To install click the Add extension button. That's it.

The source code for the WIKI 2 extension is being checked by specialists of the Mozilla Foundation, Google, and Apple. You could also do it yourself at any point in time.

4,5
Kelly Slayton
Congratulations on this excellent venture… what a great idea!
Alexander Grigorievskiy
I use WIKI 2 every day and almost forgot how the original Wikipedia looks like.
What we do. Every page goes through several hundred of perfecting techniques; in live mode. Quite the same Wikipedia. Just better.
.
Leo
Newton
Brights
Milds

Richard Dawkins

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Richard Dawkins

Dawkins in 2022
Born
Clinton Richard Dawkins

(1941-03-26) 26 March 1941 (age 82)
EducationOundle School
Alma materBalliol College, Oxford (MA, DPhil)
Known for
Spouses
  • (m. 1967; div. 1984)
  • Eve Barham
    (m. 1984, divorced)
  • (m. 1992; sep.Tooltip separated 2016)
Children1
Awards
Scientific career
Institutions
ThesisSelective pecking in the domestic chick (1967)
Doctoral advisorNikolaas Tinbergen
Websitericharddawkins.com
Signature

Richard Dawkins FRS FRSL (born 26 March 1941)[3] is a British evolutionary biologist and author.[4] He is an emeritus fellow of New College, Oxford, and was Professor for Public Understanding of Science in the University of Oxford from 1995 to 2008. His 1976 book The Selfish Gene popularised the gene-centred view of evolution, as well as coining the term meme. Dawkins has won several academic and writing awards.[5]

Dawkins is well known for his criticism of creationism and intelligent design as well as for being a vocal atheist.[6] Dawkins wrote The Blind Watchmaker in 1986, arguing against the watchmaker analogy, an argument for the existence of a supernatural creator based upon the complexity of living organisms. Instead, he describes evolutionary processes as analogous to a blind watchmaker, in that reproduction, mutation, and selection are unguided by any sentient designer. In 2006, Dawkins published The God Delusion, writing that a supernatural creator almost certainly does not exist and that religious faith is a delusion. He founded the Richard Dawkins Foundation for Reason and Science in 2006.[7][8] Dawkins has published two volumes of memoirs, An Appetite for Wonder (2013) and Brief Candle in the Dark (2015).

YouTube Encyclopedic

  • 1/5
    Views:
    14 728
    87 289
    32 658
    2 002
    55 670
  • Richard Dawkins on Why Science is Art
  • Richard Dawkins: Letting Science Inform Morality
  • Richard Dawkins Reveals How Science Really Works: Imagination, Intuition, Evidence, and Truth
  • Richard Dawkins | Science in Me | GREAT MINDS
  • Richard Dawkins: Why Religion and Evolution Don't Mix Well | Big Think

Transcription

Background

Early life

Dawkins was born Clinton Richard Dawkins on 26 March 1941 in Nairobi, the capital of Kenya during British colonial rule.[9] He later dropped Clinton from his name by deed poll.[3] He is the son of Jean Mary Vyvyan (née Ladner; 1916–2019)[10][11] and Clinton John Dawkins (1915–2010), an agricultural civil servant in the British Colonial Service in Nyasaland (present-day Malawi), of an Oxfordshire landed gentry family.[9][12][13] His father was called up into the King's African Rifles during the Second World War[14][15] and returned to England in 1949, when Dawkins was eight. His father had inherited a country estate, Over Norton Park in Oxfordshire, which he farmed commercially.[13] Dawkins lives in Oxford, England.[16] He has a younger sister, Sarah.[17]

His parents were interested in natural sciences, and they answered Dawkins's questions in scientific terms.[18] Dawkins describes his childhood as "a normal Anglican upbringing".[19] He embraced Christianity until halfway through his teenage years, at which point he concluded that the theory of evolution alone was a better explanation for life's complexity, and ceased believing in a god.[17] He states: "The main residual reason why I was religious was from being so impressed with the complexity of life and feeling that it had to have a designer, and I think it was when I realised that Darwinism was a far superior explanation that pulled the rug out from under the argument of design. And that left me with nothing."[17] This understanding of atheism combined with his western cultural background, informs Dawkins as he describes himself in several interviews as a "cultural Christian" and a "cultural Anglican".[20][21][22]

Education

The Great Hall, Oundle School

On his return to England from Nyasaland in 1949, at the age of eight, Dawkins joined Chafyn Grove School, in Wiltshire,[23] and after that from 1954 to 1959 attended Oundle School in Northamptonshire, an English public school with a Church of England ethos,[17] where he was in Laundimer House.[24] While at Oundle, Dawkins read Bertrand Russell's Why I Am Not a Christian for the first time.[25] He studied zoology at Balliol College, Oxford, graduating in 1962; while there, he was tutored by Nobel Prize-winning ethologist Nikolaas Tinbergen. He graduated with upper-second class honours.[26]

Dawkins continued as a research student under Tinbergen's supervision, receiving his Doctor of Philosophy[27] degree by 1966, and remained a research assistant for another year.[28][29] Tinbergen was a pioneer in the study of animal behaviour, particularly in the areas of instinct, learning, and choice;[30] Dawkins's research in this period concerned models of animal decision-making.[31]

Teaching

From 1967 to 1969, Dawkins was an assistant professor of zoology at the University of California, Berkeley. During this period, the students and faculty at UC Berkeley were largely opposed to the ongoing Vietnam War, and Dawkins became involved in the anti-war demonstrations and activities.[32] He returned to the University of Oxford in 1970 as a lecturer. In 1990, he became a reader in zoology. In 1995, he was appointed Simonyi Professor for the Public Understanding of Science at Oxford, a position that had been endowed by Charles Simonyi with the express intention that the holder "be expected to make important contributions to the public understanding of some scientific field",[33] and that its first holder should be Richard Dawkins.[34] He held that professorship from 1995 until 2008.[35]

Since 1970, he has been a fellow of New College, Oxford, and he is now an emeritus fellow.[36][37] He has delivered many lectures, including the Henry Sidgwick Memorial Lecture (1989), the first Erasmus Darwin Memorial Lecture (1990), the Michael Faraday Lecture (1991), the T. H. Huxley Memorial Lecture (1992), the Irvine Memorial Lecture (1997), the Tinbergen Lecture (2004), and the Tanner Lectures (2003).[28] In 1991, he gave the Royal Institution Christmas Lectures for Children on Growing Up in the Universe. He also has edited several journals and has acted as an editorial advisor to the Encarta Encyclopedia and the Encyclopedia of Evolution. He is listed as a senior editor and a columnist of the Council for Secular Humanism's Free Inquiry magazine and has been a member of the editorial board of Skeptic magazine since its foundation.[38]

Dawkins has sat on judging panels for awards as diverse as the Royal Society's Faraday Award and the British Academy Television Awards,[28] and has been president of the Biological Sciences section of the British Association for the Advancement of Science. In 2004, Balliol College, Oxford, instituted the Dawkins Prize, awarded for "outstanding research into the ecology and behaviour of animals whose welfare and survival may be endangered by human activities".[39] In September 2008, he retired from his professorship, announcing plans to "write a book aimed at youngsters in which he will warn them against believing in 'anti-scientific' fairytales."[40] In 2011, Dawkins joined the professoriate of the New College of the Humanities, a private university in London established by A. C. Grayling, which opened in September 2012.[41]

Work

Evolutionary biology

At the University of Texas at Austin, March 2008

Dawkins is best known for his popularisation of the gene as the principal unit of selection in evolution; this view is most clearly set out in two of his books:[42][43]

  • The Selfish Gene (1976), in which he notes that "all life evolves by the differential survival of replicating entities."
  • The Extended Phenotype (1982), in which he describes natural selection as "the process whereby replicators out-propagate each other". He introduces to a wider audience the influential concept he presented in 1977,[44] that the phenotypic effects of a gene are not necessarily limited to an organism's body, but can stretch far into the environment, including the bodies of other organisms. Dawkins regarded the extended phenotype as his single most important contribution to evolutionary biology and he considered niche construction to be a special case of extended phenotype. The concept of extended phenotype helps explain evolution, but it does not help predict specific outcomes.[45]

Dawkins has consistently been sceptical about non-adaptive processes in evolution (such as spandrels, described by Gould and Lewontin)[46] and about selection at levels "above" that of the gene.[47] He is particularly sceptical about the practical possibility or importance of group selection as a basis for understanding altruism.[48]

Altruism appears at first to be an evolutionary paradox, since helping others costs precious resources and decreases one's own chances for survival, or "fitness". Previously, many had interpreted altruism as an aspect of group selection, suggesting that individuals are doing what is best for the survival of the population or species as a whole. British evolutionary biologist W. D. Hamilton used gene-frequency analysis in his inclusive fitness theory to show how hereditary altruistic traits can evolve if there is sufficient genetic similarity between actors and recipients of such altruism, including close relatives.[49][a] Hamilton's inclusive fitness has since been successfully applied to a wide range of organisms, including humans. Similarly, Robert Trivers, thinking in terms of the gene-centred model, developed the theory of reciprocal altruism, whereby one organism provides a benefit to another in the expectation of future reciprocation.[50] Dawkins popularised these ideas in The Selfish Gene, and developed them in his own work.[51]

In June 2012, Dawkins was highly critical of fellow biologist E. O. Wilson's 2012 book The Social Conquest of Earth as misunderstanding Hamilton's theory of kin selection.[52][53] Dawkins has also been strongly critical of the Gaia hypothesis of the independent scientist James Lovelock.[54][55][56]

Critics of Dawkins's biological approach suggest that taking the gene as the unit of selection (a single event in which an individual either succeeds or fails to reproduce) is misleading. The gene could be better described, they say, as a unit of evolution (the long-term changes in allele frequencies in a population).[57] In The Selfish Gene, Dawkins explains that he is using George C. Williams's definition of the gene as "that which segregates and recombines with appreciable frequency".[58] Another common objection is that a gene cannot survive alone, but must cooperate with other genes to build an individual, and therefore a gene cannot be an independent "unit".[59] In The Extended Phenotype, Dawkins suggests that from an individual gene's viewpoint, all other genes are part of the environment to which it is adapted.

