This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1956.
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Civil Rights and the 1950s: Crash Course US History #39
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Transcription
Episode 39: Consensus and Protest: Civil Rights LOCKED Hi, I’m John Green, this is Crash Course U.S. history and today we’re going to look at one of the most important periods of American social history, the 1950s. Why is it so important? Well, first because it saw the advent of the greatest invention in human history: Television. Mr. Green, Mr. Green! I like TV! By the way, you’re from the future. How does the X-Files end? Are there aliens or no aliens? No spoilers, Me From The Past, you’re going to have to go to college and watch the X-Files get terrible just like I did. No it’s mostly important because of the Civil Rights Movement We’re going to talk about some of the heroic figures like Martin Luther King and Rosa Parks, but much of the real story is about the thousands of people you’ve never heard of who fought to make America more inclusive. But before we look at the various changes that the Civil Rights Movement was pushing for, we should spend a little time looking at the society that they were trying to change. The 1950s has been called a period of consensus, and I suppose it was, at least for the white males who wrote about it and who all agreed that the 1950s were fantastic for white males. Consensus culture was caused first, by the Cold War – people were hesitant to criticize the United States for fear of being branded a communist, and, second, by affluence – increasing prosperity meant that more people didn’t have as much to be critical of. And this widespread affluence was something new in the United States. Between 1946 and 1960 Americans experienced a period of economic expansion that saw standards of living rise and gross national product more than double. And unlike many previous American economic expansions, much of the growing prosperity in the fifties was shared by ordinary working people who saw their wages rise. To quote our old friend Eric Foner, “By 1960, an estimated 60 percent of Americans enjoyed what the government defined as a middle-class standard of living.”[1] And this meant that increasing numbers of Americans had access things like television, and air conditioning, and dishwashers and air travel. That doesn’t really seem like a bonus. Anyway, despite the fact that they were being stuffed into tiny metal cylinders and hurdled through the air, most Americans were happy because they had, like, indoor plumbing and electricity. intro The 1950s was the era of suburbanization. The number of homes in the United States doubled during the decade, which had the pleasant side effect of creating lots of construction jobs. The classic example of suburbanization was Levittown in New York, where 10,000 almost identical homes were built and became home to 40,000 people almost overnight. And living further from the city meant that more Americans needed cars, which was good news for Detroit where cars were being churned out with the expectation that Americans would replace them every two years. By 1960, 80% of Americans owned at least one car and 14% had two or more. And car culture changed the way that Americans lived and shopped. I mean it gave us shopping malls, and drive thru restaurants, and the backseat makeout session. I mean, high school me didn’t get the backseat makeout session. But, other people did! I did get the Burger King drive thru though. And lots of it. Our whole picture of the American standard of living, with its abundance of consumer goods and plentiful services was established in the 1950s. And so, for so for many people this era was something of a “golden age” especially when we look back on it today with nostalgia. But there were critics, even at the time. So when we say the 1950s were an era of consensus, one of the things we’re saying is there wasn’t much room for debate about what it meant to be an American. Most people agreed on the American values: individualism, respect for private property, and belief in equal opportunity. The key problem was that we believed in equal opportunity, but didn’t actually provide it. But some people were concerned that the cookie cutter vision of the good life and the celebration of the middle class lifestyle was displacing other conceptions of citizenship. Like the sociologist C. Wright Mills described a combination of military, corporate, and political leaders as a power elite whose control over government and the economy was such as to make democracy an afterthought. In The Lonely Crowd sociologist David Riesman criticized Americans for being conformist and lacking the rich inner life necessary to be truly independent. And John Kenneth Galbraith questioned an Affluent Society that would pay for new cars and new missiles but not for new schools. And we can’t mention the 1950s without discussing teenagers since this was the decade that gave us Rock and Roll, and rock stars like Bill Haley and the Comets, Buddy Holly and the Crickets, and Elvis Presley and his hips. Another gift of the 1950s was literature, much of which appeals especially to teenagers. Like, the Beats presented a rather drug-fueled and not always coherent criticism of the bourgeois 1950’s morals. They rejected materialism, and suburban ennui and things like regular jobs while celebrating impulsivity, and recklessness, experimentation and