Cross & Cross | |
---|---|
Practice information | |
Partners | John Walter Cross Eliot Cross |
Founded | 1907 |
Dissolved | 1942 |
Location | New York City |
Significant works and honors | |
Buildings | General Electric Building 20 Exchange Place Federal Office Building |
Cross & Cross (1907–1942)[1] was a New York City-based architectural firm founded by brothers John Walter Cross and Eliot Cross.
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Transcription
So, I have this brother, John. You may have heard of him. JOHN: Hi there! HANK: As it happens, John and I have the exact same parents. JOHN: Yes, Mom and Dad Green. HANK: And since we have the same parents, it's to be expected that John and I would have similar physical characteristics because the source of our DNA is exactly the same. JOHN: Hank and I share some genes, but nobody knew anything about chromosomes or DNA until the middle of the 20th century. And people have been noticing that brothers tend to look alike since like, people started noticing stuff or whatever. HANK: That was very scientific, John. JOHN: I will remind you that I am doing you a favor. Heredity: it's basically just the passing on of genetic traits from parents to offspring. Like John said, the study of heredity is ancient, although the first ideas about how the goods are passed on from parents to kids were really really really really really really wrong. For instance, the concept that people were working with for nearly 2,000 years came from Aristotle, who suggested that: We're each a mixture of our parents' traits, with the father kind of supplying the life force to the new human and the mother supplying the building blocks to put it all together. Aristotle also thought that semen was like highly-purified menstrual blood, which is why we still refer to "bloodlines" when we're talking about heredity. Anyway, since nobody had a better idea, and since nobody really wanted to tangle with Aristotle, for hundreds of years everybody just assumed that our parents' traits just sort of blended together in us: like if a black squirrel and a white squirrel fell in love and decided to start a family together, their offspring would be gray. The first person to really start studying and thinking about heredity in a modern way was this Austrian monk named Gregor Mendel and Mendel demonstrated that inheritance followed particular patterns. In the mid-1800s, Mendel spent sort of an unhealthy amount of time grubbing around in his garden with a bunch of pea plants, and through a series of experiments, crossing the pea plants and seeing which traits got passed on and which didn't--he came up with a framework for understanding how traits actually get passed from one generation to another. So, to talk about Classical Genetics, which includes Mendel's ideas about how traits get passed along from parents to children, we kind of have to simplify the crap out of genetics. I hope you don't mind. So we've all got chromosomes, which are the form that our DNA takes in order to get passed on from parent to child. Human cells have 23 pairs of chromosomes. Now a gene is a section of DNA in a specific location on a chromosome that contains information that determines a trait. Of course, the vast majority of the time, a physical trait is a reflection of a bunch of different genes working together, which makes this all very confusing, and when this happens it's called a polygenic trait. Polygenic: many genes. And then again, sometimes a single gene can influence how multiple traits are going to be expressed; these genes are called pleiotropic. However, some very few, but some single traits are decided by a single gene. Like the color of pea flowers for example, which is what Mendel studied when he discovered all of this stuff, and when that happens, in Mendel's honor, we call it a Mendelian trait. There are a couple of examples of Mendelian traits in humans, one of them being the relative wetness or dryness of your ear wax. So, there is just one gene that determines the consistency of your earwax, and that gene is located at the very same spot on each person's chromosome. Right here! Chromosome 16. However, there's one version of this gene, or allele, that says the wax is going to be wet, and there's another allele that says the wax is going to be dry. You may be asking yourself what the difference is between these two things and I'm glad you asked because we actually know the answer to that question. Among the many amino acids that make up this particular gene sequence, there is one exact slot where they're different. If the amino acid is glycine in that slot, you're gonna have wet ear wax. But if it's arginine, it's dry. Now comes the question of how you get what you get from your parents. In most animals, basically any cell in the body that isn't a sperm or an egg -- these are called somatic cells -- are diploid, meaning there are two sets of chromosomes, one inherited from each of