Peter Hill-Norton

Admiral of the Fleet The Right Honourable The Lord Hill-Norton GCB
Hill-Norton in July 1974
Born	(1915-02-08)8 February 1915 Germiston, Transvaal Province, South Africa
Died	16 May 2004(2004-05-16) (aged 89) Studland Bay, Dorset, England
Allegiance	United Kingdom
Service/branch	Royal Navy
Years of service	1929–1977
Rank	Admiral of the Fleet
Commands held	Chief of the Defence Staff First Sea Lord HMS Ark Royal HMS Decoy
Battles/wars	Second World War Suez Crisis Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation
Awards	Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath

Admiral of the Fleet Peter John Hill-Norton, Baron Hill-Norton, GCB (8 February 1915 – 16 May 2004) was a senior Royal Navy officer. He fought in the Second World War as gunnery officer in a cruiser operating on the Western Approaches and in the North Sea taking part in the Norwegian Campaign, then in a cruiser taking part in the Arctic convoys and finally in a battleship operating in the Eastern Fleet. After the War he commanded a destroyer and then an aircraft carrier. He served as First Sea Lord and Chief of the Naval Staff and then Chief of the Defence Staff in early 1970s. In the latter role he gave the final commitment to Project Chevaline, the Polaris missile improvement programme. He went on to be Chairman of the NATO Military Committee.

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Bicycles are one of the most efficient and versatile human-powered means of transportation we have yet devised. But perhaps even more incredible than humans riding bicycles is the fact that bicycles can ride themselves. Yes, once they’re set in motion at a sufficient speed, bicycles can stay upright without any human intervention. A common misconception is that bikes stay up because of conservation of angular momentum – that is, since the wheels are spinning, if the bike tips to one side there’ll be some sort of countering force from the wheels that keeps the bike upright. But there’s an easy way to see this explanation is wrong: simply lock the handlebars in place and a moving bike will fall over just as easily as a stationary one. Another common misconception is that bikes stay upright because of their forward momentum. However, if you knock a ghost-riding bicycle sideways, it’ll change directions and then continue merrily on its way – plainly changing its momentum, but nevertheless staying upright. What we do know about how conventional bikes stay upright on their own is this: when a moving bike starts leaning to one side, it also automatically steers towards that side a little bit. The result is that the wheels come back underneath the center of mass, keeping the bike balanced. And there are three main mechanisms responsible: First, because of the backwards tilt of a bike’s steering axis, its front wheel actually touches the ground slightly behind that axis. This means that when the bike leans to the left, the upward force from the ground acts to turn the wheel and handlebars to the left, helping the bike steer its wheels back underneath its center of mass. Second, the weight of a bike’s front wheel and handlebars is generally distributed slightly in front of the steering axis, so when the bike leans to the left, the downward pull of this mass also helps turn the front wheel to the left, the same way divining rods will turn towards whatever direction you tilt your hands. Third, there is indeed a gyroscopic effect from the wheels, but it doesn’t keep the bike upright on its own. Instead, it helps steer: as Destin and Carl demonstrate excellently in this video about how helicopters work, trying to tilt a spinning object makes the object tilt as if you pushed it at a point 90° away from where you did – it seems spooky, but basically the effect of your torque lags behind where you push. Now imagine this happening vertically on a bike, and you can see that the gyroscopic precession from the bike’s leftward lean makes the front wheel turn to the left, again helping steer its wheels back underneath its center of mass. In short, a normal bicycle is stable thanks to a combination of the front wheel touching the ground behind a backwards-tilted steering axis, the center of mass of the front wheel and handlebars being located in front of the steering axis, and the gyroscopic precession of the front wheel, all of which help the bike automatically steer its wheels back underneath it when it leans. At least, when it’s moving forwards at the correct speed. If the bike’s going too slow, it won’t turn quickly enough to keep from crashing into the ground. And if you push the same bike backwards, the gyro effect will reverse but the other two effects won’t, with the result that the wheels are steered out from under the bike when it leans. What’s more, none of these three mechanisms is, on its own, the secret to bike stability: here’s a bicycle that has no gyroscopic effect and whose front wheel touches the ground in FRONT of the steering axis yet which is stable without a rider. Here’s a stable rear-steering bike, and here’s a design for a stable bike where the steering axis tilts forward instead of back. On the other hand, I made my own bike totally unstable just by adding some extra weight behind the front fork. There are clearly a lot of different variables that can be combined in various and surprising ways to make stable and unstable bicycles. Adding a human to help with steering and balance can sometimes make unstable bikes stable, and I imagine a rider would also make some stable bikes unstable. But amazingly, even for a riderless bike, science currently doesn’t know what it IS about the special combinations of variables that enables a bike to stay up on its own. We just know that some combinations work, and others don’t.