Advocates for higher levels of selection (such as Richard Lewontin, David Sloan Wilson, and Elliott Sober) suggest that there are many phenomena (including altruism) that gene-based selection cannot satisfactorily explain. The philosopher Mary Midgley, with whom Dawkins clashed in print concerning The Selfish Gene,[60][61] has criticised gene selection, memetics, and sociobiology as being excessively reductionist;[62] she has suggested that the popularity of Dawkins's work is due to factors in the Zeitgeist such as the increased individualism of the Thatcher/Reagan decades.[63] Besides, other, more recent views and analysis on his popular science works also exist.[64]

In a set of controversies over the mechanisms and interpretation of evolution (what has been called 'The Darwin Wars'),[65][66] one faction is often named after Dawkins, while the other faction is named after the American palaeontologist Stephen Jay Gould, reflecting the pre-eminence of each as a populariser of the pertinent ideas.[67][68] In particular, Dawkins and Gould have been prominent commentators in the controversy over sociobiology and evolutionary psychology, with Dawkins generally approving and Gould generally being critical.[69] A typical example of Dawkins's position is his scathing review of Not in Our Genes by Steven Rose, Leon J. Kamin, and Richard C. Lewontin.[70] Two other thinkers who are often considered to be allied with Dawkins on the subject are Steven Pinker and Daniel Dennett; Dennett has promoted a gene-centred view of evolution and defended reductionism in biology.[71] Despite their academic disagreements, Dawkins and Gould did not have a hostile personal relationship, and Dawkins dedicated a large portion of his 2003 book A Devil's Chaplain posthumously to Gould, who had died the previous year.

When asked if Darwinism informs his everyday apprehension of life, Dawkins says, "In one way it does. My eyes are constantly wide open to the extraordinary fact of existence. Not just human existence but the existence of life and how this breathtakingly powerful process, which is natural selection, has managed to take the very simple facts of physics and chemistry and build them up to redwood trees and humans. That's never far from my thoughts, that sense of amazement. On the other hand, I certainly don't allow Darwinism to influence my feelings about human social life", implying that he feels that individual human beings can opt out of the survival machine of Darwinism since they are freed by the consciousness of self.[16]

"Meme" as behavioural concept

Dawkins at Cooper Union in New York City to discuss his book The Greatest Show on Earth: The Evidence for Evolution in 2010

In his book The Selfish Gene, Dawkins coined the word meme (the behavioural equivalent of a gene) as a way to encourage readers to think about how Darwinian principles might be extended beyond the realm of genes.[72] It was intended as an extension of his "replicators" argument, but it took on a life of its own in the hands of other authors, such as Daniel Dennett and Susan Blackmore. These popularisations then led to the emergence of memetics, a field from which Dawkins has distanced himself.[73]

Dawkins's meme refers to any cultural entity that an observer might consider a replicator of a certain idea or set of ideas. He hypothesised that people could view many cultural entities as capable of such replication, generally through communication and contact with humans, who have evolved as efficient (although not perfect) copiers of information and behaviour. Because memes are not always copied perfectly, they might become refined, combined, or otherwise modified with other ideas; this results in new memes, which may themselves prove more or less efficient replicators than their predecessors, thus providing a framework for a hypothesis of cultural evolution based on memes, a notion that is analogous to the theory of biological evolution based on genes.[74]

Although Dawkins invented the term meme, he has not said that the idea was entirely novel,[75] and there have been other expressions for similar ideas in the past. For instance, John Laurent has suggested that the term may have derived from the work of the little-known German biologist Richard Semon.[76] Semon regarded "mneme" as the collective set of neural memory traces (conscious or subconscious) that were inherited, although such view would be considered as Lamarckian by modern biologists.[77] Laurent also found the use of the term mneme in Maurice Maeterlinck's The Life of the White Ant (1926), and Maeterlinck himself stated that he obtained the phrase from Semon's work.[76] In his own work, Maeterlinck tried to explain memory in termites and ants by stating that neural memory traces were added "upon the individual mneme".[77] Nonetheless, James Gleick describes Dawkins's concept of the meme as "his most famous memorable invention, far more influential than his selfish genes or his later proselytising against religiosity".[78]

Foundation

In 2006, Dawkins founded the Richard Dawkins Foundation for Reason and Science (RDFRS), a non-profit organisation. RDFRS financed research on the psychology of belief and religion, financed scientific education programs and materials, and publicised and supported charitable organisations that are secular in nature.[79] In January 2016, it was announced that the foundation was merging with the Center for Inquiry, with Dawkins becoming a member of the new organization's board of directors.[80]

Criticism of religion

Lecturing on his book The God Delusion, 24 June 2006

Dawkins was confirmed into the Church of England at the age of 13, but began to grow sceptical of the beliefs. He said that his understanding of science and evolutionary processes led him to question how adults in positions of leadership in a civilised world could still be so uneducated in biology,[81] and is puzzled by how belief in God could remain among individuals who are sophisticated in science. Dawkins says that some physicists use 'God' as a metaphor for the general awe-inspiring mysteries of the universe, which he says causes confusion and misunderstanding among people who incorrectly think they are talking about a mystical being who forgives sins, transubstantiates wine, or makes people live after they die.[82]

He disagrees with Stephen Jay Gould's principle of nonoverlapping magisteria (NOMA)[83] and suggests that the existence of God should be treated as a scientific hypothesis like any other.[84] Dawkins became a prominent critic of religion and has stated his opposition to religion as twofold: religion is both a source of conflict and a justification for belief without evidence.[85] He considers faith—belief that is not based on evidence—as "one of the world's great evils".[86]

On his spectrum of theistic probability, which ranges from 1 (100% certainty that a God or gods exist) to 7 (100% certainty that a God or gods do not exist), Dawkins has said he is a 6.9, which represents a "de facto atheist" who thinks "I cannot know for certain but I think God is very improbable, and I live my life on the assumption that he is not there." When asked about his slight uncertainty, Dawkins quips, "I am agnostic to the extent that I am agnostic about fairies at the bottom of the garden."[87][88] In May 2014, at the Hay Festival in Wales, Dawkins explained that while he does not believe in the supernatural elements of the Christian faith, he still has nostalgia for the ceremonial side of religion.[89] In addition to beliefs in deities, Dawkins has criticized religious beliefs as irrational, such as that Jesus turned water into wine, that an embryo starts as a blob, that magic underwear will protect you, that Jesus was resurrected, that semen comes from the spine, that Jesus walked on water, that the sun sets in a marsh, that the Garden of Eden existed in Adam-ondi-Ahman, Missouri, that Jesus' mother was a virgin, that Muhammad split the moon, and that Lazarus was raised from the dead.[97]

Dawkins has risen to prominence in public debates concerning science and religion since the publication of his most popular book, The God Delusion, in 2006, which became an international bestseller.[98] As of 2015, more than three million copies have been sold and the book has been translated into over 30 languages.[99] Its success has been seen by many as indicative of a change in the contemporary cultural zeitgeist and has also been identified with the rise of New Atheism.[100] In the book, Dawkins contends that a supernatural creator almost certainly does not exist and that religious faith is a delusion—"a fixed false belief".[101] In his February 2002 TED talk entitled "Militant atheism", Dawkins urged all atheists to openly state their position and to fight the incursion of the church into politics and science.[102] On 30 September 2007, Dawkins, Christopher Hitchens, Sam Harris, and Daniel Dennett met at Hitchens's residence for a private, unmoderated discussion that lasted two hours. The event was videotaped and entitled "The Four Horsemen".[103]

Dawkins sees education and consciousness-raising as the primary tools in opposing what he considers to be religious dogma and indoctrination.[32][104][105] These tools include the fight against certain stereotypes, and he has adopted the term bright as a way of associating positive public connotations with those who possess a naturalistic worldview.[105] He has given support to the idea of a free-thinking school,[106] which would not "indoctrinate children" but would instead teach children to ask for evidence and be skeptical, critical, and open-minded. Such a school, says Dawkins, should "teach comparative religion, and teach it properly without any bias towards particular religions, and including historically important but dead religions, such as those of ancient Greece and the Norse gods, if only because these, like the Abrahamic scriptures, are important for understanding English literature and European history."[107][108] Inspired by the consciousness-raising successes of feminists in arousing widespread embarrassment at the routine use of "he" instead of "she", Dawkins similarly suggests that phrases such as "Catholic child" and "Muslim child" should be considered as socially absurd as, for instance, "Marxist child", as he believes that children should not be classified based on the ideological or religious beliefs of their parents.[105]

