. Now we thank the almighty, that we can see, we can forge ahead with this association, this association that has been fighting, trying hard, loyal to this wetland, battling. I too have always been one of those who have accompanied this association. (sound of a motorboat over the water) (narrator) The TVAgro channel visited the Zapatosa Wetland in order to understand the social and environmental problem up-close and was met with a big surprise: The repopulation of the wetland with more than 5 million bocachico alevins in an effort to conserve this species in this part of the country, but also to give the fisherman another chance to make a living, thus creating jobs as well as helping the ecosystem to recover. To achieve this, the government is training all the fisherman of the area, especially those who fish using illegal methods. (sound of the wind) It is important to stress that it was the fishermen themselves who got together to form groups in order to take care of and sustain the alevin populations until they are ready to be fished. They patrol the wetland day and night, protecting their alevins from illegal traps. Some problems still arise between fishermen, however, since some refuse to remove their trammel nets from the water. (man) Well, we have organized ourselves into a community group with the objective of protecting our wetland. How do we do it? Well, the entire community, approximately 180 people, elaborated 6 groups to monitor the different checkpoints in the wetland. How do we do it? Well, each night we leave to protect that area, that wetland. What for? So that the people who fish with illegal nets do not get away with it and ruin our wetland. (sound of the wind and water)
Etymology
The "Cesar" name is an adaptation from the Chimila indigenous word Chet-tzar or Zazare ("calm water") into Spanish, in reference to the Cesar River. The valley that its basin covers is also named after the river and extends through most of the department. The department of Cesar was created in 1967 by decree and the name officially adopted.[7]
Geography
The department of Cesar is located in northern Colombia bordering to the north with the department of La Guajira, to the east with the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, to the west with the department of Magdalena, to the southwest with the Department of Bolivar and to the south with the departments of North Santander and Santander covering a total area of 22,905 km2.[8]
The majority of the Department is flat in 57% of the total area and 43% mountainous mainly in the Serranía del Perijá and the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta mountain ranges.[8]
Ecoregions
The Department of Cesar contains five Ecoregions; the Serranía del Perijá mountain range, the valley of the Cesar River, the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta mountain range, the valley of the Magdalena River and the Cienaga de Zapatosa marshes complex.[8]
Serranía del Perijá mountain range
The Serranía del Perijá mountain range covers most of the eastern side of the Department of Cesar between its border with Venezuela and the Department of North Santander, approximately 300 km in length penetrating into the Department of La Guajira to the north and covering 27% of the total area of Cesar. The Serranía del Perijá covers, partially or totally the area of 17 municipalities in the Department of Cesar; Aguachica, Codazzi, Becerril, Chimichagua, Chiriguana, Curumani, Gonzalez, La Gloria, La Jagua de Ibirico, Los Robles La Paz, Manaure, Pailitas, Pelaya, Rio de Oro, San Alberto, San Diego and San Martin. There are also the indigenous reserves pertaining to the Yukpas people; Iroka, Socorpa and Menkue-Misaya-La Pista; and to the Wiwas people; Caño Padilla, El Rosario-Bella Vista-Yucatán and Campoalegre.[9]
Approximately 70% of the mountain range preserves unique flora and fauna and some 20 rivers are born in the mountain range among other minor streams, flowing into the Department of Cesar and feeding the Magdalena and Cesar river basins and the Cienaga de Zapatosa marshes. The Colombian government declared it a National Forest Reserve.[9]
Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta mountain range
The Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta mountain range is an isolated mountain range located in the northwestern region of the Department of Cesar. The mountain range is shared with by Department of La Guajira, which covers the northern area, the Department of Magdalena to the western side and the Department of Cesar which covers the southern face, covering a total area of 16,615 km2 (1'661,500 ha) of which 380,000 ha pertain to the Department of Cesar. The Cesar River and the western side of its basin is born on the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, including the Guatapuri, Badillo, Ariguani, Cesarito, Los Clavos, Garupal and Rio Seco rivers. The mountains are within the boundaries of the municipalities of Pueblo Bello, Valledupar, El Copey and Bosconia.[10]
The Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta was declared by UNESCO as a Biosphere Reserve on October 29, 1993.[11]
Valley of the Cesar river
Valley of the Magdalena river
Cienaga de Zapatosa marshes
Climate
Climate in the Department of Cesar presents variations in climate depending on altitude, as well as rainfall precipitations. Mountain climate in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta and the Serranía del Perijá become cooler with higher altitude, reaching freezing low temperatures on the snowy peaks. Lowlands average a temperature throughout the year of 28 °C or 82.4 °F.[12] These lower lands present a hot and drier climate, with annual precipitation less than 1,300 millimetres or 51 inches a year. The mountainous regions are characterized by low temperatures with snow on high altitude peaks and precipitation reaching more than 2,000 millimetres or 79 inches a year.