Naval career

Born the son of Captain Martin John Norton RFC and Margery Birnie Norton (née Hill), Peter John Norton (he changed his surname to Hill-Norton in 1931)^[1] was educated at the Royal Naval College, Dartmouth and the Royal Naval College, Greenwich.^[2] He joined the Royal Navy as a cadet in 1928 and, having been promoted to midshipman on 1 May 1932, was posted to the cruiser HMS London later that year.^[3] He transferred to the battleship HMS Rodney in September 1934 and, having been promoted to sub-lieutenant on 1 September 1935,^[4] he was posted to the battleship HMS Ramillies in August 1936.^[3] Promoted to lieutenant on 1 October 1936,^[5] he attended the gunnery course at the shore establishment HMS Excellent in 1939.^[3]

Hill-Norton served during the Second World War initially as a gunnery instructor at HMS Excellent and then as gunnery officer on the cruiser HMS Cairo operating on the Western Approaches and in the North Sea and taking part in the Norwegian Campaign in Spring 1940.^[6] He then transferred to the cruiser HMS Cumberland which took part in the Arctic convoys.^[3] He joined the staff of the gunnery division at the Admiralty in 1943 and, having been promoted to lieutenant commander on 1 April 1944,^[7] became gunnery officer on the battleship HMS Howe operating in the Eastern Fleet later that year.^[3] With HMS Howe he took part in the attack on the Sakishima Islands.^[6]

The Polaris missile improvement programme was approved by Hill-Norton as First Sea Lord

After the end of the War Hill-Norton became gunnery officer on the cruiser HMS Nigeria in the South Atlantic and then, having been promoted to commander on 31 December 1947, he was posted to the naval ordnance division at the Admiralty.^[1] He became executive officer of the aircraft carrier HMS Eagle in 1951 and participated in Exercise Mainbrace.^[6] Promoted to captain on 31 December 1952,^[8] he was posted to Buenos Aires as naval attaché to Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay in September 1953 before commanding the destroyer HMS Decoy during the Suez Crisis in 1956.^[1] He became Head of the Weapon Equipment Section at the Admiralty in 1957 and Director of the Tactical and Weapons Policy Division there in 1958.^[9] He was given command of the aircraft carrier HMS Ark Royal in October 1959, before being promoted to rear admiral on 8 January 1962^[10] and being appointed Assistant Chief of Naval Staff in February 1962.^[9] He was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath in the 1964 New Year Honours.^[2]^[11] He was made Flag Officer Second in Command Far East Fleet in June 1964 during the Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation and, having been promoted to vice admiral on 7 August 1965,^[12] he became Deputy Chief of Defence Staff (Personnel and Logistics) at the Ministry of Defence in 1966.^[9] He was advanced to Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath in the 1967 New Year Honours.^[13] Becoming Second Sea Lord and Chief of Naval Personnel in January 1967, it was in this capacity that he took the decision to abolish the Royal Navy's traditional daily rum ration.^[14] He went on to be Vice Chief of the Naval Staff in August 1967 and, having been promoted to full admiral on 1 October 1968,^[15] he became Commander-in-Chief Far East Command in March 1969.^[9] He was advanced to Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath in the 1970 Birthday Honours.^[16]