While some critics, such as writer Christopher Hitchens, psychologist Steven Pinker and Nobel laureates Sir Harold Kroto, James D. Watson, and Steven Weinberg have defended Dawkins's stance on religion and praised his work,[109] others, including Nobel Prize-winning theoretical physicist Peter Higgs, astrophysicist Martin Rees, philosopher of science Michael Ruse, literary critic Terry Eagleton, philosopher Roger Scruton, academic and social critic Camille Paglia, atheist philosopher Daniel Came and theologian Alister McGrath,[116] have criticised Dawkins on various grounds, including the assertion that his work simply serves as an atheist counterpart to religious fundamentalism rather than a productive critique of it, and that he has fundamentally misapprehended the foundations of the theological positions he claims to refute. Rees and Higgs, in particular, have both rejected Dawkins's confrontational stance toward religion as narrow and "embarrassing", with Higgs going as far as to equate Dawkins with the religious fundamentalists he criticises.[117][118][119][120] Atheist philosopher John Gray has denounced Dawkins as an "anti-religious missionary", whose assertions are "in no sense novel or original", suggesting that "transfixed in wonderment at the workings of his own mind, Dawkins misses much that is of importance in human beings." Gray has also criticised Dawkins's perceived allegiance to Darwin, stating that if "science, for Darwin, was a method of inquiry that enabled him to edge tentatively and humbly toward the truth, for Dawkins, science is an unquestioned view of the world."[121] A 2016 study found that many British scientists held an unfavourable view of Dawkins and his attitude towards religion.[122] In response to his critics, Dawkins maintains that theologians are no better than scientists in addressing deep cosmological questions and that he is not a fundamentalist, as he is willing to change his mind in the face of new evidence.[123][124][125]

Dawkins has faced backlash over some of his public comments about Islam. In 2013, Dawkins tweeted that "All the world's Muslims have fewer Nobel Prizes than Trinity College, Cambridge. They did great things in the Middle Ages, though."[126] In 2016, Dawkins' invitation to speak at the Northeast Conference on Science and Skepticism was withdrawn over his sharing of what was characterized as a "highly offensive video" satirically showing cartoon feminist and Islamist characters singing about the things they hold in common. In issuing the tweet, Dawkins stated that it "Obviously doesn't apply to vast majority of feminists, among whom I count myself. But the minority are pernicious."[127]

Criticism of creationism

Dawkins is a prominent critic of creationism, a religious belief that humanity, life, and the universe were created by a deity[128] without recourse to evolution.[129] He has described the young Earth creationist view that the Earth is only a few thousand years old as "a preposterous, mind-shrinking falsehood".[130] His 1986 book, The Blind Watchmaker, contains a sustained critique of the argument from design, an important creationist argument. In the book, Dawkins argues against the watchmaker analogy made famous by the eighteenth-century English theologian William Paley via his book Natural Theology, in which Paley argues that just as a watch is too complicated and too functional to have sprung into existence merely by accident, so too must all living things—with their far greater complexity—be purposefully designed. Dawkins shares the view generally held by scientists that natural selection is sufficient to explain the apparent functionality and non-random complexity of the biological world, and can be said to play the role of watchmaker in nature, albeit as an automatic, unguided by any designer, nonintelligent, blind watchmaker.[131]

Wearing a scarlet 'A' lapel pin, at the 34th annual conference of American Atheists (2008)

In 1986, Dawkins and biologist John Maynard Smith participated in an Oxford Union debate against A. E. Wilder-Smith (a Young Earth creationist) and Edgar Andrews (president of the Biblical Creation Society).[b] In general, however, Dawkins has followed the advice of his late colleague Stephen Jay Gould and refused to participate in formal debates with creationists because "what they seek is the oxygen of respectability", and doing so would "give them this oxygen by the mere act of engaging with them at all". He suggests that creationists "don't mind being beaten in an argument. What matters is that we give them recognition by bothering to argue with them in public."[132] In a December 2004 interview with American journalist Bill Moyers, Dawkins said that "among the things that science does know, evolution is about as certain as anything we know." When Moyers questioned him on the use of the word theory, Dawkins stated that "evolution has been observed. It's just that it hasn't been observed while it's happening." He added that "it is rather like a detective coming on a murder after the scene... the detective hasn't actually seen the murder take place, of course. But what you do see is a massive clue... Huge quantities of circumstantial evidence. It might as well be spelled out in words of English."[133]

Dawkins has opposed the inclusion of intelligent design in science education, describing it as "not a scientific argument at all, but a religious one".[134] He has been referred to in the media as "Darwin's Rottweiler",[135][136] a reference to English biologist T. H. Huxley, who was known as "Darwin's Bulldog" for his advocacy of Charles Darwin's evolutionary ideas. He has been a strong critic of the British organisation Truth in Science, which promotes the teaching of creationism in state schools, and whose work Dawkins has described as an "educational scandal". He plans to subsidise schools through the Richard Dawkins Foundation for Reason and Science with the delivery of books, DVDs, and pamphlets that counteract their work.[137]

Political views

With Ariane Sherine at the Atheist Bus Campaign launch in London, January 2009

Dawkins is an outspoken atheist[138] and a supporter of various atheist, secular,[139][140] and humanist organisations,[141][142][143][144] including Humanists UK and the Brights movement.[102] Dawkins suggests that atheists should be proud, not apologetic, stressing that atheism is evidence of a healthy, independent mind.[145] He hopes that the more atheists identify themselves, the more the public will become aware of just how many people are nonbelievers, thereby reducing the negative opinion of atheism among the religious majority.[146] Inspired by the gay rights movement, he endorsed the Out Campaign to encourage atheists worldwide to declare their stance publicly.[147] He supported a UK atheist advertising initiative, the Atheist Bus Campaign in 2008 and 2009, which aimed to raise funds to place atheist advertisements on buses in the London area.[148]

Speaking at Kepler's Books, Menlo Park, California, 29 October 2006

Dawkins has expressed concern about the growth of the human population and about the matter of overpopulation.[149] In The Selfish Gene, he briefly mentions population growth, giving the example of Latin America, whose population, at the time the book was written, was doubling every 40 years. He is critical of Roman Catholic attitudes to family planning and population control, stating that leaders who forbid contraception and "express a preference for 'natural' methods of population limitation" will get just such a method in the form of starvation.[150]

As a supporter of the Great Ape Project—a movement to extend certain moral and legal rights to all great apes—Dawkins contributed the article 'Gaps in the Mind' to the Great Ape Project book edited by Paola Cavalieri and Peter Singer. In this essay, he criticises contemporary society's moral attitudes as being based on a "discontinuous, speciesist imperative".[151]

Dawkins also regularly comments in newspapers and blogs on contemporary political questions and is a frequent contributor to the online science and culture digest 3 Quarks Daily.[152] His opinions include opposition to the 2003 invasion of Iraq,[153] the British nuclear deterrent, the actions of then-US President George W. Bush,[154] and the ethics of designer babies.[155] Several such articles were included in A Devil's Chaplain, an anthology of writings about science, religion, and politics. He is also a supporter of Republic's campaign to replace the British monarchy with a type of democratic republic.[156] Dawkins has described himself as a Labour voter in the 1970s[157] and voter for the Liberal Democrats since the party's creation. In 2009, he spoke at the party's conference in opposition to blasphemy laws, alternative medicine, and faith schools. In the UK general election of 2010, Dawkins officially endorsed the Liberal Democrats, in support of their campaign for electoral reform and for their "refusal to pander to 'faith'".[158] In the run up to the 2017 general election, Dawkins once again endorsed the Liberal Democrats and urged voters to join the party.

Dawkins discusses free speech and Islam(ism) at the 2017 Conference on Free Expression and Conscience.

