The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Cairo, Egypt.
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Mansa Musa and Islam in Africa: Crash Course World History #16
Transcription
Hi there, my name’s John Green and this is Crash Course: World History, and today we’re going to talk about Egypt. No, not that Egypt. Older. Older. Older. Less fictional. Yes, that one. Ancient Egypt is probably the most influential of the river valley civilizations. Like you might not recognize any Assyrian Kings or Assyrian language, but you probably do know King Tut. And you may recognize that the Eye of Horus is right now staring at me and judging me. I can feel, I can feel your judgement. [music intro] [music intro] [music intro] [music intro] [music intro] [music intro] When we think of Ancient Civilizations, we think of Egypt. There are a few reasons for this, like the fact that the pyramids are the last man standing among the Seven Ancient Wonders of the World. But more importantly, Ancient Egyptian civilization lasted from 3000 BCE to 332 BCE. That’s a period that historians call a long-ass time. And I will remind you it is not cursing if you’re talking about donkeys. So there are many approaches to the study of history. You could view history as a millennial long conversation about philosophy or as clashes between great men or you can see history through the lens of traditionally neglected populations, like women or indigenous peoples or slaves. And we’re going to try to take many approaches to our study of history during Crash Course. Mr. Green, Mr. Green, which approach is right? I mean, for the test. Oh me-from-the-past. Remember how you spent all of third year French writing notes back and forth to that girl and she eventually agreed to go out with you and you did make it to second base but now you can hardly parle un mot de francais? Historical lenses are like that, my friend: With every choice, something is gained and something is lost. Right, so in discussing agriculture and early civilizations, we’ve been approaching history through the lens of resource distribution and geography. And just as the violent and capricious Tigris and Euphrates rivers shaped the worldview of early Mesopotamians, the Nile shaped the world view of the Egyptians. Let’s go to the Thought Bubble. The Nile was regular, navigable, and benign, making for one of the safest and richest agricultural areas in the world. Each summer the river flooded the fields at precisely the right time, leaving behind nutrient-rich silt for planting season. Planting was so easy that Egyptians just tossed seeds around the silty earth and then let their cattle or pigs walk on it to press the seeds into the ground, and then boom, grain and figs and wheat and pomegranates and melons and joy. Unlike most river valley civilizations, Egyptian communities existed ONLY along the Nile, which was navigable enough to get valuable resources downstream from timber to gold, which the Egyptians considered the divine metal, thereby introducing an idea that would eventually culminate in Mr. T. The Nile is also easily tamed. While other river valley civilizations needed complicated and labor-intensive hydraulic engineering projects to irrigate crops, the Nile was so chill that Egyptians could use a simple form of water management called basin irrigation, in which farmers used floodwaters to fill earthen basins and canals for irrigation. In short, the awesomeness of the Nile meant Egyptians could create big food surpluses with relatively little work, allowing time and energy for some pretty impressive projects. Also, the Nile may help explain the ancient Egypt’s general optimism: While ancient Sumerian religion, for instance, saw the afterlife as this gloomy, dark place, Egyptians were often buried with things that were useful and pleasurable to them in life, because the Afterlife was seen as a continuation of this life, which, at least if you lived along the Nile, wasn’t half-bad. Thanks, Thought Bubble. And now, my dear pupils, I shall terrorize you with the oppression of dates. No. Dates. Yes. Thank you. Historians have divided Egyptian history into three broad categories. Each with their own numbered dynasties. But only hardcore Egyptologists know the dynasties, and we’re not trying to become hardcore Egyptologists. The Old Kingdom lasted from 2649 to 2152; The middle kingdom from 2040 to 1640; And the New Kingdom, so called because it is only 3,000 years old, lasted from 1550-1070 BCE. In between you have a couple so-called Intermediate periods. Okay, OLD KINGDOM. This was really the glory age of ancient Egypt, when we get all the stuff that will later make Indiana Jones possible, like the pyramids at Giza, and the sun king Ra, and the idea of divine kingship. which seems like a good gig, except that it meant that he wasn’t expected to act like a person, he was expected to act like a god, which in ancient Egypt means acting like the Nile: calm, cool, benevolent... There’s