your parents. So you get one earwax-determining allele from your mom and one from your dad. I should mention that the reason for this is that gametes, or sex cells--Senor Sperm and Madame Egg--are haploid cells, meaning they only have one set of chromosomes. Again, for emphasis, non-sex cells are called somatic cells and they are diploid. Sex cells are gametes and they are haploid. This makes a lot of sense because a sperm or an egg has a very specific motivation: they're seriously hoping to score, and if they do, they plan to join with a complementary haploid cell that has the other pair of chromosomes they're going to need to make a new human, or buffalo or squid or whatever. Also, just so you know, some plants have polyploid cells, which means they have more than two sets of chromosomes in each cell, which isn't better or anything--it's just how they do. But anyway, the point of all that is that we inherit one version of the earwax gene from each of our parents. So, back to earwax! So, let's just say your mom gives you a wet earwax allele and your dad gives you a dry earwax allele. Good Lord, your dad has horribly ugly ears! Anyway, since your parents have two alleles, each for one gene inherited from each of their parents, the one passed along to you is entirely random. So, a lot of what Mendel discovered is that when there are two alleles that decide the outcome of a specific trait, one of these alleles could be dominant and the other one recessive. Dominance is the relationship between alleles in which one allele masks or totally suppresses the expression of another allele. So, back to earwax, because I know we all love talking about it so much. It turns out that Mom's wet earwax allele is dominant, which is why she gets a BIG W, and Dad's dry earwax allele is recessive, which is why he has to be a little w. JOHN: Go, Mom! HANK: Oh, you're back! JOHN: Yeah! You sound surprised. HANK: Anyway, Mom's allele is dominant, and that settles it, right-- we're gonna have wet earwax? JOHN: Uh, something about the way that you said that tells me it's not that easy. HANK: Aw, you are so much smarter than you look. It is indeed not that easy. So, just because an allele is recessive doesn't mean it's less common in all your genetic material than the dominant allele. Which leads us to the assumption, the CORRECT assumption, that there's something else going on here. JOHN: I'm definitely getting that vibe from you. HANK: So, it has to do with Mom and Dad's parents. Because everybody inherits two alleles from their parents. Mom got one from Nanny and one from Paw Paw. And let's just say Mom got a little w from Nanny and a big W allele from Paw Paw. That means Mom's genotype, or genetic makeup when it comes to that single trait, is heterozygous, which means she inherited two different versions of the same gene from each of her parents. Dad, on the other hand is a homozygote. JOHN: Let me guess, that means that he had two of the same allele, either a little w or a Big W allele inherited from both Grandma and Grandpa. HANK: Right! And in order for this to all work out the way that I want it to, let's just say that both Grandma and Grandpa would have passed little w's down to Dad, making his genotype homozygous recessive for this gene. JOHN: Okay, so I'm keeping score in my head right now. And according to my brain, Mom is a Big W, little w and Dad is a little w, little w. HANK: And now we're going to figure out what our earwax phenotype is. And phenotype is what's expressed physically, or in this case, what you'd see if you looked into our ears. JOHN: Alright, so are we gonna do a Punnett Square or anything? This is why I do history, if we're going to do Punnett Squares, I'm leaving! HANK: But I was just going to start to talk about people again. So Reginald C. Punnett, who was a total Gregor Mendel fanboy, invented the Punnett Square as a way to diagram the outcome of a particular cross breeding experiment. A really simple one looks like this: So, let's put Mom on the side here and give her a Big W and a little w. And let's put Dad on the top, and he gets two little w's. So if you fill this in, it looks like there's a 50/50 chance that any child of this mating will be homozygous or heterozygous. And as for our phenotype, it shakes out the same way: John and I both have a 50% chance of having wet ear wax and a 50% chance of having dry ear wax. So I just had to go and call John, because now he's not participating because he doesn't like Punnett Sauares, and it turns out, that he has wet ear wax. I also have wet ear wax. Which, you know, is not that unlikely, considering that our parents were homozygous and heterozygous. This may explain the odor of our bathroom growing up because it turns out there's a correlation between wet ear wax and body odor, because ear wax and armpit sweat are produced by the same type of gland. Because this one gene has an effect on multiple traits or phenotypes, it's an example