A collection of popes have had violent deaths through the centuries. The circumstances have ranged from martyrdom (Pope Stephen I)[1] to war (Lucius II),[2] to a beating by a jealous husband (Pope John XII). A number of other popes have died under circumstances that some believe to be murder, but for which definitive evidence has not been found.
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Transcription
Martyr popes
- Saint Peter (c. 67), traditionally martyred by upside-down crucifixion[3]
- Pope Linus (Saint) (c. 67 – c. 76)[4][5]
- Pope Anacletus or Cletus (Saint) (c. 79 – c. 92)[6][4]
- Pope Clement I (Saint) (c. 92 – c. 99), thrown into sea with anchor around his neck[4]
- Pope Evaristus (c. 99 – c. 108),[4][5] not listed in the Roman Martyrology but executed[7]
- Pope Sixtus I (Saint) (c. 119 – c. 128)[4][5]
- Pope Telesphorus (Saint) (c. 128 – c. 138)[4][8]
- Pope Anicetus (Saint) (155–166), traditionally martyred[4]
- Pope Soter (Saint) (166–175), died a martyr [4]
- Pope Eleuterus (Saint) (175–189), died a martyr[4]
- Pope Victor I (Saint) 189–199, died a martyr[4]
- Pope Calixtus I (Saint) (217–222), died a martyr[4]
- Pope Urban I (Saint) 222–230, died a martyr[4]
- Pope Pontian (Saint) 230–235, condemned to mines in Sardinia and died on island of Tavolara[4]
- Pope Anterus (Saint), elected 21 November 235, martyred at hands of Emperor Maximus[4]
- Pope Fabian (Saint), elected 10 January 236 and died a martyr during persecution and decapitated by Decius[4]
- Pope Cornelius (Saint), elected March 251 and died a martyr June 253[4]
- Pope Lucius I (Saint), elected 25 June 253 and martyred 5 March 254[4]
- Pope Stephen I (Saint), elected 12 May 254 and martyred 2 August 257[4][1]
- Pope Sixtus II (Saint), elected 30 August 257 and martyred 6 August 258[4]
- Pope Dionysius (Saint), elected 22 July 259 after year of persecutions and died 26 December 268, martyred[4]
- Pope Felix I (Saint), elected 5 January 269 and died 30 December 274, martyred[4]
- Pope Eutychian (Saint), elected 4 January 275 and martyred 7 December 283[4]
- Pope Caius (Saint), elected 17 December 283 and martyred 22 April 296 but not at hands of his uncle Diocletian[4]
- Pope Marcellinus (Saint), elected 30 June 296 and martyred 25 October 10 during persecution of Diocletian[4]
- Pope Marcellus I (Saint), elected 27 May 308 after 4-year vacancy and martyred 16 January 309[4]
- Pope Eusebius (Saint), elected 18 April 309 and martyred in Sicily 17 August 309.[4][9]
- Pope John I (Saint), elected 13 August 523, during the Ostrogothic occupation of the Italian peninsula. Was sent as an envoy by Ostrogoth king Theodoric the Great to Constantinople. Upon return, Theodoric accused John I of conspiracy with the Byzantine empire. Imprisoned and starved to death on 18 May 526.[4]
- Pope Martin I (Saint) Elected in 649. Died in exile 16 September 655.
Murdered popes
- John VIII (872–882), allegedly poisoned and then clubbed to death[10]
- Stephen VI (896–897), strangled[11]
- Leo V (903), allegedly strangled[12]
- John X (914–928), allegedly smothered with a pillow[13]
- John XII (955–964), allegedly murdered by the jealous husband of the woman with whom he was in bed[14]
- Benedict VI (973–974), strangled[15]
- John XIV (983–984), died either by starvation, ill-treatment or direct murder[16]
Dubious
- Pope Alexander I (Saint) (c. 106 – c. 119),[4][5] recognition as the martyred Saint Alexander (feast day May 3) rescinded in 1960
- Pope Hyginus (Saint) (c. 138 – c. 142),[4] martyrdom[17]
- Pope Pius I (Saint) (c. 142 – c. 154), martyred by the sword according to old sources.[18] Claim of martyrdom removed from the 1969 General Roman Calendar after recent revisions.[19]
- Clement II (1046–1047), allegedly poisoned[20]
- Celestine V (1294–1296), allegedly murdered while in post-abdication captivity. Allegations blame his successor, Pope Boniface VIII.[21]
- Boniface VIII (1294–1303), Was in conflict with Philip IV of France and allegedly (though unlikely) died from the effects of ill-treatment one month before.[22]
See also
References
- ^ a b Jacobus de Voragine; William Granger Ryan (1993). The golden legend: readings on the saints. Princeton University Press. p. 39. ISBN 9780691001548.
- ^ Foul Play Suspected in Popes Death? Baltimore Afro-American - October 10, 1978
- ^ Kirsch, Johann Peter (1911), "St. Peter, Prince of the Apostles", Catholic Encyclopedia, vol. 11, New York: Robert Appleton Company, retrieved 2013-06-03
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac I Sommi Pontifici Romani [full citation needed]
- ^ a b c d Liber Pontificalis [full citation needed]
- ^ Annuario Pontificio [full citation needed]
- ^ Alexis-François Artaud de Montor (1911). The lives and times of the popes : including the complete gallery of the portraits of the pontiffs reproduced from "Effigies pontificum romanorum Dominici Basae": being a series of volumes giving the history of the world during the Christian era. p. 21. Archived from the original on October 15, 2019 – via archive.org. Quote: "Ignatius died of the wounds that were inflicted by ferocious beasts; Evaristus died under the hands of executioners, more cruel than the wild beasts themselves."
- ^ First pope listed as a martyr by Irenaeus' Against Heresies
- ^ Catholic Encyclopedia: Pope St. Eusebius
- ^ Mann, H. (1910). Pope John VIII. In The Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Retrieved February 14, 2010 from New Advent: http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08423c.htm
- ^ Pope Stephen (VI) VII New Advent.org
- ^ Pope Leo V NewAdvent.org
- ^ Pope John X NewAdvent.org
- ^ Mann, Horace K. (1910). The Lives of the Popes in the Early Middle Ages, Vol. IV: The Popes in the Days of Feudal Anarchy, 891–999. p. 264
- ^ Pope Benedict VI New Advent.org
- ^ Pope John XIV NewAdvent.org
- ^ Kirsch, Johann Peter (1911), "Pope St. Hyginus", Catholic Encyclopedia, vol. 7, New York: Robert Appleton Company, retrieved 2013-06-03
- ^ Butler, Alban (1866). "July 11: St. Pius I., Pope and Martyr". The Lives of the Saints. Vol. 7. Dublin: James Duffy. Retrieved 2013-06-03.
- ^ "Calendarium Romanum" (Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 1969), p. 129
- ^ Pope Clement II NewAdvent.org
- ^ Gregorovius, Ferdinand (1906) History of the City of Rome in the Middle Ages vol. 5 part 2
- ^ Pope Boniface VIII NewAdvent.org
This page was last edited on 18 February 2024, at 22:21