no fun it that. And then of course there are the pyramids, which aside from remaining impressive to behold represent a remarkable degree of political and social control over the population, because it is not easy to convince people to devote their lives to building a sarcophagus for someone else. The most famous pyramids were built between 2575 and 2465 BCE. The one with the Sphinx was for Khephren; the largest, the Great Pyramid, was built for the Pharaoh Khufu. These pyramids were built partly by peasants who were required by Egyptian law to work for the government a certain number of months per year, and partly by slaves, but not by Moses and the Jews, who showed up on the scene long before pyramids were ever even a twinkle in Khufu’s eye. This leads to an overwhelming question: Why? Why in the sweet name of Ra would anyone ever build such a thing? Well, let’s start with Ra. So, Ra started out as a regional god, reigning over Heliopolis, but he eventually became really central to the entire pantheon of gods of ancient Egypt. He was the god of the sun, but also the god of creation. And the thinking was that if humans did their jobs then the pantheon of gods would maintain cosmic order, and since the pharaohs became gods upon their death, it made sense to please them even unto pyramids. Egyptian popular religion also embraced the belief in amulets and magic and divination and the belief that certain animals-- especially cats—had divine power. And yes, I did bring that up just so I could lolcat. Old Kingdom Egypt was also remarkably literate: They had two forms of writing, hieroglyphics for sacred writing and then demotic script for recording contracts and agreements and other boring stuff. The last thing I want to say about Old Kingdom Egypt; it was ridiculously rich. But then around 2250 BCE there were a series of droughts and Pharaohs started fighting over who should have power and we had an intermediate period. [classic intermission music] Which was followed by the Middle Earth... No, what? The middle kingdom? Ohh. Really? That’s a bummer, Stan. I want it to be the Middle Earth. How awesome would that be? Like right in the middle of Egyptian history, there were Hobbits.... So the Middle Kingdom, which apparently had no Hobbits, restored Pharaonic rule in 2040 BCE but with some distinct changes: First, the rulers were outsiders, from downriver in Nubia. Second, they fostered a new pantheon of gods, the star of which was Ammun, which means hidden. So here’s a little lesson from history: Hidden gods tend to do well because they’re omnipresent. So Ammun eventually merged with Ra to form the god Ammun-Ra, who was like the best god ever and all the Middle Kingdom pharaohs made temples for him and devoted all of their surplus to his glory. The Middle Kingdom also developed an interest in conquering, specifically the new homeland of Nubia, and they developed a side interest in getting conquered, specifically by Semitic peoples from the Levant. They were able to conquer much of Egypt using superior military technology like bronze weapons and compound bows, and chariots of fire. What? They were just regular chariots? STAN WHY ARE YOU ALWATS KILLING MY DREAMS? One group, the Hyksos, were able to conquer all of Egypt, but rather than like destroying the Egyptian culture, they just relaxed like the Nile and assimilated into the Egyptians. And the Egyptians adopted their military technology. And then the Egyptians destroyed the Hyksos and expelled them from Egypt. And then by 1550 BCE there was again an Egyptian pharaoh, Ahmosis... ...whose name only sounds like an STD. Anyway, after all this conquering and being conquered, Egypt eventually emerged from its geographically imposed isolationism and, can you cue the New Kingdom Graphic please? There it is! New Kingdom Egypt continued this military expansion but it looked more like an Empire, particularly when they headed south and took over land in an attempt to find gold and slaves. Probably the most expansive of the New Kingdom pharaohs was Hatshepsut, a woman who ruled Egypt for about 22 years. And who expanded Egypt not through military might, but through trade. But most new kingdom pharaohs being dudes, focused on military expansion, which brought Egypt into conflicts with the Assyrians who you’ll remember from last week, And then the Persians, and then Alexander the Great and finally, the Romans. On the whole, Egypt probably would’ve been better off enjoying its geographical isolation and not trying to conquer new territory, but all of Egypt’s friends had jumped off a bridge, so… One last thing about the New Kingdom. There was this crazy New Kingdom Pharaoh named Akehenaten, who tried to invent a new god for Egypt, Aten. Akehenaten was kind of the Kim Jong Il of Ancient Egypt, like he had this feared police force and this big cult of personality. And also he was a nut job. Anyway, after his death he was replaced by his wife, and then a daughter and than a son, Tutankaten, who turned his back on the weird god Aten and changed his name to Tutankhamen. And that is about all King Tut did before he died... ...probably around the age of 17. Honestly, the only reason King Tut is famous is that most Pharaohs had their graves robbed by ancient people; and King Tut had his grave robbed by 20th century British people. Which brings us to the Open Letter. [scoots to super sweet chartreuse throne] An Open Letter to King Tut: Oh, but first we gotta find out what Stan left for me in the Secret Compartment. It’s a pen. [clicks pen] AAHHHH!! It’s a shock pen! Stan?