freedom. And also heroin. So you might have noticed something about all those critics of the 1950s that I just mentioned: they were all white dudes. Now, we’re gonna be talking about women in the 1950s and 1960s next week because their liberation movement began a bit later, but what most people call the Civil Rights Movement really did begin in the 1950s. While the 1950s were something of a golden age for many blue and white collar workers, it was hardly a period of expanding opportunities for African Americans. Rigid segregation was the rule throughout the country, especially in housing, but also in jobs and in employment. In the South, public accommodations were segregated by law, while in the north it was usually happening by custom or de facto segregation. To give just one example, the new suburban neighborhoods that sprang up in the 1950s were almost completely white and this remained true for decades. According Eric Foner, “As late as the 1990s, nearly 90 percent of suburban whites lived in communities with non-white populations less than 1 percent.” And it wasn’t just housing. In the 1950s half of black families lived in poverty. When they were able to get union jobs, black workers had less seniority than their white counterparts so their employment was less stable. And their educational opportunities were severely limited by sub-standard segregated schools. Now you might think the Civil Rights Movement began with Rosa Parks and the Montgomery Bus Boycott or else Brown v. Board of Education, but it really started during WW2 with efforts like those of A. Philip Randolph and the soldiers taking part in the Double-V crusade. But even before that, black Americans had been fighting for civil rights. It’s just that in the 1950s, they started to win. So, desegregating schools was a key goal of the Civil Rights movement. And it started in California in 1946. In the case of Mendez v. Westminster the California Supreme Court ruled that Orange County, of all places, had to desegregate their schools. They’d been discriminating against Latinos. And then, California’s governor, Earl Warren, signed an order that repealed all school segregation in the state. That same Earl Warren, by the way, was Chief Justice when the landmark case Brown v. Board of Education came before the Supreme Court in 1954. The NAACP Legal Defense Fund under the leadership of Thurgood Marshall had been pursuing a legal strategy of trying to make states live up to the ruling in Plessy v. Ferguson that required all public facilities to be separate but equal. They started by bringing lawsuits against professional schools like law schools, because it was really obvious that the three classrooms and no library that Texas set up for its African American law students were not equal to the actual University of Texas’s law school. But the Brown case was about public schools for children. It was actually a combination of 5 cases from 4 states, of which Brown happened to be alphabetically the first. The Board of Education in question incidentally was in Topeka Kansas, not one of the states of the old Confederacy, but nonetheless a city that did restricted schooling by race. Oh, it’s time for the Mystery Document? The rules here are simple. I read the Mystery Document. If I’m wrong, I get shocked. "Segregation of white and colored children in public schools has a detrimental effect upon the colored children. The impact is greater when it has the sanction of the law, for the policy of separating the races is usually interpreted as denoting the inferiority of the negro group. A sense of inferiority affects the motivation of a child to learn. Segregation with the sanction of law, therefore, has a tendency to [retard] the educational and mental development of negro children and to deprive them of some of the benefits they would receive in a racial[ly] integrated school system. [Footnote 10]"[2] Stan, the last two weeks you have given me two extraordinary gifts and I am thankful. It is Earl Warren from Brown v. Board of Education. Huzzah! Justice Warren is actually quoting from sociological research there that shows that segregation itself is psychologically damaging to black children because they recognize that being separated out is a badge of inferiority. Alright, let’s go to the Thought Bubble. The Brown decision was a watershed but it didn’t lead to massive immediate desegregation of the nation’s public schools. In fact, it spawned what came to be known as “Massive Resistance” in the South. The resistance got so massive, in fact, that a number of counties, rather than integrate their schools, closed them. Prince Edward County in Virginia, for instance, closed its schools in 1959 and didn’t re-open them again until 1964. Except they didn’t really close them because many states appropriated funds to pay for white students to attend “private” academies. Some states got so into the resistance that they began to fly the Confederate Battle flag over their state capitol buildings. Yes, I’m looking at you Alabama and South Carolina. On December 1, 1955, Rosa Parks refused to move to the back of a bus in Montgomery, Alabama and got arrested, kicking off the Montgomery Bus Boycott that lasted almost a year. A lot of people think that Parks was simply an average African American working woman who was tired and fed up with segregation, but the truth is more complicated. Parks had been active in politics since the 1930s and had protested the notorious Scottsboro Boys case. She