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Political organisation

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

A political organization is any organization that involves itself in the political process, including political parties, non-governmental organizations, and special interest advocacy groups. Political organizations are those engaged in political activities (e.g., lobbying, community organizing, campaign advertising, etc.) aimed at achieving clearly-defined political goals, which typically benefit the interests of their members.

While parties are one type of political organization that may engage in some or all of those activities, they are distinct in that they typically focus on supporting candidates for public office, winning elections and controlling government.

YouTube Encyclopedic

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Transcription

♪ (female narrator) This lecture will be on political organization, so we're gonna look at power relationships. And this is an important type of organization, because it's one of the ways that we maintain order. So first, the definition of political organization is the existence of groups for purposes, such as public decision-making and leadership. So this is basically the way power is embedded in a society. Um...the features of political organizations are recruitment principles, so what's the criteria for determining admission to the unit? Perpetuity, and here, we mean an assumption that the group will continue to exist indefinitely. Identity markers, particular characteristics that distinguish one political organization from another. Internal organization, which is the orderly arrangement of members in relation to one another. Procedures, which are prescribed rules and practices for behavior of group members. And autonomy, which is the ability to regulate its own affairs. Now, this particular lecture is gonna be pretty short. Keep in mind, this is a survey course, so we're not going into detail about any one thing. But we're gonna particularly talk about the four types of political organization that have been recognized by anthropologists. Several of them, you will not hear about in political science classes, as they generally focus on state-level societies. But we're gonna start our discussion with the first type, which is a band. And a band... [clears throat] excuse me... is a foraging group. The membership is pretty flexible. If people disagree, it's pretty easy to leave the band. If people act outside of what they're supposed to be, they can generally get kicked out of the band, so membership is flexible. The leadership is pretty informal. There's no permanent leader. It really depends on the skills that the group needs at the time. So if we think about First Nation peoples in North America, you often hear about the chief. Well...they had a peace chief, and they had a war chief. So they called on people when they needed those particular skills. And that was one of the things the Europeans didn't understand and the United States didn't understand was that even though they were treating with a chief, it might not be...they weren't treating with the person or the spokesperson for that particular tribe. So the leadership cannot enforce their opinions. They have very limited authority, but they do kind of make decisions about migration, and food distribution, and things like that. There's no social stratification between the leaders and the followers. Everybody is egalitarian. And in the sense for anthropology, egalitarian means everybody has access to the materials they need to survive, and they have all of the skills necessary to survive. So if you get separated from your group, you have a high likelihood of surviving, because you have all the skills you need. Whereas, if I were suddenly without the safe-way, I would be in big trouble. The next type of political organization is a tribe. Now, these were a little bit more formal than bands. We generally see this in horticulturalists and pastoralists, and we may see it comprised of several bands or lineage groups. They might be connected through a clan structure, and kinship is the primary basis of membership. Now, these groups might be a hundred people. They might be up to several thousand, so the tribes can get quite large. There's usually a headman or a headwoman. This is usually a hardworking individual that's very generous, has good people skills, usually charisma is gonna be pretty important to be a headman or a headwoman, 'cause they have to rely on persuasion. They're a part-time leader. They generally determine when to move the herds, when to plant, when to harvest, when feasts should be held, and so forth. They are responsible to handle both internal and external conflict, but particularly with internal conflict, they have to recruit people to follow them. Tribes often break up into smaller groups in response to threats to the environment or perhaps from outside forces. And this is what we refer to as a segmentary model. So each of these, then, smaller groups has its own headman or woman and is basically autonomous. When the threat is removed, they'll regroup, so Amazonian tribes often do this. Pastoralists sometimes do this-- link together through a confederacy. And they come together to face threats and then return to their autonomous groups. The Qashqai in Iran are an example. Now, kind of...we're talking about these as, like, very set...types, but...it would be better to think about these as a...on a continuum. So bands all the way up to states, and there are gonna be variations in between. So somewhere between tribes and chief mans...I mean, we do see this big man, big woman system, um...fall. Key individuals devote their efforts to developing personal ties through systems of redistribution and grand feast. This was first identified in the South Pacific, so Melanesia; Papua, New Guinea; Vanatinai, which is a Pacific island. So again, we're gonna see wide variation in tribes.

Political parties

The most well-known type of political organization is the political party. Political parties are directly involved in the political processes of countries with party systems, of which there are several types.

Some of the most common types are multi-party systems, single party dictatorships, and two party systems.

Multi-party systems

In multi-party systems such as India, Pakistan, etc., there is no restriction on the number of parties allowed to be in operation at any given time. Under these types of systems, people are free to participate in the political process both through elections and by forming their own political parties as they please.

Examples of multi-party systems are:

Single-party systems

In single-party systems, one political party exercises control over the government. Unlike under other systems, single-party systems do not necessarily extend democratic privileges to the citizens. This means that citizens have little say regarding political subjects.

Examples of single-party systems are:

Two-party systems

Two-party systems are similar to multi-party systems in that power is not concentrated in one party and that parties have to consider the opinion of the general public in order to retain power by winning elections. Most two-party systems are technically multiparty systems but all power is effectively concentrated amongst two parties or coalitions.

Examples of two-party systems are:

Party coalitions

Another type of political organization is the party coalition. A party coalition is a group of political parties operating together in parliament. Oftentimes, party coalitions are formed after elections have taken place and no party has clearly won a majority seat in parliament (e.g. the AAP-Congress Government in Delhi). Other coalitions are formed prior to elections and are effectively agreements between two or more parties to run jointly in elections and to pursue similar agendas (e.g. the National Democratic Alliance in India, and the Liberal/National Coalition in Australia). The electoral thresholds for multi-party alliances are set differently in many countries depending on the number of parties.

Parliamentary groups or Caucus

Parliamentary groups are groups of some members of the same political party or electoral fusion of parties, also called caucus in the United States Congress and the Parliament of Canada.[1]

Technical group

A technical group or mixed group is a heterogenous parliamentary group composed of elected officials from political parties of differing ideologies (or independent of any party) who are not numerous enough to form groups on their own.

Political group

A political group is a group composed of multiple political parties or independents of aligned ideologies.

Labour unions

A labour union (or trade union) is a political organization formed to promote the interests of workers.

Labour unions have various roles in modern politics, including:

  • Organizing strike actions and general strikes
  • Negotiating with employers on behalf of workers
  • Ensuring that workers are not fired without severance pay
  • Assuring that workers receive reasonable salaries

Unlike other political organizations, labor unions do not directly participate in elections, although they may campaign for parties and politicians supporting their positions. Labour unionization is a way for workers to maintain unity and preserve their rights. Often, major corporations antagonize the principle of labor unionization since it results in heavier employment regulations which restrict the powers of big business to fire workers at will, effectively causing economic difficulties for such companies.

See also

References

  1. ^ "What's a caucus anyway? 3 things to know". Cbc.ca. Retrieved 19 December 2017.
This page was last edited on 4 February 2024, at 17:35
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