%@# That’s a terrible, terrible gift for the secret compartment. Dear King Tut, I know that as Pharaohs lives go, yours was pretty poor. First, you had to marry your sister, which hopefully you weren’t that psyched about, plus you had a cleft palette and probably scoliosis. Plus you died before really reaching adulthood. But dude, you have had the best afterlife ever. Since your body was discovered in 1922, you’ve become probably the most famous ancient person. There have been lots of books about you, scholars have devoted their lives to you. Dude, we’re so obsessed with you that we used this fancy new technology to scan your body and establish that you probably died of an infected broken leg and/or malaria, So you’ve inspired such seminal works of art as the Discovery Kids series Tutenstein, which my son forces me to watch. Your relics have been to six continents! So it all works out in the end, man. Well, I mean, you’re still dead. So that’s kinda sucks. Best wishes, John Green King Tut leads us nicely to the really crucial thing about Egyptian culture. Because King Tut lived right around the same time as the pyramids right? Wrong. Remember the pyramids were built around 2500 BCE during the Old Kingdom. King Tut died in 1322 BCE, 1200 years later! That’s five and a half Americas. But because Egypt was so similar for so long, it all tends to blend together when we imagine it. Ancient Egypt lasted 1000 years longer than Christianity has been around, and about 800 years longer than that other super-long lived civilization, China. So there was an entire culture that lasted longer than Western Civilization has existed and it had run its course before “the West” was even born. Next week, we’ll look at the Persians and the Greeks. I’ll see you then. Crash Course is produced and directed by Stan Muller; The show is written by Raoul Meyer my high school history teacher and myself; our script supervisor is Danica Johnson and our graphics team is ThoughtBubble. Last week’s phrase of the week was “Male Models.” You can take your guess at this week’s phrase of the week in Comments and also suggest future phrases of the week. And if you have any questions about today’s video, leave them in Comments and our team of semi-professional quasi-historians will endeavor to answer them as best we can. Thanks for watching and as we say in my hometown: Don’t forget to be awesome. [skiddilydiddilies off screen]
Prior to 19th century
History of Egypt |
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Egypt portal |
- 1st C. BCE – Babylon Fortress built (approximate date).
- 33 CE – Origins of the Coptic Orthodox Church.[1]
- 4th–5th C. CE – Saints Sergius and Bacchus Church (Abu Serga) built.
- 6th C. – Church of Saint Menas established.
- 642 – Mosque of Amr ibn al-As built.
- 873 – Ahmad ibn Tulun founds El-Katai.[1]
- 879
- Mosque of Ibn Tulun built.[1]
- Church of St. George built (approximate date).
- Church of the Virgin Mary (Haret Zuweila) built (approximate date).
- 970
- Misr al-Qahira settlement founded by Fatimid Al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah.[2][1]
- Al-Azhar University established.
- 972 – Al-Azhar Mosque established.
- 978 –The Hanging Church rebuilt (approximate date).
- 979 – Saint Mercurius Church in Coptic Cairo rebuilt (approximate date).
- 992 – Al-Hakim Mosque built.
- 11th C. – Church of the Holy Virgin (Babylon El-Darag) built.
- 1016 – Lulua Mosque built.
- 1073 – Saint Barbara Church in Coptic Cairo restored.
- 1085 – Juyushi Mosque built.
- 1092 – City wall and Gates of Cairo built (including Bab Zuweila and Bab al-Nasr).
- 1125 – Aqmar Mosque built.
- 1154 – Al-Hussein Mosque built.
- 1160 – Al-Salih Tala'i Mosque built.
- 1168 – Egypt's capital moved from Fustat to Cairo.
- 1176 – Cairo was unsuccessfully attacked in the Crusades.[1]
- 1183 – Saladin Citadel built.
- ca.1205 – Harat el-Yahoud Synagogue rebuilt and Maimonides works there; it is rebuilt in the 19th century as the Maimonides Synagogue[3]
- 1250 – City becomes capital of Mamluk Sultanate.
- 1280 – Qalawun complex built (approximate date).
- 1318 – Al-Nasir Muhammad Mosque built.
- 1340 – Mosque of Amir al-Maridani established.
- 1347 – Aqsunqur Mosque built.
- 1349 – Mosque of Shaykhu built.
- 1352 – Amir Taz Palace built.
- 1355 – Khanqah of Shaykhu built.
- 1359 – Mosque-Madrassa of Sultan Hassan built.
- 1421 – Mosque of Sultan al-Muayyad built.