had served as secretary for the NAACP and she had begun her quest to register to vote in Alabama in 1943. She failed a literacy test three times before becoming one of the very few black people registered to vote in the state. And in 1954 she attended a training session for political activists and met other civil rights radicals. So Rosa Parks was an active participant in the fight for black civil rights long before she sat on that bus. The Bus Boycott also thrust into prominence a young pastor from Atlanta, the 26 year old Martin Luther King Jr. He helped to organize the boycott from his Baptist church, which reminds us that black churches played a pivotal role in the Civil Rights Movement. That boycott would go on to last for 381 days and in the end, the city of Montgomery relented. Thanks, Thought Bubble. So that was, of course, only the beginning for Martin Luther King, who achieved his greatest triumphs in the 1960s. After Montgomery, he was instrumental in forming the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, a coalition of black civil rights and church leaders who pushed for integration. And they needed to fight hard, especially in the face of Massive Resistance and an Eisenhower administration that was lukewarm at best about civil rights. But I suppose Eisenhower did stick up for civil rights when forced to, as when Arkansas Governor Orval Faubus used the National Guard to prevent the integration of Little Rock’s Central High School by 9 black students in 1957. Eisenhower was like, “You know, as the guy who invaded Normandy, I don’t think that’s the best use for the National Guard.” So, Eisenhower sent the 101st Airborne Division (not the entirety of it, but some of it) to Little Rock, Arkansas, to walk kids to school. Which they did for a year. After that, Faubus closed the schools, but at least the federal government showed that it wouldn’t allow states to ignore court orders about the Constitution. In your face, John C. Calhoun. Despite the court decision and the dispatching of Federal troops, by the end of the 1950s fewer than two percent of black students attended integrated schools in the South. So, the modern movement for Civil Rights had begun, but it was clear that there was still a lot of work to do. But the emergence of the Civil Rights Movement shows us that the picture of consensus in the 1950s is not quite as clear-cut as its proponents would have us believe. Yes, there was widespread affluence, particularly among white people, and criticism of the government and America generally was stifled by the fear of appearing to sympathize with Communism. But there was also widespread systemic inequality and poverty in the decade that shows just how far away we were from living the ideal of equal opportunity. That we have made real progress, and we have, is a credit to the voices of protest. Next week we’ll see how women, Latinos, and gay people added their voices to the protests and look at what they were and were not able to change in the 1960s. Thanks for watching. I’ll see you then. Crash Course is made with the help of all of these nice people and it’s possible because of your support through Subbable.com. Subbable is a voluntary subscription service that allows you to subscribe to Crash Course at the price of your choosing, including zero dollars a month. But hopefully more than that. There are also great perks you can get, like signed posters. So if you like and value Crash Course, help us keep it free for everyone for ever by subscribing now at Subbable. You can click on my face. Now, my face moved, but you can still click on it. Thanks again for watching Crash Course and as we say in my hometown, don’t forget to be awesome. ________________ [1] Foner Give me Liberty ebook version p. 992 [2] http://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/347/483/case.html
Events
- c. January – The first book in Ed McBain's long-running 87th Precinct police procedural series, Cop Hater, is published in the United States under Evan Hunter's new pseudonym.[1]
- February 2 – Eugene O'Neill's semi-autobiographical Long Day's Journey into Night (completed in 1942) receives a posthumous world première at the Royal Dramatic Theatre, Stockholm, in Swedish (Lång dags färd mot natt), directed by Bengt Ekerot and starring Lars Hanson. Its Broadway debut at the Helen Hayes Theatre on November 7 follows an American première at the Shubert Theatre (New Haven).[2]
- February 25 – The English poet Ted Hughes and American poet Sylvia Plath meet in Cambridge, England.[3]
- March 11 – The U.S. release of Sir Laurence Olivier's film version of Shakespeare's Richard III plays simultaneously on NBC network television and as afternoon matinée screenings in movie theaters. Its TV audience is put at 25–40 million – almost certainly the largest to date for a Shakespeare production.[4]
- March 19 – The widowed English author Aldous Huxley marries the Italian-American film-maker and author Laura Archera at a drive-in wedding chapel in Yuma, Arizona.[5]
- April 23 – The British author C. S. Lewis and American poet Joy Gresham have a civil marriage at Oxford register office.[6]
- May 8 – The first performance of John Osborne's play Look Back in Anger is given by the newly formed English Stage Company at the Royal Court Theatre in London.[7][8] Alan Bates has his first major role as Cliff. The press release describes Osborne as one of the angry young men of the time, a phrase used on July 26 in a Daily Express headline.