In April 2021, Dawkins said on Twitter that "In 2015, Rachel Dolezal, a white chapter president of NAACP, was vilified for identifying as Black. Some men choose to identify as women, and some women choose to identify as men. You will be vilified if you deny that they literally are what they identify as. Discuss." After receiving criticism for this tweet, Dawkins responded by saying that "I do not intend to disparage trans people. I see that my academic "Discuss" question has been misconstrued as such and I deplore this. It was also not my intent to ally in any way with Republican bigots in US now exploiting this issue."[159] The American Humanist Association retracted Dawkins' 1996 Humanist of the Year Award in response to these comments.[160] Robby Soave of Reason magazine criticized the retraction, saying that "The drive to punish dissenters from various orthodoxies is itself illiberal."[161]

Dawkins has voiced his support for the Campaign for the Establishment of a United Nations Parliamentary Assembly, an organisation that campaigns for democratic reform in the United Nations, and the creation of a more accountable international political system.[162]

Dawkins identifies as a feminist.[163] He has said that feminism is "enormously important".[164] Dawkins has been accused by writers such as Amanda Marcotte, Caitlin Dickson, and Adam Lee of misogyny, criticizing those who speak about sexual harassment and abuse while ignoring sexism within the New Atheist movement.[165][166][167]

Views on postmodernism

In 1998, in a book review published in Nature, Dawkins expressed his appreciation for two books connected with the Sokal affair, Higher Superstition: The Academic Left and Its Quarrels with Science by Paul R. Gross and Norman Levitt and Intellectual Impostures by Sokal and Jean Bricmont. These books are famous for their criticism of postmodernism in U.S. universities (namely in the departments of literary studies, anthropology, and other cultural studies).[168]

Echoing many critics, Dawkins holds that postmodernism uses obscurantist language to hide its lack of meaningful content. As an example he quotes the psychoanalyst Félix Guattari: "We can clearly see that there is no bi-univocal correspondence between linear signifying links or archi-writing, depending on the author, and this multireferential, multi-dimensional machinic catalysis." This is explained, Dawkins maintains, by certain intellectuals' academic ambitions. Figures like Guattari or Lacan, according to Dawkins, have nothing to say but want to reap the benefits of reputation and fame that derive from a successful academic career: "Suppose you are an intellectual impostor with nothing to say, but with strong ambitions to succeed in academic life, collect a coterie of reverent disciples and have students around the world anoint your pages with respectful yellow highlighter. What kind of literary style would you cultivate? Not a lucid one, surely, for clarity would expose your lack of content."[168]

Other fields

Musician Jayce Lewis at Dawkins' home in 2018 while working on Million (Part 2)

In his role as professor for public understanding of science, Dawkins has been a critic of pseudoscience and alternative medicine. His 1998 book Unweaving the Rainbow considers John Keats's accusation that by explaining the rainbow, Isaac Newton diminished its beauty; Dawkins argues for the opposite conclusion. He suggests that deep space, the billions of years of life's evolution, and the microscopic workings of biology and heredity contain more beauty and wonder than do "myths" and "pseudoscience".[169] For John Diamond's posthumously published Snake Oil, a book devoted to debunking alternative medicine, Dawkins wrote a foreword in which he asserts that alternative medicine is harmful, if only because it distracts patients from more successful conventional treatments and gives people false hopes.[170] Dawkins states that "There is no alternative medicine. There is only medicine that works and medicine that doesn't work."[171] In his 2007 Channel 4 TV film The Enemies of Reason, Dawkins concluded that Britain is gripped by "an epidemic of superstitious thinking".[172]

Continuing a long-standing partnership with Channel 4, Dawkins participated in a five-part television series, Genius of Britain, along with fellow scientists Stephen Hawking, James Dyson, Paul Nurse, and Jim Al-Khalili. The series was first broadcast in June 2010, and focuses on major, British, scientific achievements throughout history.[173] In 2014, he joined the global awareness movement Asteroid Day as a "100x Signatory".[174]

Awards and recognition

Receiving the Deschner Prize in Frankfurt, 12 October 2007, from Karlheinz Deschner

He holds honorary doctorates in science from the University of Huddersfield, University of Westminster, Durham University,[175] the University of Hull, the University of Antwerp, the University of Oslo, the University of Aberdeen,[176] Open University, the Vrije Universiteit Brussel,[28] and the University of Valencia.[177] He also holds honorary doctorates of letters from the University of St Andrews and the Australian National University (HonLittD, 1996), and was elected Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature in 1997 and a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 2001.[1][28] He is one of the patrons of the Oxford University Scientific Society.

In 1987, Dawkins received a Royal Society of Literature award and a Los Angeles Times Literary Prize for his book The Blind Watchmaker. In the same year, he received a Sci. Tech Prize for Best Television Documentary Science Programme of the Year for his work on the BBC's Horizon episode The Blind Watchmaker.[28]

In 1996, the American Humanist Association gave him their Humanist of the Year Award, but the award was withdrawn in 2021, with the statement that he "demean[ed] marginalized groups", including transgender people, using "the guise of scientific discourse".[178][159]

Other awards include the Zoological Society of London's Silver Medal (1989), the Finlay Innovation Award (1990), the Michael Faraday Award (1990), the Nakayama Prize (1994), the fifth International Cosmos Prize (1997), the Kistler Prize (2001), the Medal of the Presidency of the Italian Republic (2001), the 2001 and 2012 Emperor Has No Clothes Award from the Freedom From Religion Foundation, the Bicentennial Kelvin Medal of The Royal Philosophical Society of Glasgow (2002),[28] the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement (2006),[179] and the Nierenberg Prize for Science in the Public Interest (2009).[180] He was awarded the Deschner Award, named after German anti-clerical author Karlheinz Deschner.[181] The Committee for Skeptical Inquiry (CSICOP) has awarded Dawkins their highest award In Praise of Reason (1992).[182]

Dawkins accepting the Services to Humanism award at the British Humanist Association Annual Conference in 2012

Dawkins topped Prospect magazine's 2004 list of the top 100 public British intellectuals, as decided by the readers, receiving twice as many votes as the runner-up.[183][184] He was shortlisted as a candidate in their 2008 follow-up poll.[185] In a poll held by Prospect in 2013, Dawkins was voted the world's top thinker based on 65 names chosen by a largely US and UK-based expert panel.[186]

In 2005, the Hamburg-based Alfred Toepfer Foundation awarded him its Shakespeare Prize in recognition of his "concise and accessible presentation of scientific knowledge". He won the Lewis Thomas Prize for Writing about Science for 2006, as well as the Galaxy British Book Awards's Author of the Year Award for 2007.[187] In the same year, he was listed by Time magazine as one of the 100 most influential people in the world in 2007,[188] and was ranked 20th in The Daily Telegraph's 2007 list of 100 greatest living geniuses.[189]

Since 2003, the Atheist Alliance International has awarded a prize during its annual conference, honouring an outstanding atheist whose work has done the most to raise public awareness of atheism during that year; it is known as the Richard Dawkins Award, in honour of Dawkins's own efforts.[190] In February 2010, Dawkins was named to the Freedom From Religion Foundation's Honorary Board of distinguished achievers.[191]

In 2012, a Sri Lankan team of ichthyologists headed by Rohan Pethiyagoda named a new genus of freshwater fish Dawkinsia in Dawkins's honor. (Members of this genus were formerly members of the genus Puntius).[192]

Personal life

Dawkins has been married three times and has a daughter. On 19 August 1967, Dawkins married ethologist Marian Stamp in the Protestant church in Annestown, County Waterford, Ireland;[193] they divorced in 1984. On 1 June 1984, he married Eve Barham (1951–1999) in Oxford. They had a daughter. Dawkins and Barham divorced.[194] In 1992, he married actress Lalla Ward[194] in Kensington and Chelsea, London. Dawkins met her through their mutual friend Douglas Adams,[195] who had worked with her on the BBC's Doctor Who. Dawkins and Ward separated in 2016 and they later described the separation as "entirely amicable".[196] He identifies as an atheist who is a "cultural Anglican", associated with the Church of England, and a "secular Christian".[197][198][199][200] On 6 February 2016, Dawkins suffered a minor haemorrhagic stroke while at home.[201][202] Dawkins reported later that same year that he had almost completely recovered.[203][204]

Media

Selected publications

Documentary films

Other appearances

Dawkins has made many television appearances on news shows providing his political opinions and especially his views as an atheist. He has been interviewed on the radio, often as part of his book tours. He has debated many religious figures. He has made many university speaking appearances, again often in coordination with his book tours. As of 2016, he has over 60 credits in the Internet Movie Database where he appeared as himself:


Selected bibliography

On Dawkins

Notes

a. ^ W. D. Hamilton influenced Dawkins and the influence can be seen throughout Dawkins's book The Selfish Gene.[32] They became friends at Oxford and following Hamilton's death in 2000, Dawkins wrote his obituary and organised a secular memorial service.[215]

b. ^ The debate ended with the motion "That the doctrine of creation is more valid than the theory of evolution" being defeated by 198 votes to 115.[216][217]