Hill-Norton was swiftly propelled into the post of First Sea Lord and Chief of the Naval Staff in July 1970 and then, having been promoted to Admiral of the Fleet on 12 March 1971,^[17] into the post of Chief of the Defence Staff in April 1971^[18] following the unexpected early retirement of Sir Michael Le Fanu due to ill health.^[9] In the latter role he gave the final commitment to Project Chevaline, the Polaris missile improvement programme.^[6] He became Chairman of the NATO Military Committee in 1974, remaining in that post until his retirement in 1977.^[9]

Later career

Hill-Norton was made a life peer as Baron Hill-Norton, of South Nutfield in the County of Surrey, in February 1979,^[19] and took an active role at the House of Lords as a crossbencher.^[20] He was President of the Sea Cadet Association, Chairman of the Royal Navy Club of 1765 & 1785 (United 1889),^[21] a Liveryman of the Shipwrights' Company^[2] and a Freeman of the City of London.^[6] He authored a book entitled No Soft Options: The Politico-Military Realities of NATO in 1978 and another entitled Sea Power: Story of Warships and Navies in 1982.^[2] He also narrated a series on sea power for BBC Television in 1985.^[22] In later years he took an interest in UFOs, writing about them and expressing concern in Parliament about the potential destruction of files on them.^[23]

Hill-Norton's interests included gardening and shooting.^[2] He lived at Hyde near Fordingbridge in Hampshire and died of a heart attack at Studland Bay in Dorset on 16 May 2004.^[1]

Family

In 1936 he married Eileen Linstow; they had one son (Vice Admiral Sir Nicholas Hill-Norton) and one daughter.^[2]

Arms

Coat of arms of Peter Hill-Norton
Crest Out of a naval crown Or on a mount Vert a springbok trippant Proper. Escutcheon On a bend Gules between in chief a terrestrial sphere Proper and in base three cannon balls Sable within an annulet Azure four anchors Or. Supporters On either side a hippocampus holding in the tail an anchor Proper. Motto Try Harder^[24]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Peter John Hill-Norton". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/93760. Retrieved 8 September 2012. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f People of Today 1994, Debrett, ISBN 1 870520 19 X
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Heathcote, p. 114
^ "No. 34314". The London Gazette. 14 August 1936. p. 5343.
^ "No. 34379". The London Gazette. 12 March 1937. p. 1641.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e "Obituary: Admiral of the Fleet Lord Hill-Norton". The Telegraph. London. 19 May 2004. Retrieved 8 September 2012.
^ "No. 36522". The London Gazette. 19 May 1944. p. 2297.
^ "No. 39749". The London Gazette. 9 January 1953. p. 220.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Heathcote, p. 115
^ "No. 42516". The London Gazette. 17 November 1961. p. 8344.
^ "No. 43200". The London Gazette (Supplement). 1 January 1964. p. 2.
^ "No. 43758". The London Gazette. 7 September 1965. p. 8447.
^ "No. 44210". The London Gazette (Supplement). 30 December 1966. p. 2.
^ "Obituary: Admiral of the Fleet Lord Hill-Norton". The Guardian. 20 May 2004. Retrieved 8 September 2012.
^ "No. 44699". The London Gazette (Supplement). 18 October 1968. p. 11321.
^ "No. 45117". The London Gazette (Supplement). 5 June 1970. p. 6366.
^ "No. 45331". The London Gazette (Supplement). 30 March 1971. p. 2937.
^ "No. 45168". The London Gazette (Supplement). 7 August 1970. p. 8853.
^ "No. 47765". The London Gazette. 8 February 1979. p. 1737.
^ Heathcote, p. 116
^ "Royal Navy Club of 1765 & 1785 (United 1889)". Archived from the original on 31 August 2018. Retrieved 8 September 2012.
^ "Seapower". British Film Institute. Archived from the original on 24 December 2012. Retrieved 8 September 2012.
^ "House of Lords questions". Hansard. 3 May 2001. Retrieved 8 September 2012.
^ Debrett's Peerage. 2003. p. 795.

Sources

Heathcote, Tony (2002). The British Admirals of the Fleet 1734 – 1995. Pen & Sword Ltd. ISBN 0-85052-835-6.