- 1517
- January: Battle of Ridaniya occurs near Cairo.[4]
- Capture of Cairo by Ottoman forces.[1]
- City becomes provincial capital during Selim I's rule of Ottoman Empire.
- 1774 – Mosque of Abu Dahab built.
- 1788 – Al Musafir Khana Palace built.
- 1798 – Napoleon arrives.[1]
- 1800 – Population: 200,000 (approximate figure).[1]
19th century
(pp. 66–67) by Jean Vercoutter.]]
- 1801 – June: Siege of Cairo – French surrender to British and Ottoman forces.[1]
- 1811 – March: Massacre of the Citadel.[4][1]
- 1822 – Arabic printing press in operation.[5]
- 1827 – Kasr Al-Ainy Medical School established.
- 1828
- Government al-Waqa'i' al-Masriyya newspaper begins publication.
- Dar al-Mahfuzat (government archive) established.[6]
- 1848 – Mosque of Muhammad Ali built.
- 1854 – Khorenian School begins.
- 1856 – Railway station built.
- 1863 – Museum of Egyptian antiquities founded at Bulak.[1]
- 1860 – Shepheard's Hotel in operation.
- 1869 – Khedivial Opera House opens.
- 1870 – Egyptian National Library and Archives established.
- 1871– 24 December: Premiere of Verdi's Aida.
- 1874 – Abdeen Palace built.
- 1875 – Al-Ahram newspaper begins publication.[7]
- 1877 – Traffic in slaves ceased.[1]
- 1879 – Collège de la Sainte Famille founded
- 1880 – Comité de Conservation des Monuments de l'Art Arabe established.[5]
- 1882
- British occupation.[1]
- Khedivial Sporting Club founded.
- Population: 347,838.[8][1]
- 1888 – Collège des Frères (Bab al-Louq) opens.
- 1892 – Ben Ezra Synagogue built.[3]
- 1893 – Le Progrès Egyptien newspaper begins publication.
- 1897
- 1899
- Sha'ar Hashamayim Synagogue built
- Al-Ahram newspaper headquartered in Cairo.
- 1900 – Ets Hayim Synagogue (Hanan Synagogue) established[3]
-
Cairo – panorama from the Citadel 1895
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Cairo Mosque 1895
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Cairo, soldiers and crowd in front of building, 1895
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Cairo – panorama from the Citadel, 1895
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Cairo, the Citadel, 1895
20th century
1900s–1940s
- 1902 – Museum of Egyptian antiquities moved again.[1]
- 1905 – Chaar Hachamaim Synagogue established[3]
- 1906 – Pathé cinema built.[9]
- 1907
- Al Ahly Sporting Club formed.
- Population: 654,476.[1]
- 1908
- Cairo University and Café Riche opened.
- Egyptian School of Fine Arts[10] and American College for Girls founded.
- 1910
- Coptic Museum built.
- Heliopolis Palace Hotel opened.
- Heliopolis Sporting Club founded.
- 1905 – Shimon Bar Yochai Synagogue established[3]
- 1911
- Zamalek Sporting Club formed.
- Baron Empain Palace built.
- 1912
- Boulak Bridge and Al-Rifa'i Mosque built.
- 1915
- 1919
- Uprising against British occupation.
- American University in Cairo established.
- 1921 – Cairo Conference held.[5]
- 1922
- Tutankhamun's tomb discovered.
- 1924
- 19 November: British governor-general Stack of Anglo-Egyptian Sudan assassinated.[4]
- "Cairo Edition" of Quran Published
- 1925 – Pahad Itzhak (Kreim) Synagogue established[3]
- 1929 – Manial Palace built.
- 1932
- Society Of The Muslim Brothers headquartered in Cairo.
- Moussa Dar'i Synagogue established[3]
- 1933 – Qasr al-Nil Bridge built.
- 1934 – St. George's College, Cairo established.
- 1934 – Meir'enaim (Biton) Synagogue established[3]
- 1937
- Yacoubian Building constructed.
- Lycée La Liberté Héliopolis opens
- 1938 – Publication of The Egyptian Gazette moves from Alexandria to Cairo.
- 1940 – Metro Cinema opens.[11]
- 1942 – Abdeen Palace Incident.
- 1944 – Cairo Forces Parliament meeting.
- The Arab Women's Congress of 1944 is hosted by the Egyptian Feminist Union in Cairo and the Pan-Arabian Arab Feminist Union is founded.