- June 16 – Ted Hughes and Sylvia Plath marry at St George the Martyr, Holborn in the London Borough of Camden.
- June 21 – Playwright Arthur Miller appears before the House Un-American Activities Committee in Washington, D.C.
- June 26 and August 23 – Books published by the discredited psychoanalyst Wilhelm Reich are burned in the United States under a court injunction.
- June – Nineteen-year-old Hunter S. Thompson is arrested as an accessory to robbery.
- June 29 – Arthur Miller marries Marilyn Monroe in White Plains, New York.
- July – After pleas by Israeli diplomats, the Romanian communist regime releases A. L. Zissu, formally sentenced to life imprisonment in 1954.[9] Zissu emigrates to Israel, where he dies on September 6.[10]
- July 4 – The National Library of Scotland's first purpose-built premises open in Edinburgh.[11]
- July 8 – The drama series Armchair Theatre, produced by ABC Weekend TV for the ITV network in the United Kingdom, begins a twelve-year run.
- August 14 – Iris Murdoch marries John Bayley at Oxford register office.
- September 14 – Harold Pinter marries Vivien Merchant in a civil ceremony at Bournemouth, after they meet while touring in repertory theatre.
- October – The Ladder becomes the first nationally distributed lesbian magazine in the United States.
- November 1 – Allen Ginsberg's Howl and Other Poems, a signal work of the Beat Generation, is published by City Lights Bookstore in San Francisco.
- December
- J. G. Ballard's first professional publications, the science fiction short stories "Escapement" and "Prima Belladonna", appear in this month's issues of New Worlds and Science Fantasy respectively.[12]
- Martin Gardner begins his Mathematical Games column in Scientific American.
- December 3 – The author Romain Gary wins the Prix Goncourt for Les Racines du ciel. He would later become the only person to win the prize twice, publishing La Vie devant soi under the pseudonym Émile Ajar in 1975.
- unknown dates
- Finished in 1952, Egyptian author Naguib Mahfouz's Cairo Trilogy (Palace Walk, Palace of Desire, Sugar Street), is first published.[13]
- Sixteen-year-old Michael Moorcock becomes editor of Tarzan Adventures.
- Jorge Luis Borges becomes a professor of English and American literature at the University of Buenos Aires.[14]
New books
Fiction
- Nelson Algren – A Walk on the Wild Side
- Eric Ambler – The Night-Comers
- Kingsley Amis – That Uncertain Feeling
- Poul Anderson – Planet of No Return
- Charlotte Armstrong – A Dram of Poison
- Isaac Asimov – The Naked Sun
- James Baldwin – Giovanni's Room
- Sybille Bedford – A Legacy
- Saul Bellow – Seize the Day[15]
- Pierre Berton – The Mysterious North
- Alfred Bester – The Stars My Destination (as Tiger! Tiger!)