| Climate data for Valledupar | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 34.7 (94.5) |
35.6 (96.1) |
35.9 (96.6) |
35.6 (96.1) |
34.0 (93.2) |
34.2 (93.6) |
35.4 (95.7) |
35.1 (95.2) |
33.8 (92.8) |
32.6 (90.7) |
33.2 (91.8) |
33.6 (92.5) |
35.1 (93.6) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 22.4 (72.3) |
23.1 (73.6) |
23.6 (74.5) |
24.1 (75.4) |
24.1 (75.4) |
24.0 (75.2) |
24.2 (75.6) |
24.0 (75.2) |
23.5 (74.3) |
23.6 (74.5) |
23.1 (73.6) |
22.8 (73.0) |
23.6 (74.3) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 12 (0.5) |
10 (0.4) |
26 (1.0) |
71 (2.8) |
154 (6.1) |
82 (3.2) |
63 (2.5) |
116 (4.6) |
122 (4.8) |
199 (7.8) |
89 (3.5) |
28 (1.1) |
972 (38.3) |
| Source: Weatherbase[13][14] | |||||||||||||
History
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
|---|---|---|
| 1973 | 340,657 | — |
| 1985 | 699,428 | +105.3% |
| 1993 | 827,219 | +18.3% |
| 2005 | 903,279 | +9.2% |
| 2018 | 1,200,574 | +32.9% |
| Source:[15] | ||
Pre-Columbian
The region was first inhabited by indigenous peoples known as Euparíes in the Valley of Upar and Guatapuríes in the Valley of the Cesar river, among these were the Orejones pertaining to the Tupe, Acanayutos pertaining to the Motilon and Alcoholados pertaining to the Chimila.
Spanish chronicles describe the tribes as being part of a federation of tribes led by a single chief (Cacique), with the village of Eupari as the largest and central to the other villages. These tribes are believed to be related to the Mesoamerican culture, the Caribs and Arawaks, directly associated to the Muisca culture in the Colombian eastern branch of the Andes.[16]
Archeological findings has shown that the indigenous in the area worked with stones and wood, including a boomerang shaped weapon found in a cemetery at Los Robles La Paz.[17]
Spanish conquest and colonization
The first European to explore the area was Spanish Captain Pedro de Vadillo, but German Ambrosio Alfínger savagely conquered the region in 1531.[6][18] In 1550 the village of Valle de Upar was founded by Hernando de Santana and Juan de Castellanos.<[19]
Republican era
In 1813, María de la Concepción Loperena proclaimed the independence of Valledupar and donated 300 horses to Simón Bolívar. In 1829 Valledupar became a Cantón of the Province of Santa Marta. By Law 15 of 1850, Valledupar was segregated from Santa Marta becoming the Province of Valledupar. In 1857 became a province of the State of Magdalena and by Law of December 29, 1864 became the Department of Valledupar pertaining to State of Magdalena. On December 21, 1967 the Department of Cesar was created officially.[6]
Modern era
From 1996 to 2006 paramilitary groups committed gross human rights violations affecting tens of thousands of victims in the Cesar mining region. Prodeco, a subsidiary of Glencore, and the US Drummond Company collaborated with the paramilitaries[20] in order to continue coal mining.[21]
Politics
Government and politics
Governors
Department Assembly
Administrative divisions
Municipalities
The Department of Cesar is formed by 25 municipalities, some 171 corregimientos, 990 veredas and 10 indigenous reserves.[22]
For administrative reasons the Department of Cesar is subdivided into 4 strategic regions[citation needed]:
- the Northern Subregion covering the municipalities of Valledupar, Codazzi, Pueblo Bello, La Paz, Manaure and San Diego;
- the Northwestern Subregion covering the municipalities of Bosconia, El Copey, El Paso and Astrea;
- the Central Subregion covering the municipalities of Curumani, Becerril, Chiriguana, La Jagua de Ibirico, Chimichagua, Tamalameque and Pailitas; and
- the Southern Subregion covering the municipalities of Aguachica, Gamarra, Gonzalez, La Gloria, Pelaya, Rio de Oro, San Alberto and San Martin.[8]
| Municipalities | Map |
|---|---|
|
Economy
The economy of the César Department is sustained by the agricultural sector, secondly by a services industry following with commercial industry and mining. Cattle raising is exploited extensively (using large farms), and for this reason large portions of forests have been chopped off to create corrals. In agriculture, plantations of cotton, rice, sugar cane, oil palm, cassava and plantain. Services are centered on commerce and the industry is represented by oil products, fats and milk derived products. As one of the biggest water resources areas of Colombia, if not America, part of the Magdalena River crosses the Department and helps create the Cienaga de Zapatosa (Zapatosa Marsh) along with the Cesar river. It has a great potential to develop a fishing industry also.