References

  1. ^ a b "Richard Dawkins". London: Royal Society. Archived from the original on 10 March 2016. Retrieved 23 April 2016.
  2. ^ Taylor, James E. "The New Atheists". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
  3. ^ a b Tortoise (2 December 2019). OMG – A ThinkIn with Richard Dawkins. YouTube. Event occurs at 2:08. Archived from the original on 11 December 2021. Retrieved 31 January 2020.
  4. ^ Holt, T. "Richard Dawkins". Philosophy of Religion.
  5. ^ Fahy, Declan (2015). The New Celebrity Scientists: Out of the Lab and into the Limelight. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
  6. ^ "British scientists don't like Richard Dawkins, finds study that didn't even ask questions about Richard Dawkins". Independent.co.uk. 18 January 2017. Archived from the original on 9 June 2020. Retrieved 26 June 2020.
  7. ^ Elmhirst, Sophie (9 June 2015). "Is Richard Dawkins destroying his reputation?". The Guardian.(Op-ed)
  8. ^ "Richard Dawkins on Charles Darwin". BBC News. 14 February 2009.
  9. ^ a b "Dawkins, Richard 1941– Contemporary Authors, New Revision Series". Encyclopedia.com. Cengage Learning. Archived from the original on 12 October 2014. Retrieved 16 May 2014.
  10. ^ Dawkins, Richard. "My mother is 100 today. She & my late father gave me an idyllic childhood. Her writings on that time are quoted in An Appetite for Wonder". Twitter. Archived from the original on 17 June 2019. Retrieved 26 November 2016.
  11. ^ Dawkins, Richard. "My beloved mother died today, a month short of her 103rd birthday. As a young wartime bride she was brave and adventurous. Her epic journey up Africa, illegally accompanying my father, is recounted in passages from her diary, reproduced in An Appetite for Wonder. Rest in Peace". Twitter. Archived from the original on 15 October 2019. Retrieved 15 October 2019.
  12. ^ Burke's Landed Gentry 17th edition, ed. L. G. Pine, 1952, 'Dawkins of Over Norton' pedigree
  13. ^ a b Dawkins, Richard (11 December 2010). "Lives Remembered: John Dawkins". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 13 December 2010. Retrieved 12 December 2010.
  14. ^ Dawkins, Richard (2004). The Ancestor's Tale. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 317. ISBN 978-0-618-00583-3. Archived from the original on 23 May 2020. Retrieved 20 May 2020.
  15. ^ Dawkins, Richard. "Brief Scientific Autobiography". Richard Dawkins Foundation. Archived from the original on 21 June 2010. Retrieved 17 July 2010.
  16. ^ a b Anthony, Andrew (15 September 2013). "Richard Dawkins: 'I don't think I am strident or aggressive'". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 29 May 2019. Retrieved 21 September 2014.
  17. ^ a b c d Hattenstone, Simon (10 February 2003). "Darwin's child". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 24 July 2008. Retrieved 22 April 2008.
  18. ^ "Richard Dawkins: The foibles of faith". BBC News. 12 October 2001. Archived from the original on 19 June 2018. Retrieved 13 March 2008.
  19. ^ Pollard, Nick (April 1995). "High Profile". Third Way. 18 (3): 15. ISSN 0309-3492. Archived from the original on 23 May 2020. Retrieved 20 May 2020.
  20. ^ "Dawkins: I'm a cultural Christian". BBC News. 10 December 2007. Retrieved 1 March 2008.
  21. ^ "Q&A with Richard Dawkins: 'I guess I'm a cultural Christian'". Charleston City Paper. 4 March 2013. Archived from the original on 7 March 2013. Retrieved 4 March 2013.
  22. ^ "Richard Dawkins: I Guess I'm a Cultural Christian". The Christian Post. 4 March 2013. Retrieved 5 March 2013.
  23. ^ Alister E. McGrath, Dawkins' God: From The Selfish Gene to The God Delusion (2015), p. 33
  24. ^ "The Oundle Lecture Series". Oundle School. 2012b. Archived from the original on 30 April 2012. Retrieved 12 June 2012.
  25. ^ Dawkins 2015, p. 175.
  26. ^ Preston, John (17 December 2006). "Preaching to the converted". Daily Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Archived from the original on 9 May 2019. Retrieved 9 May 2019.
  27. ^ Dawkins, Richard (1966). Selective pecking in the domestic chick. bodleian.ox.ac.uk (DPhil thesis). University of Oxford. Archived from the original on 21 November 2020. Retrieved 8 November 2017. EThOS uk.bl.ethos.710826
  28. ^ a b c d e f g Dawkins, Richard (1 January 2006). "Curriculum vitae" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 November 2012. Retrieved 13 March 2008.
  29. ^ Dawkins, Richard (1 January 2006). "Richard Dawkins: CV". Archived from the original on 23 April 2008. Retrieved 1 March 2007. For direct link to media, see this link
  30. ^ Schrage, Michael (July 1995). "Revolutionary Evolutionist". Wired. Archived from the original on 29 April 2017. Retrieved 21 April 2008.
  31. ^ Dawkins, Richard (1969). "A threshold model of choice behaviour". Animal Behaviour. 17 (1): 120–133. doi:10.1016/0003-3472(69)90120-1.
  32. ^ a b c ""Belief" interview". BBC. 5 April 2004. Archived from the original on 29 March 2018. Retrieved 8 April 2008.
  33. ^ Simonyi, Charles (15 May 1995). "Manifesto for the Simonyi Professorship". The University of Oxford. Archived from the original on 5 February 2016. Retrieved 13 March 2008.
  34. ^ "Aims of the Simonyi Professorship". 23 April 2008. Archived from the original on 6 February 2016. Retrieved 28 June 2011.
  35. ^ "Previous holders of The Simonyi Professorship". The University of Oxford. Archived from the original on 31 January 2016. Retrieved 23 September 2010.
  36. ^ "Emeritus, Honorary and Wykeham Fellows". New College, Oxford. 2 May 2008. Archived from the original on 10 May 2007. Retrieved 20 January 2016.
  37. ^ "The Current Simonyi Professor: Richard Dawkins". The University of Oxford. Archived from the original on 11 March 2016. Retrieved 13 March 2008.
  38. ^ "Editorial Board". The Skeptics' Society. Archived from the original on 10 April 2008. Retrieved 22 April 2008.
  39. ^ "The Dawkins Prize for Animal Conservation and Welfare". Balliol College, Oxford. 9 November 2007. Archived from the original on 12 September 2007. Retrieved 30 March 2008.
  40. ^ Beckford, Martin & Khan, Urmee (24 October 2008). "Harry Potter fails to cast spell over Professor Richard Dawkins". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 4 November 2008. Retrieved 1 November 2008.
  41. ^ "New university to rival Oxbridge will charge £18,000 a year". Sunday Telegraph. 5 June 2011. Archived from the original on 29 April 2019. Retrieved 20 January 2016.
  42. ^ Ridley, Mark (2007). Richard Dawkins: How a Scientist Changed the Way We Think: Reflections by Scientists, Writers, and Philosophers. Oxford University Press. p. 228. ISBN 978-0-19-921466-2. Archived from the original on 19 March 2015. Retrieved 27 January 2016.
  43. ^ Lloyd, Elisabeth Anne (1994). The structure and confirmation of evolutionary theory. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-00046-6. Archived from the original on 23 May 2020. Retrieved 20 May 2020.
  44. ^ Dawkins, Richard (1978). "Replicator Selection and the Extended Phenotype". Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie. 47 (1): 61–76. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0310.1978.tb01823.x. PMID 696023.
  45. ^ "European Evolutionary Biologists Rally Behind Richard Dawkins' Extended Phenotype". Sciencedaily.com. 20 January 2009. Archived from the original on 13 December 2018. Retrieved 28 June 2011.
  46. ^ Gould, Stephen Jay; Lewontin, Richard C. (1979). "The Spandrels of San Marco and the Panglossian Paradigm: A Critique of the Adaptationist Programme". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. B. 205 (1161): 581–598. Bibcode:1979RSPSB.205..581G. doi:10.1098/rspb.1979.0086. PMID 42062. S2CID 2129408.
  47. ^ Dawkins, Richard (1999). The extended phenotype: the long reach of the gene (Revised with new afterword and further reading ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0192880512.
  48. ^ Dawkins 2006, pp. 169–172.
  49. ^ Hamilton, W.D. (1964). "The genetical evolution of social behaviour I and II". Journal of Theoretical Biology. 7 (1): 1–16, 17–52. Bibcode:1964JThBi...7....1H. doi:10.1016/0022-5193(64)90038-4. PMID 5875341. S2CID 5310280.
  50. ^ Trivers, Robert (1971). "The evolution of reciprocal altruism". Quarterly Review of Biology. 46 (1): 35–57. doi:10.1086/406755. S2CID 19027999.
  51. ^ Dawkins, Richard (1979). "Twelve Misunderstandings of Kin Selection" (PDF). Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie. 51 (2): 184–200. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0310.1979.tb00682.x. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 May 2008.
  52. ^ Thorpe, Vanessa (24 June 2012). "Richard Dawkins in furious row with EO Wilson over theory of evolution. Book review sparks war of words between grand old man of biology and Oxford's most high-profile Darwinist". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 6 May 2019. Retrieved 3 October 2012.
  53. ^ Dawkins, Richard (24 May 2012). "The Descent of Edward Wilson". Prospect. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 24 October 2015.