- W. E. Bowman – The Ascent of Rum Doodle
- Pearl S. Buck – Imperial Woman
- Anthony Burgess – Time for a Tiger
- Albert Camus – The Fall (La Chute)
- John Dickson Carr
- Patrick Butler for the Defense
- Fear is the Same (as Carter Dickson)
- Henry Cecil – Friends at Court
- Agatha Christie – Dead Man's Folly
- Arthur C. Clarke – The City and the Stars
- A. J. Cronin
- A Thing of Beauty
- Crusader's Tomb
- Antonio di Benedetto – Zama[16]
- Cecil Day-Lewis – A Tangled Web
- Nh. Dini – Dua Dunia (Two Worlds, stories)
- Philip K. Dick
- Gordon R. Dickson
- Alien From Arcturus
- Mankind on the Run
- Alfred Döblin – Tales of a Long Night (Hamlet oder Die lange Nacht nimmt ein Ende)
- Friedrich Dürrenmatt – A Dangerous Game (Die Panne – The Breakdown – or Traps)
- Ian Fleming – Diamonds Are Forever
- Naomi Frankel – Shaul ve-Yohannah (שאול ויוהאנה, "Saul and Joanna", publication begins)
- Sarah Gainham – Time Right Deadly
- Romain Gary – Les Racines du ciel
- William Golding – Pincher Martin
- Winston Graham – The Sleeping Partner
- Walter Greenwood – Down by the Sea
- Edward Grierson – The Second Man
- Henri René Guieu – Les Monstres du Néant
- Mark Harris – Bang the Drum Slowly
- Frank Herbert – The Dragon in the Sea (first book publication)
- Georgette Heyer – Sprig Muslin
- Kathryn Hulme – The Nun's Story
- James Kennaway – Tunes of Glory
- Feri Lainšček – Petelinji zajtrk
- Meyer Levin – Compulsion
- C. S. Lewis – Till We Have Faces: A Myth Retold
- E. C. R. Lorac – Murder in Vienna
- Rose Macaulay – The Towers of Trebizond
- Ross Macdonald – The Barbarous Coast
- Compton Mackenzie – Thin Ice
- Ed McBain – Cop Hater
- Naguib Mahfouz – Palace Walk (بين القصرين, Bein el-Qasrein, first of the Cairo Trilogy)
- Ngaio Marsh – Off with His Head
- Grace Metalious – Peyton Place
- Yukio Mishima (三島 由紀夫) – The Temple of the Golden Pavilion (金閣寺)
- Gladys Mitchell – Twelve Horses and the Hangman's Noose
- Nicholas Monsarrat – The Tribe that Lost its Head
- Farley Mowat – Lost in the Barrens
- Agnar Mykle – The Song of the Red Ruby (Sangen om den røde rubin)
- Patrick O'Brian – The Golden Ocean
- Edwin O'Connor – The Last Hurrah
- Pier Paolo Pasolini – Ragazzi di vita
- Mervyn Peake – Boy in Darkness
- Mary Renault – The Last of the Wine
- Kenneth Roberts – Boon Island
- João Guimarães Rosa – The Devil to Pay in the Backlands (Grande Sertão: Veredas)
- Françoise Sagan – A Certain Smile (Un certain Sourire)
- Samuel Selvon – The Lonely Londoners
- Irwin Shaw – Lucy Crown
- Georges Simenon – The Little Man from Archangel (Le Petit Homme d'Arkhangelsk)
- Khushwant Singh – Train to Pakistan
- Rex Stout
- Julian Symons – The Paper Chase
- A. E. van Vogt – The Wizard of Linn
- Heimito von Doderer – Die Dämonen. Nach der Chronik des Sektionsrates Geyrenhoff (The Demons)
- Angus Wilson – Anglo-Saxon Attitudes
- P. G. Wodehouse – French Leave[17]
- Kateb Yacine – Nedjma
- Frank Yerby – Captain Rebel
- Eiji Yoshikawa (吉川 英治) – The Heike Story: A Modern Translation of the Classic Tale of Love and War (Shin Heike monogatari, a retelling of The Tale of the Heike)
- Francis Brett Young – Wistanslow
Children and young people
- Rev. W. Awdry – Percy the Small Engine (eleventh in The Railway Series of 42 books by him and his son Christopher Awdry)
- Polly Cameron – The Cat Who Thought He Was a Tiger
- R. F. Delderfield – The Adventures of Ben Gunn
- Fred Gipson – Old Yeller[18]
- Rumer Godden – The Fairy Doll
- C. S. Lewis – The Last Battle[19]
- Alf Prøysen – Little Old Mrs Pepperpot (first in a long series of Mrs Pepperpot – Teskjekjerringa – books)
- Maurice Sendak – Kenny's Window[20]
- Ian Serraillier – The Silver Sword[21]
- Dodie Smith – The Hundred and One Dalmatians[22]
- Virginia Sorensen – Miracles on Maple Hill[23]
- Eve Titus – Anatole (first in the Anatole and Basil series of 14 books)
Drama
- Jean Anouilh – Pauvre Bitos, ou Le dîner de têtes (Poor Bitos)
- Ferdinand Bruckner – The Fight with the Angel (Der Kampf mit dem Engel)