The area between La Loma and La Jagua de Ibirico is the major coal-producing region of Colombia.[23]
Notes
- ^ "Departamento: Información general". Gobernación del Cesar. Archived from the original on 17 February 2013.
- ^ "DANE". Archived from the original on November 13, 2009. Retrieved February 13, 2013.
- ^ "Producto Interno Bruto por departamento", www.dane.gov.co
- ^ "Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab". hdi.globaldatalab.org. Retrieved 2018-09-13.
- ^ "Estado de avance de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio en el departamento de Cesar y en la ciudad de Valledupar, (Progress on the Millennium Development Goals in the Cesar department and the city of Valledupar)" (in Spanish). PNUD Colombia – Fundación Universitaria del Área Andina. January 2012.[dead link]
- ^ a b c "History of Cesar" (in Spanish). Agustin Codazzi Geographic Institute. Archived from the original on 24 October 2003.
- ^ "LABLAA - Luis Galvis: Don Gonzalo" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2009-09-14. Retrieved 2008-04-09.
- ^ a b c d (in Spanish) Government of the Department of Cesar: The Territory Archived October 23, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b (in Spanish) Government of the Department of Cesar: Serrania del Perija Archived March 27, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ (in Spanish) Government of the Department of Cesar: Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta Archived March 27, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ (in Spanish) UNESCO: Buritaca 200 - Ciudad Perdida - Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta
- ^ "Climate of the Department of Cesar" (in Spanish). Agustin Codazzi Geographic Institute. Archived from the original on 24 October 2003.
- ^ "Worldweather: Valledupar, Colombia". Weatherbase. 2008. Retrieved 2008-04-08.[dead link]
- ^ *Climatological information is based on monthly averages for the 30-year period 1971-2000. The averaging period for climatological information and the definition of "Mean Number of Precipitation/Rain Days" quoted in this web site may be different for different countries. Care should be taken when city climatologies are compared.
- ^ "Reloj de Población". DANE. Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadísitica. Archived from the original on 16 January 2018. Retrieved 6 July 2017.
- ^ Castro Trespalacios 1979, p. 22
- ^ Castro Trespalacios 1979, p. 23
- ^ Castro Trespalacios 1979, p. 21
- ^ LABLAA: Department of Cesar; History
- ^ Moor, Marianne (June 2014). The dark side of coal paramilitary violence in the mining region of Cesar, Colombia. OCLC 1176254365. Retrieved 2022-04-28.
- ^ Deutsche Welle (2014-07-09). "Blutige Kohle aus Kolumbien". DW.COM (in German). Retrieved 2022-04-28.
- ^ Government of Colombia: Human Rights in the Department of Cesar; municipalities Archived May 29, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Mining Atlas - Explore the World of Mining".
References
- Dangon Ovalle, Jaime (November 1987), El Cesar, Hijo del Amor, Valledupar: Departamento del Cesar.
- Gutierrez Hinojosa, Tomas Dario (2000), Valledupar Musica de una Historia, Bogotá: Editorial Grijalbo LTDA, ISBN 958-639-175-2
- Araujonoguera, Consuelo (2002), Trilogia Vallenata, Colombia: Proyecto Editorial Babilonia, ISBN 958-33-3360-3
- Castro Trespalacios, Pedro (1979), Culturas Aborigenes Cesarences e Independencia de Valle de Upar, Bogotá: Casa de la Cultura de Valledupar
External links
- Cesar 30 Años de Progreso - Gobernacion del Cesar (1997) booklet
- Official website
- INGEOMINAS: Geography of the Department of Cesar[permanent dead link]
- Poverty in the Department of Cesar
- Forced displacement in the Department of Cesar[permanent dead link]
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This page was last edited on 31 March 2024, at 00:45