  54. ^ Williams, George Ronald (1996). The molecular biology of Gaia. Columbia University Press. p. 178. ISBN 978-0-231-10512-5. Extract of page 178
  55. ^ Schneider, Stephen Henry (2004). Scientists debate gaia: the next century. MIT Press. p. 72. ISBN 978-0-262-19498-3. Archived from the original on 29 July 2016. Retrieved 27 January 2016. Extract of p. 72 Archived 19 March 2015 at the Wayback Machine
  56. ^ Dawkins, Richard (2000). Unweaving the Rainbow: Science, Delusion and the Appetite for Wonder. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 223. Bibcode:1998ursd.book.....D. ISBN 978-0-618-05673-6. Archived from the original on 21 September 2014. Retrieved 27 January 2016. Extract of p. 223 Archived 19 March 2015 at the Wayback Machine
  57. ^ Dover, Gabriel (2000). Dear Mr Darwin. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 978-0-7538-1127-6.
  58. ^ Williams, George C. (1966). Adaptation and Natural Selection. New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-02615-2. Archived from the original on 23 May 2020. Retrieved 20 May 2020.
  59. ^ Mayr, Ernst (2000). What Evolution Is. Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-04426-9.
  60. ^ Midgley, Mary (1979). "Gene-Juggling". Philosophy. Vol. 54, no. 210. pp. 439–458. doi:10.1017/S0031819100063488. Archived from the original on 31 July 2016. Retrieved 18 March 2008.
  61. ^ Dawkins, Richard (1981). "In Defence of Selfish Genes". Philosophy. Vol. 56, no. 218. pp. 556–573. doi:10.1017/S0031819100050580. Archived from the original on 31 July 2016. Retrieved 17 March 2008.
  62. ^ Midgley, Mary (2000). Science and Poetry. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-27632-0.
  63. ^ Midgley, Mary (2010). The solitary self: Darwin and the selfish gene. McGill-Queen's University Press. ISBN 978-1-84465-253-2.
  64. ^ Gross, Alan G. (2018). The Scientific Sublime: Popular Science Unravels the Mysteries of the Universe (Chapter 11: Richard Dawkins: The Mathematical Sublime). Oxford University Press. ASIN B07C8L2CZY.
  65. ^ Brown, Andrew (1999). The Darwin Wars: How stupid genes became selfish genes. London: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-684-85144-0.
  66. ^ Brown, Andrew (2000). The Darwin Wars: The Scientific Battle for the Soul of Man. Touchstone. ISBN 978-0-684-85145-7.
  67. ^ Brockman, J. (1995). The Third Culture: Beyond the Scientific Revolution. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-684-80359-3.
  68. ^ Sterelny, K. (2007). Dawkins vs. Gould: Survival of the Fittest. Cambridge, UK: Icon Books. ISBN 978-1-84046-780-2.
  69. ^ Morris, Richard (2001). The Evolutionists. W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-0-7167-4094-0.
  70. ^ Dawkins, Richard (24 January 1985). "Sociobiology: the debate continues". New Scientist. Archived from the original on 1 May 2008. Retrieved 3 April 2008.
  71. ^ Dennett, Daniel (1995). "Darwin's Dangerous Idea". Reviews: books and software. Complexity. United States: Simon & Schuster. 2 (1): 32–36. Bibcode:1996Cmplx...2a..32M. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-0526(199609/10)2:1<32::AID-CPLX8>3.0.CO;2-H. ISBN 978-0-684-80290-9. Free access icon
  72. ^ Dawkins 1989, p. 11.
  73. ^ Burman, J. T. (2012). "The misunderstanding of memes: Biography of an unscientific object, 1976–1999". Perspectives on Science. 20 (1): 75–104. doi:10.1162/POSC_a_00057. S2CID 57569644.Open access icon
  74. ^ Kelly, Kevin (1994). Out of Control: The New Biology of Machines, Social Systems, and the Economic World. United States: Addison-Wesley. p. 360. ISBN 978-0-201-48340-6.
  75. ^ Shalizi, Cosma Rohilla. "Memes". Center for the Study of Complex Systems. University of Michigan. Archived from the original on 22 April 2009. Retrieved 14 August 2009.
  76. ^ a b Laurent, John (1999). "A Note on the Origin of 'Memes'/'Mnemes'". Journal of Memetics. 3 (1): 14–19. Archived from the original on 25 March 2018. Retrieved 17 March 2008.
  77. ^ a b van Driem, George (2007). "Symbiosism, Symbiomism and the Leiden definition of the meme". Archived from the original on 21 November 2020. Retrieved 6 November 2018.
  78. ^ Gleick, James (2011). The Information: A History, a Theory, a Flood. Pantheon. p. 269. ISBN 978-0-375-42372-7.
  79. ^ Dawkins, Richard. "Our Mission". Richard Dawkins Foundation. Archived from the original on 17 November 2006. Retrieved 17 November 2006.
  80. ^ Lesley, Alison (26 January 2016). "Richard Dawkins' Atheist Organization Merges with Center for Inquiry". WorldReligionNews.com. Archived from the original on 28 January 2016. Retrieved 26 January 2016.
  81. ^ Sheahen, Laura (October 2005). "The Problem with God: Interview with Richard Dawkins (2)". Beliefnet.com. Archived from the original on 10 April 2008. Retrieved 11 April 2008.
  82. ^ "Interview with Richard Dawkins". PBS. Archived from the original on 20 June 2010. Retrieved 12 April 2008.
  83. ^ Van Biema, David (5 November 2006). "God vs. Science (3)". Time. Archived from the original on 11 February 2012. Retrieved 3 April 2008.
  84. ^ Dawkins 2006, p. 50.
  85. ^ Dawkins 2006, pp. 282–286.
  86. ^ Dawkins, Richard (1 January 1997). "Is Science A Religion?". The Humanist. Archived from the original on 30 October 2012. Retrieved 31 December 2012.
  87. ^ Bingham, John (24 February 2012). "Richard Dawkins: I can't be sure God does not exist". The Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 24 May 2019. Retrieved 5 March 2016.
  88. ^ Lane, Christopher (2 February 2012). "Why Does Richard Dawkins Take Issue With Agnosticism?". Psychology Today. Retrieved 5 April 2016.
  89. ^ Knapton, Sarah. "Richard Dawkins: 'I am a secular Christian'". Telegraph. Archived from the original on 21 December 2018. Retrieved 9 June 2014.
  90. ^ "Richard Dawkins hits back at allegations he is Islamophobic after Berkeley event is cancelled". Independent.co.uk. 26 July 2017. Archived from the original on 29 August 2017. Retrieved 10 September 2017.
  91. ^ "Dawkins Twitter This is almost as impressive as the prescient knowledge that embryo starts as a blob, semen comes from the spine & the sun sets in a marsh". Archived from the original on 21 November 2020. Retrieved 26 July 2017.
  92. ^ "'Did Jesus exist?' Who cares? 'Did Jesus lack a father? Raise Lazarus? Walk on water? Resurrect?' I care, and the answer is no in all cases". Archived from the original on 21 November 2020. Retrieved 1 August 2017.
  93. ^ "There are people who believe Jesus turned water into wine. How do they hold down a job in the 21st century?". Archived from the original on 21 November 2020. Retrieved 1 August 2017.
  94. ^ "Ridicule is the proper response to beliefs such as Jesus' mother was a virgin, Joshua slowed Earth's rotation or Muhammad split the moon". Archived from the original on 21 November 2020. Retrieved 1 August 2017.
  95. ^ "Over and above believing surreal nonsense about planets and magic stones, hats and underwear, Romney is also a liar". Archived from the original on 19 July 2020. Retrieved 1 August 2017.
  96. ^ "Could you really vote for a man who thinks the Garden of Eden was in Missouri?". Archived from the original on 30 October 2017. Retrieved 1 August 2017.
  97. ^ [90][91][92][93][94][95][96]
  98. ^ Powell, Michael (19 September 2011). "A Knack for Bashing Orthodoxy". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 27 December 2012. Retrieved 31 December 2012.
  99. ^ Dawkins 2015, p. 173.
  100. ^ Hooper, Simon (9 November 2006). "The rise of the New Atheists". CNN. Archived from the original on 8 April 2010. Retrieved 16 March 2010.
  101. ^ Dawkins 2006, p. 5.
  102. ^ a b "Richard Dawkins on militant atheism". TED Conferences, LLC. February 2002. Archived from the original on 11 December 2011. Retrieved 14 December 2011.
  103. ^ Dawkins, Richard (1 October 2013). "The Four Horsemen DVD". Richard Dawkins Foundation. Archived from the original on 11 June 2017. Retrieved 13 April 2016. See also Video on YouTube
  104. ^ Smith, Alexandra (27 November 2006). "Dawkins campaigns to keep God out of classroom". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 9 July 2008. Retrieved 15 January 2007.
  105. ^ a b c Dawkins, Richard (21 June 2003). "The future looks bright". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 6 June 2008. Retrieved 13 March 2008.
  106. ^ Powell, Michael (19 September 2011). "A Knack for Bashing Orthodoxy". The New York Times. p. 4. Archived from the original on 17 March 2019. Retrieved 20 September 2011.
  107. ^ Beckford, Martin (24 June 2010). "Richard Dawkins interested in setting up 'atheist free school'". Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 27 June 2010. Retrieved 29 July 2010.
  108. ^ Garner, Richard (29 July 2010). "Gove welcomes atheist schools – Education News, Education". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 1 August 2010. Retrieved 29 July 2010.
  109. ^ "The God Delusion – Reviews". Richard Dawkins Foundation. Archived from the original on 2 July 2008. Retrieved 8 April 2008.
  110. ^ McGrath, Alister (2004). Dawkins' God: Genes, Memes, and the Meaning of Life. Oxford, England: Blackwell Publishing. p. 81. ISBN 978-1-4051-2538-3.