- José Manuel Castañón – Moletú-Volevá
- Friedrich Dürrenmatt – The Visit (Der Besuch der alten Dame)
- Max Frisch – Philipp Hotz's Fury (Die Grosse Wut des Philipp Hotz)
- Anna Langfus – Les Lepreux (The Lepers, first performed)
- Hugh Leonard – The Birthday Party
- Saunders Lewis – Siwan
- Bruce Mason – The Pohutukawa Tree
- Ronald Millar – The Bride and the Bachelor
- Arthur Miller – A View from the Bridge (revised version)
- Yukio Mishima – Rokumeikan
- Heiner Müller and Inge Müller – Der Lohndrücker (The Scab, written)
- Eugene O'Neill – Long Day's Journey into Night
- John Osborne – Look Back in Anger
- Arnold Wesker – Chicken Soup with Barley (written)
Poetry
- Allen Ginsberg – Howl
- Anne Morrow Lindbergh – The Unicorn and Other Poems
- Harry Martinson – Aniara
- Yevgeny Yevtushenko – Stantsiia Zima (Станция Зима, Zima Station, translated as Winter Station)
Non-fiction
- Peter Frederick Anson – The Call of the Cloister: Religious Communities and Kindred Bodies in the Anglican Communion[24]
- John G. Bennett – Dramatic Universe
- Peter M. Blau – Bureaucracy in Modern Society
- Gerald Durrell – My Family and Other Animals
- Margery Fish – We Made a Garden
- Georges Friedmann – Le travail en miettes (The Anatomy of Work)
- Carl Gustav Jung – Mysterium Coniunctionis
- A. J. Liebling – The Sweet Science
- Norman Mailer – The White Negro
- Karl Mannheim – Essays on the Sociology of Culture
- C. Wright Mills – The Power Elite
- Alva Myrdal and Viola Klein – Women's Two Roles: Home and Work
- Octavio Paz – El arco y la lira
- Lobsang Rampa – The Third Eye
- Irving Stone – Men to Match My Mountains (Account of the opening of the American Old West, 1840–1900)
- John Strachey – Contemporary Capitalism
Births
- January 2 – Storm Constantine, British science fiction and fantasy author
- January 4 – Sarojini Sahoo, Indian journalist, author, and poet
- January 8 – Jack Womack, American novelist
- January 10 – Antonio Muñoz Molina, Spanish novelist
- January 21 – Ian McMillan, English poet[25]
- January 14 – Ronan Bennett, Northern Irish novelist
- February 20 – François Bréda, Romanian essayist, poet, literary critic, literary historian, translator and theatrologist (died 2018)
- February 26 – Michel Houellebecq, French novelist
- March 3 – Frank Giroud, French comics writer (died 2018)[26]
- March 7 – Andrea Levy, English novelist (died 2019)[27]
- March 12 – Ruth Ozeki, American novelist and filmmaker
- March 20
- Minken Fosheim, Norwegian actress and author (died 2018)
- Win Lyovarin, Thai novelist and short story writer
- March 23 – Steven Saylor, American historical novelist
- April 7 – Christopher Darden, African-American attorney, author, actor and lecturer[28]
- April 12 – Yasuo Tanaka, Japanese novelist and politician
- April 29 – Alexander Jablokov, American writer and novelist[29]
- May 4 – David Guterson, American journalist and novelist
- May 9 – Cindy Lovell, American educator and writer
- May 18 – John Godber, English dramatist
- May 20
- Boris Akunin, Russian novelist and essayist[30]
- Ingvar Ambjørnsen, Norwegian author
- June 9 – Patricia Cornwell, American crime novelist
- June 25 – Anthony Bourdain, American chef, writer and television personality (died 2018)[31]
- June 26 – Davide Ferrario, Italian film director, screenwriter and author
- June 29 – Richard Summerbell, Canadian mycologist, author and songwriter
- July 2 – Cynthia Kadohata, Japanese-American children's writer
- July 4 – Éric Neuhoff, French novelist
- July 11 – Amitav Ghosh, Bengali Indian novelist[32]
- September 6 – Mai Yamani, Saudi Arabian independent scholar, author and anthropologist
- October 9 – Robert Reed, American science fiction author
- October 13 – Chris Carter, American screenwriter
- October 16 - Meg Rosoff, American-British children's and young-adult writer
- October 18 – Lucy Ellmann, Anglo-American novelist
- October 21 – Carrie Fisher, American actress and novelist (died 2016)[33]
