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The Panjika (IAST: Pañjikā; Assamese: পঞ্জিকা; Bengali: পঞ্জিকা; Maithili: পাঁজিক, पाँजिक; Nepali: पञ्जिका; Odia: ପଞ୍ଜିକା) is the Hindu astronomical almanac,[1] published in Assamese, Bengali, Maithili, Nepali and Odia languages and colloquially known as Panji (IAST: Pāñji; Assamese: পাঁজি; Bengali: পাঞ্জি; Odia: ପାଞ୍ଜି). In other parts of India it is called panchangam.[2]
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Transcription
Happy new year? Guys that’s in like a week. Oh right, I’m on the Julian Calendar. Good day everyone, Julian here for DNews. Have you ever wondered why the calendar is the way it is? What drove us in the western world to have a 365 day year? Turns out it’s an interplay between astronomy, religion, and history. The calendar we use right now is the Gregorian calendar, so named because it was implemented by Pope Gregory the thirteenth in 1582. Why would the pope be interested in the calendar? [[*RE-TRACKED on 12/18 - Cars have faces shoot*]]Well Easter was traditionally supposed to fall on the Sunday after the first full moon after the spring equinox, March 21st, but it had started slipping later and later behind the solar event. Gregory was worried they were missing Christ’s rebirthday, so he commissioned italian scientist Aloysius Lilius to fix it and make sure they were on Jesus’ good side. When they made the switch, the catholic world jumped forward a full 10 days. And you thought daylight savings was bad. Many non-catholic countries wouldn’t adopt the Gregorian calendar for hundreds of years still. Russia switched after their October revolution in 1917, which under the new system, technically began in November. The reason the Gregorian Calendar is more accurate with our solar cycle is because it changed how we approached leap years. It still has a leap year every 4 years, like the Julian Calendar, except for years that are divisible by 100, except except for years that are divisible by 400. So 2000 was a leap year, but 2100 will not be. Why this wonky system for leap years? As it turns out, our revolution around the sun is not a perfect 365 days, but 365 days, 5 hours, 48 minutes and 46 seconds. Before Julius Caesar became emperor the calendar was all over the place, literally being manipulated by the roman high priest for political reasons. Sometimes years were lengthened to keep allies in office, sometimes they were shortened to kick rivals out quicker. Julius Caesar put a stop to that by standardizing the Julian calendar. Introduced in 45 BCE, or what to the romans was 709 as they counted years from the founding of the city of Rome. His calendar had 365 days every year with an extra day every 4. It still made the average year length 11 minutes and 14 seconds too long, but that wouldn’t be evident until hundreds of years passed. To honor him for reforming the calendar, the roman senate changed the name of Caesar's birth month to July. They’d honor him again a year later by murdering him on the infamous ides of March I always wondered, if Caesar could change the calendar willy nilly, why didn’t he just get rid of March? Way to drop the ball, Caesar. The reason we’re in the year 2015 though and not 2768 is because in 525 Christian Monk Dionysius Exiguus determined that Jesus was born in the roman year 753, and started counting over again from there. Because of him we get the terms BC for before Christ, and AD, which does not stand for After Death but actually Anno Domini, which in Latin means “The Year of Our Lord.” In the academic and scientific communities, to keep things neutral and welcoming to people of all faiths, you’ll often see the terms BCE and CE for Before Common Era and Common Era. Of course the Gregorian Calendar is far from the only calendar in use around the world today. Many calendars from cultures with less pronounced seasons actually rely on the cycles of the moon instead of the Sun. But for predicting the change of seasons, equinoxes, solstices, and when certain constellations will be visible, the Gregorian is the one we prefer for its regularity. At least until 4909, when it’ll be a day ahead. If you already blew it on your new years resolution, I’d say switch to the Julian calendar and try again next week. But first check out Catie’s video on what you did wrong over here. I’ve never lived by a different calendar but I’m sure a lot of you out there watching do. What’s it like going by a system where the seasons aren’t the same dates each year? Do you use the gregorian calendar too? Let us know in the comments, and I’ll see you next time on DNews.