of a pleiotropic gene, because the gene affects how wet your ear wax is, and how much you stink. One more thing you might find interesting: sex-linked inheritance. So we've got 23 chromosomes: 22 pairs are autosomes, or non-sex chromosomes, and 1 pair the 23rd pair, to be exact--is a sex chromosome. At that 23rd pair, women have two full length chromosomes, or "XX," and men have one X chromosome (that they inherited from their Mom) and this one little, short, puny, shriveled chromosome that we call "Y," which is why men are "XY." So, certain genetic traits are linked to a person's sex and are passed on through the sex chromosomes. Since dudes don't have two full chromosomes on pair 23, there may be recessive alleles on the X that they inherited from their mom that will get expressed, since there's not any information on the Y chromosome to provide the possibility for a dominant allele counteracting that specific trait. Take, for instance, balding. Women rarely go bald in their youth like some men do because it is caused by a recessive allele located in a gene on the X chromosome. So it's rare that women get 2 recessive alleles. But men need just one recessive allele and, Doh! Baldy bald! And that allele is on their X chromosome, which they got from Mom. But was Mom bald? Probably not. And where did Mom get that allele on her X chromosome? Either from her Dad or her Mom. So if you're bald, you can go ahead and blame it on your maternal grandmother, or your maternal-maternal great-grandfather or your maternal-maternal-maternal great-great grandfather who probably went bald before he was 30. So, Genetics, you guys. Resistance is futile. Thanks to my brother John for sharing his personal genetic information with us, and also his face and voice and all that stuff. That was very nice. Think of us next time you swab out your ears! Actually they say that you really shouldn't do that because we have earwax for a reason, and you might poke your brain or something. Okay, that's the last time I'm mentioning earwax. Review! Click on any of these things to go back to that section of the video. If you have any questions, please ask them in the comments.
History
Cross & Cross was known as Old New York City Society's architectural firm of choice.[2] John Cross (1878–1951) studied architecture at the Columbia University and the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris, and served as the creative half of the partnership, while Eliot Cross (1884–1949) focused on the development side of the business, particularly through his role as Chairman of the Board of the real estate development firm of Webb and Knapp, which he organized in 1922.[3] The two firms shared office space in the Knapp Building on Madison Avenue.[3] In 1942, John Cross was elected into the National Academy of Design as an Associate Academician.[4]
Commissions
- 1 East 42nd Street, New York, NY, completed in 1927.[5]
- 53 Park Place, New York, NY, completed in 1922.[6]
- 123 East 53rd Street, (demolished 1953-1955 to build 399 Park Avenue, the new headquarters for the First National City Bank, today's Citigroup)
- 155 East 72nd Street, New York, NY, completed in 1928.[7]
- 405 Park Avenue, New York, NY, a 12-story apartment building, completed in 1915 (completely altered in 1957).[8]
- 720 Park Avenue, with Rosario Candela, New York, NY, completed in 1929.[9]
- Ampico Building, 29 West 57th Street, New York, NY, completed in 1924.
- The Hangar Club (from 1942 the Assisium School, and from 2006 a private residence), 36 East 63rd Street, New York, NY, completed in 1929.[10]
- Bank of America International, 37-41 Broad Street, New York, NY (originally Lee, Higginson & Company Bank Building) [11]
- Bank of the Manhattan Company, Bayside, New York, completed in 1941.[12]
- Bayberry Land (Sabin Residence), Southampton, New York, completed in 1918 (demolished in May 2004).[2]
- Central Hanover Building, 335 Greenwich Street, New York, NY, completed in 1931.[13]
- Manufacturers Hanover Trust Co., branch bank, 35 East 72nd Street, New York, NY, completed in 1931 (now JP Morgan Chase bank branch).
- Manufacturers Trust Building, 1 East 57th Street, New York, NY, completed in 1931 (now Louis Vuitton and much altered by the architect Jun Aoki in 2004).[14]
- Church of Notre Dame, 40 Morningside Drive, New York, NY, completed in 1914.[15]
- 20 Exchange Place, New York, NY, completed in 1931.[16]
- 90 Church Street, New York, NY, completed in 1935.[17]
- Field Mansion, Yorktown, New York,[18]
- Franklin Towers, New York, NY, completed in 1931.[19]
- General Electric Building, 570 Lexington Avenue, New York, NY, completed in 1931.[20]
- Harriman Building, 35-39 Broadway, New York, NY, completed in 1928.[21][22]
- The Barclay Hotel (now the InterContinental New York Barclay Hotel), 111 East 48th Street, New York, NY, completed in 1926.[23]
- Dr. Ernest Stillman House, now The Hewitt School, 45 East 75th Street, New York, NY, completed in 1925.