  111. ^ Ruse, Michael (2 November 2009). "Dawkins et al bring us into disrepute". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 19 September 2018. Retrieved 23 April 2016.
  112. ^ Ruse, Michael (2 October 2012). "Why Richard Dawkins' humanists remind me of a religion". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 21 August 2018. Retrieved 13 December 2016.
  113. ^ "Camille Paglia takes on Jon Stewart, Trump, Sanders: "Liberals think of themselves as very open-minded, but that's simply not true!"". Salon. 29 July 2015. Archived from the original on 4 February 2019. Retrieved 4 February 2019.
  114. ^ "Dawkins is wrong about God". The Spectator. 14 January 2006. Archived from the original on 12 June 2019. Retrieved 19 January 2019.
  115. ^ Came, Daniel (22 October 2011). "Richard Dawkins's refusal to debate is cynical and anti-intellectualist". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 30 September 2018. Retrieved 19 January 2019 – via www.theguardian.com.
  116. ^ [110][111][112][113][114][115]
  117. ^ Eagleton·, Terry (19 October 2006). "Lunging, Flailing, Mispunching". London Review of Books. Vol. 28, no. 20. pp. 32–34. Archived from the original on 10 March 2010. Retrieved 16 May 2014.
  118. ^ Dawkins, Richard (17 September 2007). "Do you have to read up on leprechology before disbelieving in them?". Richard Dawkins Foundation. Archived from the original on 14 December 2007. Retrieved 14 November 2007.
  119. ^ Jha, Alok (29 May 2007). "Scientists divided over alliance with religion". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 19 July 2008. Retrieved 17 March 2008.
  120. ^ Jha, Alok (26 December 2012). "Peter Higgs criticises Richard Dawkins over anti-religious 'fundamentalism'". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 28 October 2018. Retrieved 20 January 2016.
  121. ^ Gray, John (2 October 2014). "The Closed Mind of Richard Dawkins". New Republic. Archived from the original on 16 February 2019. Retrieved 20 January 2016.
  122. ^ Griffin, Andrew (31 October 2016). "British scientists don't like Richard Dawkins, finds study that didn't even ask questions about Richard Dawkins". The Independent.
  123. ^ Dawkins 2006.
  124. ^ Dawkins, Richard (2006). "When Religion Steps on Science's Turf". Free Inquiry. Archived from the original on 19 April 2008. Retrieved 3 April 2008.
  125. ^ Dawkins, Richard. "How dare you call me a fundamentalist". Richard Dawkins Foundation. Archived from the original on 31 December 2012. Retrieved 28 December 2012.
  126. ^ Malik, Nesrine (8 August 2013). "Richard Dawkins' tweets on Islam are as rational as the rants of an extremist Muslim cleric". The Guardian. Retrieved 5 August 2021.
  127. ^ Blair, Olivia (29 January 2016). "Richard Dawkins dropped from science event for tweeting video mocking feminists and Islamists". The Independent. Retrieved 5 August 2021.
  128. ^ Ruse, Michael. "Creationism". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Laboratory, Stanford University. Archived from the original on 9 June 2007. Retrieved 9 September 2009. a Creationist is someone who believes in a god who is absolute creator of heaven and earth.
  129. ^ Scott, Eugenie C (2009). "Creationism". Evolution vs. creationism: an introduction. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 51. ISBN 978-0-520-26187-7. The term 'creationism' to many people connotes the theological doctrine of special creationism: that God created the universe essentially as we see it today, and that this universe has not changed appreciably since that creation event. Special creationism includes the idea that God created living things in their present forms...
  130. ^ Dawkins, Richard (9 March 2002). "A scientist's view". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 21 August 2018. Retrieved 7 November 2009.
  131. ^ Catalano, John (1 August 1996). "Book: The Blind Watchmaker". The University of Oxford. Archived from the original on 15 April 2008. Retrieved 28 February 2008.
  132. ^ Dawkins 2003, p. 218.
  133. ^ Moyers, Bill (3 December 2004). "'Now' with Bill Moyers". Public Broadcasting Service. Archived from the original on 16 May 2006. Retrieved 29 January 2006.
  134. ^ Dawkins, Richard & Coyne, Jerry (1 September 2005). "One side can be wrong". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 26 December 2013. Retrieved 21 December 2006.
  135. ^ Hall, Stephen S. (9 August 2005). "Darwin's Rottweiler". Discover magazine. Archived from the original on 21 March 2008. Retrieved 22 March 2008.
  136. ^ McGrath, Alister (2007). Dawkins' God: genes, memes, and the meaning of life (Reprinted ed.). Malden, MA: Blackwell. p. i. ISBN 978-1405125383.
  137. ^ Swinford, Steven (19 November 2006). "Godless Dawkins challenges schools". The Times. London. Archived from the original on 5 August 2011. Retrieved 3 April 2008.
  138. ^ Bass, Thomas A. (1994). Reinventing the future: Conversations with the World's Leading Scientists. Addison Wesley. p. 118. ISBN 978-0-201-62642-1. Extract of page 118 Archived 23 May 2020 at the Wayback Machine
  139. ^ "Our Honorary Associates". National Secular Society. 2005. Archived from the original on 9 July 2007. Retrieved 21 April 2007.
  140. ^ "Secular Coalition for America Advisory Board Biography". Secular.org. Archived from the original on 31 March 2013. Retrieved 29 July 2010.
  141. ^ "The HSS Today". The Humanist Society of Scotland. 2007. Archived from the original on 18 April 2008. Retrieved 3 April 2008.
  142. ^ "The International Academy Of Humanism – Humanist Laureates". Council for Secular Humanism. Archived from the original on 30 March 2018. Retrieved 7 April 2008.
  143. ^ "The Committee for Skeptical Inquiry – Fellows". The Committee for Skeptical Inquiry. Archived from the original on 15 June 2008. Retrieved 7 April 2008.
  144. ^ "Humanism and Its Aspirations  – Notable Signers". American Humanist Association. Archived from the original on 19 June 2010. Retrieved 9 February 2010.
  145. ^ Dawkins 2006, p. 3.
  146. ^ Chittenden, Maurice; Waite, Roger (23 December 2007). "Dawkins to preach atheism to US". The Sunday Times. London. Archived from the original on 17 May 2008. Retrieved 1 April 2008.
  147. ^ Dawkins, Richard (30 July 2007). "The Out Campaign". Richard Dawkins Foundation. Archived from the original on 30 April 2008. Retrieved 1 April 2008.
  148. ^ "The Bus Campaign". British Humanist Association. Archived from the original on 20 February 2012. Retrieved 19 January 2009.
  149. ^ "BBC: The Selfish Green". Richard Dawkins Foundation. 2 April 2007. Archived from the original on 1 May 2008. Retrieved 22 April 2008. For video in one segment, see Video on YouTube
  150. ^ Dawkins 1989, p. 213.
  151. ^ Cavalieri, Paola; Singer, Peter, eds. (1993). The Great Ape Project. United Kingdom: Fourth Estate. ISBN 978-0-312-11818-1.
  152. ^ "3 Quarks Daily 2010 Prize in Science: Richard Dawkins has picked the three winners". 1 June 2010. Archived from the original on 28 January 2016. Retrieved 20 January 2016.
  153. ^ Dawkins, Richard (22 March 2003). "Bin Laden's victory". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 5 May 2019. Retrieved 15 March 2008.
  154. ^ Dawkins, Richard (18 November 2003). "While we have your attention, Mr President..." The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 2 August 2017. Retrieved 16 March 2008.
  155. ^ Dawkins, Richard (19 November 2006). "From the Afterword". Herald Scotland. Archived from the original on 10 May 2014. Retrieved 9 June 2014.
  156. ^ "Our supporters". Republic. 24 April 2010. Archived from the original on 26 March 2012. Retrieved 29 April 2010.
  157. ^ Dawkins 1989, Endnotes. Chapter 1. Why are people?.
  158. ^ "Show your support – vote for the Liberal Democrats on May 6th". Libdems.org.uk. 3 May 2010. Archived from the original on 14 April 2010. Retrieved 29 July 2010.
  159. ^ a b Flood, Alison (20 April 2021). "Richard Dawkins loses 'humanist of the year' title over trans comments". The Guardian. Retrieved 20 April 2021.
  160. ^ "American Humanist Association Board Statement Withdrawing Honor from Richard Dawkins". American Humanist Association. 19 April 2021. Retrieved 14 March 2023.
  161. ^ Soave, Robby (26 April 2021). "By Canceling Richard Dawkins, the American Humanist Association Has Betrayed Its Values". Reason. Retrieved 11 August 2023.
  162. ^ "Overview". Campaign for a UN Parliamentary Assembly. Archived from the original on 8 August 2018. Retrieved 9 October 2017.
  163. ^ Dawkins, Richard (16 December 2012). "Richard Dawkins". Twitter. Archived from the original on 4 September 2015. Retrieved 3 May 2015.
  164. ^ Kutner, Jenny (8 December 2014). "Richard Dawkins: "Is There a Men's Rights Movement?"". Salon. Archived from the original on 17 February 2015. Retrieved 1 February 2015.
  165. ^ "Atheism's shocking woman problem: What's behind the misogyny of Richard Dawkins and Sam Harris?". 3 October 2014.
  166. ^ Lee, Adam (18 September 2014). "Richard Dawkins has lost it: Ignorant sexism gives atheists a bad name". The Guardian.