- 1945
- Arab League headquartered in Cairo.[5]
- Ashkènazim Synagogue restored[3]
- 1946 – Ali Baba Cinema opens.[11]
- 1947 – Population: 2,090,654.[12]
- 1948
- 1949 – 12 February: Muslim leader Hassan al-Banna assassinated.
1950s–1990s
- 1950 – Ain Shams University founded.
- 1952
- Cairo Fire.
- The Mogamma built.
- Ismailia Square renamed Tahrir Square.
- Egyptian Revolution of 1952
- Al Akhbar starts publication.
- 1954 – Al Gomhuria newspaper begins publication.
- 1956
- Cairo International Stadium opens.
- City master plan created.[13]
- 1959
- Cairo Conservatoire opens.
- Academy of Arts (Egypt) and Cairo Symphony Orchestra founded.
- Arab Petroleum Congress meets in Cairo.[14]
- 1961 – Cairo Tower built.
- 1963 – Cairo International Airport opens.[15]
- 1964 – January: 1964 Arab League summit (Cairo) held.[4]
- 1965 – Population: 3.3 million.[16]
- 1966 – Cairo Opera Ballet Company founded.
- 1967 – Bab Moshé (Ibn Maimoun) Synagogue restored.[3]
- 1968 – Saint Mark's Coptic Orthodox Cathedral built.
- 1969 – Cairo International Book Fair founded.
- 1970
- January: Israeli forces conduct aerial attacks near Cairo.[4]
- September: 1970 Arab League summit held.
- Greater Cairo Master Plan created.[13]
- 1972 – January: Student demonstration.[4][17]
- 1974 – Population: 5,715,000.[18]
- 1975
- January: Economic demonstration.[4]
- Unknown Soldier Memorial (Egypt) inaugurated.
- 1976
- 1976 Arab League summit (Cairo).
- Cairo International Film Festival begins.
- British International School in Cairo established.
- Manor House School, Cairo opens.
- 1977 – January: Economic demonstration.[4]
- 1978 – New Cairo British International School formed.
- 1979
- 1981
- 6 October: Assassination of Anwar Sadat.[21]
- Sadat Academy for Management Sciences opens.
- 1982
- Saint Fatima School begins.
- Sister city relationship established with New York City, United States.[20]
- 1984
- Master Plan for Greater Cairo approved.[22]
- Arab Democratic Nasserist Party founded.
- 1985
- Child Museum opens.
- Sister city relationship established with Paris, France.[20]
- 1986 – February: 1986 Egyptian conscripts riot occurs.[4]
- 1987 – Cairo Metro Line 1 begins operating.[23]
- 1988
- Cairo Opera House opens.
- Sister city relationship established with Istanbul, Turkey.[20]
- 1989
- al-Hirafiyeen neighborhood built.[24]
- Sister city relationship established with Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.[20]
- 1990
- 1991 – Al-Ahram Weekly begins publication.
- 1992
- Earthquake.
- Population: 6,800,000 (estimate).[25]
- 1993
- 1995 – Dreamland development begins near city.
- 1996
- 6th October Bridge built.
- Cairo Metro Line 2 (Shoubra AlKheiman- AlMounieb) opened.
- 1997
- Aldiwan Arabic Language Center opens.
- Sister city relationship established with Xi'an, China and Seoul, South Korea.[20]
- 1998 – Sister city relationships established with Houston, United States and Minsk, Belarus.[20]
21st century
2000s
- 2001
- Misr American College established.
- Cairo 52 arrested.
- 2003 – El Sawy culturewheel built.
- 2004
- Al-masry Al-youm newspaper begins publication.
- Canadian International College established.
- Abdul Azim Wazir becomes governor of Cairo (approximate date).[citation needed]
- 2005
- April 2005 Cairo terrorist attacks
- British University in Egypt established.
- Al-Azhar Park built.
- El Fagr newspaper begins publication.
- 2006
- City government website online (approximate date).[27][chronology citation needed]
- Al-Resalah television begins broadcasting.
- 2007
- City hosts 11th Pan Arab Games.
- 57357 Hospital established.
- 2008 – Youm 7 newspaper starts publication.
- 2009
- 2009 Khan el-Khalili bombing
- Cairo Jazz Festival begins.
2010s
- 2010 – Population: 7,248,671.[28]
- 2011
- 25 January: Uprising against Mubarak regime begins.[29]
- April: Abdel Qawi Khalifa becomes governor of Cairo.[citation needed]
- 2012
- Cairo Metro Line 3 (Imbaba / Mohandiseen – Cairo Int'l Airport) opened.