- Aetna Building, 151 William Street, New York, NY, completed in 1940 with Eggers & Higgins. Now ILX Systems. (The facade has been greatly altered.)[24]
- McCutcheon Building, 609 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY, completed in 1925. (The lower two stories have been altered.)[25]
- The Knapp Building, 383-385 Madison Avenue, New York, NY, completed in 1923 (now demolished).
- Leigh Hall, Yale School of Music, New Haven, CT, completed in 1930.[26]
- The Links Club, 36-38 East 62nd Street, New York, NY, completed 1917.
- Edward S. Moore Residence, Roslyn, New York, completed in 1922.
- Museum of Non-Objective Painting, 24 East 54th Street, New York, NY
- One Sutton Place South with Rosario Candela, New York, NY, completed in 1927.[27]
- Park Plaza Apartments, Worcester, MA, completed in 1915.[28]
- Guaranty Trust Company of New York offices, 4 Place de la Concorde, Paris, France,[29] completed in 1929.[30]
- Postum Building, 250 Park Avenue, New York, NY, completed in 1924.[31]
- Stone & Webster Building, 90 Broad Street, New York, NY, completed in 1931.[32]
- Tiffany & Co. flagship store, 727 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY, completed in 1940.[33]
- Union and New Haven Trust Building (now "The Union" apartments) on the New Haven Green, New Haven, CT, completed in 1927.
- U.S. Post Office, Jamaica, Queens, completed in 1934.[34]
- Wiley Building, 434 Park Avenue South, New York, NY, completed in 1913.[35]
- William Sloan House, 360 West 34th Street, New York, NY, completed in 1930[36]
- Lewis Spencer Morris House, 116-118 East 80th Street, New York, NY, completed in 1923.
- George and Martha Whitney House, 120 East 80th Street, New York, NY, completed in 1930.[37]
- The Yorkgate, 25 East End Avenue, New York, NY, completed in 1928.[38]
References
- ^ NY Times- Eliot Cross Obituary
- ^ a b Bayberry Land
- ^ a b "NYC Landmarks Preservation Commission, page 3" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-07-16. Retrieved 2007-01-22.
- ^ "ACADEMY OF DESIGN ADDS 25 TO ROLLS; 12 Architects Are Elected, Largest Number in History of the Institution 5 GRAPHIC ARTISTS NAMED 4 Painters and 4 Sculptors Also Are Selected as Associate Members" (PDF). The New York Times. April 18, 1942. Retrieved 15 November 2018.
- ^ Emporis- 1 East 42nd Street
- ^ Emporis- 53 Park Place
- ^ Emporis- 155 East 72nd Street
- ^ Emporis- 405 Park Avenue[dead link]
- ^ Emporis- 720 Park Avenue
- ^ NYC-Architecture- The Assisium School
- ^ Emporis- Bank of America International
- ^ U.S. Library of Congress
- ^ Emporis- Central Hanover Building
- ^ Emporis-Manufacturers Trust Company Building
- ^ Columbia University Church of Notre Dame
- ^ Emporis- City Bank Farmers Trust Company Building
- ^ Emporis- Federal Office Building
- ^ Yorktown, NY Archived 2007-10-08 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Emporis-Franklin Towers
- ^ NYC-Architecture- General Electric Building
- ^ Emporis- Harriman Building
- ^ NY Times- Harriman Building Sold
- ^ Emporis- Hotel InterContinental
- ^ NYC-Architecture- ILX Systems
- ^ Emporis- McCutcheon Building
- ^ Yale University Archived 2006-08-28 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Emporis- One Sutton Place
- ^ Emporis- Park Plaza Apartments
- ^ NY Times Obituary- John W. Cross
- ^ Brooklyn Daily Eagle, May 29, 1929, Page 16.
- ^ Emporis- Postum Building
- ^ Emporis- Stone & Webster Building
- ^ The City Review- Tiffany's
- ^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. March 13, 2009.
- ^ Emporis- Wiley Building
- ^ Pennoyer, Peter; Walker, Anne (2014). New York Transformed: The Architecture of Cross & Cross. ISBN 9781580933803.
- ^ "City Realty". Archived from the original on 2006-10-20. Retrieved 2007-01-22.
- ^ Emporis- The Yorkgate
External links
- New York Transformed: The Architecture of Cross & Cross Archived 2017-11-10 at the Wayback Machine by Peter Pennoyer and Anne Walker, 2014, The Monacelli Press.