Bengali panjika
There are two schools of panjika-makers in Bengal – Driksiddhanta (Bisuddhasiddhanta Panjika) and Odriksiddhanta (Gupta Press, PM Bagchi, etc.). They dictate the days on which festivals are to be held. Sometimes, they lay down different dates for particular festivals. For the Durga Puja in 2005, two different sets of dates came through. Some community pujas followed the Gupta Press Panjika, because of its popularity. It was with deference to convention, confirmed Pandit Nitai Chakraborty, president of Vaidik Pandit O Purohit Mahamilan Kendra. Belur Math adhered to Bisuddhasiddhanta Panjika. It was Swami Vijnanananda (who became Math president in 1937–38), an astrologer, who decided that Ramakrishna Mission would follow this almanac as it was more scientific.[3]
The difference occurs because the two schools follow different calendars of luni-solar movement on which tithis are based. While Gupta Press Panjika follows 16th century Raghunandan's work Ashtabingshatitatwa based on the 1,500-year-old astronomical treatise, Suryasiddhanta. Bisuddhasiddhanta Panjika is based on an 1890 amendment of the planetary positions given in Suryasiddhanta.[3]
Scientific reform
The earliest Indian almanacs date back to around 1000 BCE. It did analyse time but the calculations were not always very accurate. Suryasiddhanta, produced in that era, was the forerunner of all later day panjikas.[4]
During British rule, Biswambhar again began the work of publishing the panjika, in handwritten book form. The printed version came in 1869. Bisuddhasiddhanta Panjika was first published in 1890.[4] Gupta Press follows Suryasiddhanta with the original format while the version with "corrected" scripture is called Visuddhasiddhanta.[5]
The Bisuddhasiddhanta Panjika came into being because an astronomer Madhab Chandra Chattopadhyay, on studying the panjikas then in vogue found differences in the actual and astrological position of the planets and stars. He revised the panjika as per scientific readings. There were other people in different parts of India who also supported the approach for scientific revision of the panjika. It included such people as Pathani Samanta in Odisha and Bal Gangadhar Tilak in Pune.[6]
In 1952, a major revision of the panjika was undertaken under the aegis of the Indian government.[4]
The transformation
Gupta Press, one of the Bengali panjikas, has come out in 2007 with a CD-version packed with interactive features like 'know your day', 'daily horoscope' and 'koshthi bichar' (horoscope). Transformation has been staple food for the panjika. With the passage of time it has added information, like tourist attractions, pilgrim destinations, telephone codes and general information that common people seek, to make it more attractive. The format has also been made more flexible to cater to the needs of varied groups. The variants like 'directory panjika' (magnum opus) 'full panjika' (thinner version) and 'half panjika' (abridged version) and 'pocket panjika' have different price tags. The pocket panjika is a hawkers' delight on local trains.[7]
Madan Gupter Full Panjika, which came out in the 1930s, has not changed much externally. The cover is still the same, on thick pink paper, but the inside is very different. The pages have changed from coarse newsprint to smooth white paper, the letter press has made way for offset printing, wooden blocks have been replaced by sharp photographs. The biggest difference is in the ad-editorial ratio. Previously the ads formed the bulk of the printed matter – and were pure delight. "When there was no TV and not so many newspapers, the panjika was the place to advertise for many products. Many people bought panjikas for the ads," says the owner Mahendra Kumar Gupta, "They would offer solutions to many 'incurable' diseases." The 1938 edition started off with a full-page ad on an "Electric Solution", which promised to revive dead men. Now they publish Durga Puja timings in London, Washington and New York, based on the sunset and sunrise there.[8]
According to Arijit Roychowdhury, managing director of Gupta Press, panjika sales plunged after partition of India, as the market was lost in the eastern part of the former state. However, with innovative transformation of format and content, sales have been picking up and the overall annual market in 2007 is 2 million copies. The figure includes sales in the US and the UK.[7]
Panjikas have found their way into modern day shopping malls also. A senior official of the RPG group, Mani Shankar Mukherjee, himself a reputed author, said, "Our Spencer's store in Gurgaon has sold a record number of panjikas."[7] Bengali panjikas follow the Bengali calendar and are normally out in the month of Choitro, so that people can buy it well before Pohela Baishakh.