  167. ^ "Richard Dawkins Gets into a Comments War with Feminists". The Atlantic. 6 July 2011.
  168. ^ a b Dawkins, Richard (9 July 1998). "Postmodernism Disrobed". Nature. 394 (6689): 141–143. Bibcode:1998Natur.394..141D. doi:10.1038/28089. S2CID 40887987. For article with math symbols see this link Archived 17 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine.
  169. ^ Dawkins, Richard (1998). Unweaving The Rainbow. United Kingdom: Penguin. pp. 4–7. ISBN 978-0-618-05673-6.
  170. ^ Diamond, John (2001). Snake Oil and Other Preoccupations. United Kingdom: Vintage. ISBN 978-0-09-942833-6.
  171. ^ Dawkins 2003, p. 58.
  172. ^ Harrison, David (5 August 2007). "New age therapies cause 'retreat from reason'". The Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 21 August 2018. Retrieved 25 March 2016.
  173. ^ Parker, Robin (27 January 2009). "C4 lines up Genius science series". Broadcast. Retrieved 31 January 2009. (subscription required)
  174. ^ Knapton, Sarah (4 December 2014). "Asteroids could wipe out humanity, warn Richard Dawkins and Brian Cox". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 22 February 2020. Retrieved 4 December 2014.
  175. ^ "Durham salutes science, Shakespeare and social inclusion". Durham University News. 26 August 2005. Archived from the original on 3 February 2008. Retrieved 11 April 2006.
  176. ^ "Best-selling biologist and outspoken atheist among those honoured by University". University of Aberdeen. 1 September 2011. Archived from the original on 1 September 2011. Retrieved 1 January 2012.
  177. ^ "Richard Dawkins, doctor 'honoris causa' per la Universitat de València". University of Valencia. 31 March 2009. Archived from the original on 11 October 2011. Retrieved 2 April 2009. Note: web page is in Spanish.
  178. ^ "American Humanist Association Board Statement Withdrawing Honor from Richard Dawkins". American Humanist Association. 19 April 2021. Retrieved 20 April 2021.
  179. ^ "Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement". www.achievement.org. American Academy of Achievement. Archived from the original on 15 December 2016. Retrieved 9 July 2020.
  180. ^ Scripps Institution of Oceanography (7 April 2009). "Scripps Institution of Oceanography Honors Evolutionary Biologist, Richard Dawkins, in Public Ceremony and Lecture". Scripps Institution of Oceanography. Archived from the original on 19 July 2011. Retrieved 7 April 2009.
  181. ^ Stiftung, Giordano Bruno (28 May 2007). "Deschner-Preis an Richard Dawkins". Humanistischer Pressedienst. Archived from the original on 19 July 2011. Retrieved 4 April 2008. Note: Web page in German.
  182. ^ "CSICOP's 1992 Awards". Skeptical Inquirer. 17 (3): 236. 1993.
  183. ^ "Q&A: Richard Dawkins". BBC News. 29 July 2004. Archived from the original on 21 October 2007. Retrieved 9 March 2008.
  184. ^ Herman, David (2004). "Public Intellectuals Poll". Prospect. Archived from the original on 6 November 2011. Retrieved 9 March 2008.
  185. ^ "The Top 100 Public Intellectuals". Prospect. 19 April 2008. Archived from the original on 26 December 2014. Retrieved 22 April 2008.
  186. ^ Dugdale, John (25 April 2013). "Richard Dawkins named world's top thinker in poll". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 12 November 2013. Retrieved 26 April 2013.
  187. ^ "Galaxy British Book Awards – Winners & Shortlists". Publishing News. 2007. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 21 April 2007.
  188. ^ Behe, Michael (3 May 2007). "Time Top 100". TIME. Archived from the original on 14 March 2008. Retrieved 2 March 2008.
  189. ^ "Top 100 living geniuses". The Daily Telegraph. London. 28 October 2007. Archived from the original on 3 August 2020. Retrieved 4 October 2010.
  190. ^ Slack, Gordy (30 April 2005). "The atheist". Salon. Archived from the original on 4 July 2007. Retrieved 3 August 2007.
  191. ^ "Honorary FFRF Board Announced". Freedom From Religion Foundation. Archived from the original on 17 December 2010. Retrieved 20 August 2008.
  192. ^ "Sri Lankans name new fish genus after atheist Dawkins". Google News. Agence France-Presse. 15 July 2012. Archived from the original on 21 May 2013. Retrieved 16 July 2012.
  193. ^ Richard Dawkins, An Appetite for Wonder – The Making of a Scientist, p. 201.
  194. ^ a b McKie, Robin (25 July 2004). "Doctor Zoo". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 28 January 2008. Retrieved 17 March 2008.
  195. ^ Simpson, M.J. (2005). Hitchhiker: A Biography of Douglas Adams. Justin, Charles & Co. p. 129. ISBN 978-1-932112-35-1. Chapter 15, p. 129
  196. ^ "Richard Dawkins and Viscount of Bangor's sister Lalla Ward separate after 24 years". Belfast Telegraph. 17 July 2016. Archived from the original on 18 July 2016. Retrieved 17 July 2016.
  197. ^ "Richard Dawkins admits he is a 'cultural Anglican'". www.anglicannews.org. Retrieved 2 December 2021.
  198. ^ Martin, Cath (26 May 2014). "Richard Dawkins: First he was a 'cultural Anglican', now he's a 'secular Christian'". www.christiantoday.com. Retrieved 2 December 2021.
  199. ^ "High noon in Oxford: Dawkins vs the archbishop". Reuters. 23 February 2012. Retrieved 2 December 2021.
  200. ^ "Dawkins: I'm a cultural Christian". 10 December 2007. Retrieved 2 December 2021.
  201. ^ Dudding, Adam (12 February 2016). "Richard Dawkins suffers stroke, cancels New Zealand appearance". Fairfax New Zealand. Archived from the original on 13 February 2016. Retrieved 12 February 2016.
  202. ^ Wahlquist, Calla (11 February 2016). "Richard Dawkins stroke forces delay of Australia and New Zealand tour". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 12 February 2016. Retrieved 11 February 2016.
  203. ^ "Professor Dawkins on recovering from a mild stroke". Radio 4 Today. 24 May 2016. Archived from the original on 13 October 2016. Retrieved 10 October 2016.
  204. ^ Dawkins, Richard (4 April 2016). "An April 4th Update from Richard". Richard Dawkins Foundation. Archived from the original on 19 April 2016. Retrieved 5 April 2016. Audio file Archived 15 November 2017 at the Wayback Machine
  205. ^ Staff. "BBC Educational and Documentary: Blind Watchmaker". BBC. Archived from the original on 16 June 2007. Retrieved 2 December 2008.
  206. ^ Staff. "Sex, Death and the Meaning of Life". Channel 4. Archived from the original on 15 October 2012. Retrieved 16 October 2012.
  207. ^ Mehta, Hemant (10 March 2013). "Richard Dawkins Appears in Ned Flanders' Nightmare on The Simpsons". Patheos. Archived from the original on 30 January 2016. Retrieved 20 January 2016.
  208. ^ "Nightwish's Next Album To Feature Guest Appearance By British Professor Richard Dawkins". Blabbermouth.net. 16 October 2014. Archived from the original on 9 February 2015. Retrieved 19 January 2015.
  209. ^ "Nightwish's Tuomas Holopainen Gives 'Endless Forms Most Beautiful' Track-By-Track Breakdown (Video)". 17 March 2015. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 20 January 2016.
  210. ^ Shutt, Dan (21 December 2015). "Nightwish, Wembley Arena, gig review: Closing with The Greatest Show on Earth too much for sell-out audience to handle". The Independent. Independent Print Limited. Archived from the original on 25 January 2016. Retrieved 3 January 2016.
  211. ^ "Nightwish: track by track di "Endless Forms Most Beautiful"!". SpazioRock (in Italian). 17 March 2015. Archived from the original on 4 July 2015. Retrieved 10 April 2015.
  212. ^ Schleutermann, Marcus (27 February 2015). "Nightwish – Food for Thought". EMP Rockinvasion (in English and German). Köln. Archived from the original on 3 May 2015. Retrieved 10 March 2015.
  213. ^ Millican, Josh (3 September 2020). "Trailer: INTERSECT Delivers High-Concept, Lovecraftian Horror/Sci-fi September 15th". Dread Central. Retrieved 30 June 2022.
  214. ^ Squires, John (24 August 2020). "Lovecraftian 'Intersect' Brings Monsters to Miskatonic University This September [Trailer]". Bloody Disgusting!. Retrieved 30 June 2022.
  215. ^ Dawkins, Richard (3 October 2000). "Obituary by Richard Dawkins". The Independent. Archived from the original on 18 March 2008. Retrieved 22 March 2008.
  216. ^ Critical-Historical Perspective on the Argument about Evolution and Creation, John Durant, in "From Evolution to Creation: A European Perspective (Eds. Sven Anderson, Arthus Peacocke), Aarhus Univ. Press, Aarhus, Denmark
  217. ^ Dawkins, Richard (12 March 2007). "1986 Oxford Union Debate: Richard Dawkins, John Maynard Smith". Richard Dawkins Foundation. Archived from the original on 29 July 2012. Retrieved 10 May 2007. Debate no longer available at that website. For the debate audio in video format in two segments, see part 1 at Video on YouTube and part 2 at Video on YouTube

External links

This page was last edited on 4 March 2024, at 20:08
Basis of this page is in Wikipedia. Text is available under the CC BY-SA 3.0 Unported License. Non-text media are available under their specified licenses. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. WIKI 2 is an independent company and has no affiliation with Wikimedia Foundation.