External links

The Papers of Peter Hill-Norton, Baron Hill-Norton, held at Churchill Archives Centre

Military offices
Preceded by Sir Desmond Dreyer	Second Sea Lord 1967	Succeeded by Sir Frank Twiss
Preceded by Sir John Bush	Vice Chief of the Naval Staff 1967–1969	Succeeded by Sir Edward Ashmore
Preceded by Sir Michael Carver	Commander-in-Chief Far East Command 1969–1970	Succeeded by Sir Brian Burnett
Preceded by Sir Michael Le Fanu	First Sea Lord 1970–1971	Succeeded by Sir Michael Pollock
Preceded by Sir Charles Elworthy	Chief of the Defence Staff 1971–1973	Succeeded by Sir Michael Carver
Preceded by Johannes Steinhoff	Chairman of the NATO Military Committee 1974–1977	Succeeded by Herman Zeiner Gunderson

Chiefs of the Defence Staff

v t e First Sea Lords of the Royal Navy
Senior Naval Lords (1689–1771)	Arthur Herbert Sir John Chicheley Edward Russell Henry Priestman Earl of Orford Sir George Rooke Sir John Leake Sir George Byng Sir John Leake Sir George Byng Matthew Aylmer Sir George Byng Sir John Jennings Sir John Norris Sir Charles Wager Lord Archibald Hamilton Lord Harry Powlett Lord Archibald Hamilton Lord Vere Beauclerk Lord Anson Sir William Rowley Edward Boscawen Sir William Rowley Edward Boscawen John Forbes Earl Howe Sir Charles Saunders Augustus Keppel Sir Peircy Brett Sir Francis Holburne
First Naval Lords (1771–1904)	Augustus Hervey Sir Hugh Palliser Robert Man George Darby Sir Robert Harland Sir Hugh Pigot John Leveson-Gower Lord Hood Sir Charles Middleton James Gambier Sir Thomas Troubridge James Gambier John Markham James Gambier Sir Richard Bickerton William Domett Sir Joseph Yorke Sir Graham Moore Sir William Johnstone Hope Sir George Cockburn Sir Thomas Hardy The Hon. George Dundas Charles Adam Sir George Cockburn Sir Charles Adam Sir George Cockburn Sir William Parker Sir Charles Adam Sir James Dundas The Hon. Maurice Berkeley Hyde Parker The Hon. Maurice Berkeley The Hon. Sir Richard Dundas William Martin The Hon. Sir Richard Dundas The Hon. Sir Frederick Grey Sir Alexander Milne Sir Sydney Dacres Sir Alexander Milne Sir Hastings Yelverton Sir George Wellesley Sir Astley Key Sir Arthur Hood Lord John Hay Sir Arthur Hood Sir Richard Hamilton Sir Anthony Hoskins Sir Frederick Richards Lord Walter Kerr
First Sea Lords (1904–present)	Sir John Fisher Sir Arthur Wilson Sir Francis Bridgeman Prince Louis of Battenberg The Lord Fisher Sir Henry Jackson Sir John Jellicoe Sir Rosslyn Wemyss The Earl Beatty Sir Charles Madden, Bt Sir Frederick Field The Lord Chatfield Sir Roger Backhouse Sir Dudley Pound The Lord Cunningham of Hyndhope Sir John Cunningham The Lord Fraser of North Cape Sir Rhoderick McGrigor The Earl Mountbatten of Burma Sir Charles Lambe Sir Caspar John Sir David Luce Sir Varyl Begg Sir Michael Le Fanu Sir Peter Hill-Norton Sir Michael Pollock Sir Edward Ashmore Sir Terence Lewin Sir Henry Leach Sir John Fieldhouse Sir William Staveley Sir Julian Oswald Sir Benjamin Bathurst Sir Jock Slater Sir Michael Boyce Sir Nigel Essenhigh Sir Alan West Sir Jonathon Band Sir Mark Stanhope Sir George Zambellas Sir Philip Jones Sir Antony Radakin Sir Ben Key