Odia panji
Madala Panji (Odia: ମାଦଳ ପାଞ୍ଜି) is a chronicle of the Jagannath Temple, Puri in Odisha. It describes the historical events of Odisha related to Jagannath and the Jagannath Temple.[1] The Madala Panji dates from the 12th century. The Madala Panji was traditionally written on a year-to-year basis. On Vijayadashami Day, the Karanas (official history writers of Puri, a caste of Odisha, involved in keeping the chronicle. The tradition of keeping this chronicle began with Odia king Anantavarman Chodaganga Dev (1078–1150). Madala Panji is the first panjika in Indian regional language, starting from the 12th century. It is the main source and evidence of Odisha history.[9]
The modern Odia calendar begins with the scientific reforms initiated by the astronomer Pathani Samanta. His findings which included astronomical observations with the help of traditional instruments were recorded in his treatise Siddhanta Darpana written on palm-leaf manuscript in 1869 and eventually published in 1899 by Radharaman Pustaklaya Panjika, which still continues to print the Panjika. These observations were instrumental in the preparation of almanacs in Odisha especially by the astrologers of the Jagannath temple at Puri.[10]
The other notable prominent panjis published in Odia include Radharaman Pustakalaya Khadiratna Panjika, Radharaman Pustakalaya Biraja Panjika, Radharaman Pustakalaya, Samanta Panjika, Radharaman Panji, Bhagyadeepa Panji, Bhagyajyoti Panji, Bhagyachakra Panji.[11]
References
- ^ "The Panjika: The Hindu Astronomical Almanac". bestwebbuys.com. Retrieved 15 April 2007.
- ^ Geetha Kumary, V. "Language in India". Language of Panchangam (Hindu Almanac). languageinindia.com. Retrieved 15 April 2007.
- ^ a b Banerjee, Sudeshna (23 May 2005). "Almanac shaves Pujas by a day – Conflicting schedules from twin schools on Navami and Dashami". The Telegraph. Calcutta, India. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 15 April 2007.
- ^ a b c Howlader, AR (2012). "Panjika". In Islam, Sirajul; Jamal, Ahmed A. (eds.). Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh.
- ^ Khanna, Rohit. "Now Panjika in CD Format". Financial Express, 14 April 2007. Archived from the original on 9 May 2013. Retrieved 15 April 2007.
- ^ Bishudhasiddhanta Panjika, 1412 edition, p. ka 16, (in Bengali)
- ^ a b c Khanna, Rohit. "Bengali almanacs still doing brisk business". Financial Express, 15 April 2007. Retrieved 15 April 2007.
- ^ Bhattacharya, Chandrima (29 September 2006). "Almanac and the man". Calcutta, India: The Telegraph, 29 September 2006. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 15 April 2007.
- ^ Madala Panji
- ^ Naik, P. C.; Satpathy, L. (1998). "Samanta Chandra Sekhar : The great naked eye astronomer". Bulletin of the Astronomical Society of India. 26: 33–49. Bibcode:1998BASI...26...33N.
- ^ "Odia calendar". Retrieved 17 November 2020.
External links
- Check Daily Bengali benimadhab sil full panjika
- Bisuddha Siddhanta Panjika Software 5000 BC to 5000 AD for your PC and mobile
- Bengali calendar according Vishuddha Siddhanta Panjika following Indian Standard Time
- Bengali calendar with Panjika
- Jagannath Panji/ Madala Panji. Oldest Panji in East India
- Madala Panji
- Oriya Panji
- New Odia Panjika 2017-18
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This page was last edited on 11 March 2024, at 07:36