- November 11 – Tim Pears, English novelist
- November 20 – Elena Gremina, Russian dramatist (died 2018)
- November 26 – John McCarthy, English journalist and hostage
- December 22 – Percival Everett, American writer and novelist
- unknown dates
- James Aboud, Trinidad poet and judge[34]
- James Belich, New Zealand historian[35]
- Amy Gerstler, American poet[36]
Deaths
- January 13 – Wickham Steed, English journalist, editor and historian (born 1871)
- January 14 – Sheila Kaye-Smith, English novelist (born 1887)
- January 29 – H. L. Mencken, American journalist and English language scholar (born 1880)
- January 31 – A. A. Milne, English children's author, novelist and dramatist (born 1882)
- March 30 – Edmund Clerihew Bentley, English novelist and inventor of the clerihew (born 1875)
- April 22 – Otto Roth, Hungarian Romanian politician, journalist, and literary promoter (born 1884 )
- May 15 – Arthur Talmage Abernethy, American theologian and poet (born 1872)
- May 20 – Max Beerbohm, English humorist (born 1872)
- May 22 – Ion Călugăru, Romanian novelist, short story writer and journalist (born 1902)
- June 7 – Julien Benda, French philosopher and novelist (born 1867)[37]
- June 22 – Walter de la Mare, English poet (born 1873)[38]
- June 24 – Nicos Nicolaides, Greek writer (born 1884)
- July 7 – Gottfried Benn, German poet and essayist (born 1886)
- July 8 – Giovanni Papini, Italian essayist, poet and novelist (born 1881)
- August 14 – Bertolt Brecht, German dramatist (born 1898)
- September 6
- Michael Ventris, English linguistic scholar (born 1922)
- A. L. Zissu, Romanian novelist and Zionist leader (born 1888)
- September 12 – Hans Carossa, German novelist and poet (born 1878)
- October 30 – Pío Baroja, Spanish novelist (born 1872)
- December 6 - Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar, the principal architect of the Constitution of India (born 1891)
- December 13 – Arthur Grimble, Hong Kong-born English travel writer (born 1888)
- December 25 – Robert Walser, Swiss novelist and poet writing in German (born 1878)
Awards
- Carnegie Medal for children's literature: C. S. Lewis, The Last Battle[39]
- Deutscher Jugendbuchpreis (first award): Roger Duvoisin and Louise Fatio, Happy Lion (Der glückliche Löwe); Astrid Lindgren, Mio, My Son; and Kurt Lütgen, Kein Winter für Wölfe ("Two Against the Arctic: Story of a Restless Life between Greenland and Alaska")
- Duff Cooper Prize: Alan Moorehead, Gallipoli
- James Tait Black Memorial Prize for fiction: Rose Macaulay, The Towers of Trebizond
- James Tait Black Memorial Prize for biography: St John Greer Ervine, George Bernard Shaw
- Madan Puraskar (first award): Satya Mohan Joshi, Hamro Lok Sanskriti; Chittaranjan Nepali, Janaral Bhimsen Thapa Ra Tatkalin Nepal; and Bala Ram Joshi, Adhikbibhav Sthirbidhoot Utpadhak
- Newbery Medal for children's literature: Jean Lee Latham, Carry On, Mr. Bowditch
- Nobel Prize for literature: Juan Ramón Jiménez
- Premio Nadal: José Luis Martín Descalzo, La frontera de Dios
- Prix Goncourt: Romain Gary for The Roots of Heaven
- Pulitzer Prize for Drama: Albert Hackett and Frances Goodrich, Diary of Anne Frank
- Pulitzer Prize for Fiction: MacKinlay Kantor, Andersonville
- Pulitzer Prize for Poetry: Elizabeth Bishop, Poems – North & South
- Queen's Gold Medal for Poetry: Edmund Blunden
Notes
- Hahn, Daniel (2015). The Oxford Companion to Children's Literature (2nd ed.). Oxford. University Press. ISBN 9780198715542.
References
- ^ MacDonald, Erin (April 30, 2012). Ed McBain/Evan Hunter: A Literary Companion. McFarland. p. 86. ISBN 978-0786489480. Retrieved 8 January 2018.
- ^ "Shubert Theater". New Haven: CAPA. 2008. Archived from the original on 2008-05-11. Retrieved 2008-10-31.
- ^ Jones, Neal T., ed. (1984). A Book of Days for the Literary Year. London; New York: Thames and Hudson. ISBN 0-500-01332-2.
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