- Pope Shenouda III, head of Egyptian Coptic church, died.[30]
- Protests against state president Mohamed Morsi.[31]
- 2013
- Anti-Morsi protests.[32]
- February: The first Iranian president, Ahmadinejad, to visit Egypt since 1979.[33]
- April: Violence against Coptic after funeral.[34]
- 3 July: 2013 Egyptian coup d'état.
- 8 July: "Egyptian soldiers fire on Morsi supporters protesting outside a military facility in Cairo, killing over 50."[35]
- 14 August: "More than 600 people, mostly Morsi supporters, are killed when police clear two pro-Morsi sit-ins in Cairo."[35]
- Air pollution in greater Cairo reaches annual mean of 76 PM2.5 and 179 PM10, much higher than recommended.[36]
- 2017 – Population: 9,539,673 (urban agglomeration).[37]
2020s
See also
- History of Cairo
- History of Egypt
- Timeline of Egypt
- List of cities by population density
- Timelines of other cities in Egypt: Alexandria, Port Said
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Britannica 1910.
- ^ Bosworth 2007.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Heritage of Jews from Egypt: Synagogues". France: Association Internationale Nebi Daniel.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i "Egypt". Political Chronology of Africa. Political Chronologies of the World. Europa Publications. 2001. ISBN 0203409957.
- ^ a b c d Stanley 2008.
- ^ Christopher Markiewicz; Nir Shafir, eds. (2014). "Dar al-Mahfuzat al-ʿUmumiyya". Hazine: a Guide to Researching the Middle East and Beyond.
- ^ "Egypt: News and Media". Open Directory Project. Retrieved 1 July 2013.
- ^ Chambers 1901.
- ^ Viola Shafik (2001), "Egyptian Cinema", in Oliver Leaman (ed.), Companion Encyclopedia of Middle Eastern and North African Film, Routledge, ISBN 9780415187039
- ^ "Egypt and North Africa, 1900 A.D.: Key Events". Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 30 August 2015.
- ^ a b c "Movie Theaters in Cairo, Egypt". CinemaTreasures.org. Los Angeles: Cinema Treasures LLC. Retrieved 1 July 2013.
- ^ "Population of capital city and cities of 100,000 or more inhabitants". Demographic Yearbook 1955. New York: Statistical Office of the United Nations. pp. 171–184.
- ^ a b United Nations Centre for Human Settlements (1993). Metropolitan Planning and Management in the Developing World: Spatial Decentralization Policy in Bombay and Cairo. UN-HABITAT. ISBN 9789211312331.
- ^ M. S. Vassiliou (2009). "Chronology". Historical Dictionary of the Petroleum Industry. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-6288-3.
- ^ "Airport History". Cairo International Airport. Retrieved 16 June 2012.
- ^ Der Volks-Brockhaus, Wiesbaden, 1965
- ^ Ahmed Abdalla (2008). The Student Movement and National Politics in Egypt: 1923–1973. American University in Cairo Press. ISBN 978-977-416-199-5.
- ^ United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Statistical Office (1976). "Population of capital city and cities of 100,000 and more inhabitants". Demographic Yearbook 1975. New York. pp. 253–279.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ "Faisal Islamic Bank of Egypt History". Archived from the original on 29 May 2013.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i "Sister city agreements". Cairo Governorate. Archived from the original on 13 March 2012.
- ^ "Timelines: Egypt: AD 642 to present", World Book, US
- ^ Shakry 2006.
- ^ "Chronology". Historical Dictionary of Egypt. Scarecrow Press. 2013. ISBN 978-0-8108-8025-2.
- ^ Elyachar 2003.
- ^ United Nations Department for Economic and Social Information and Policy Analysis, Statistics Division (1997). "Population of capital cities and cities of 100,000 and more inhabitants". 1995 Demographic Yearbook. New York. pp. 262–321.
{{cite book}}
:|author=
has generic name (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Sweco; Nordic Consulting Group (2003), Review of the Implementation Status of the Trans African Highways and the Missing Links (PDF), vol. 2: Description of Corridors, African Development Bank and United Nations Economic Commission for Africa
- ^ "البوابة الالكترونية لمحافظة القاهرة – الصفحة الرئيسية" [Home Page of Cairo] (in Arabic). Archived from the original on 19 November 2006 – via Internet Archive, Wayback Machine.
- ^ "Population of capital cities and cities of 100,000 or more inhabitants". Demographic Yearbook 2011. United Nations Statistics Division. 2012.
- ^ "Egypt: timeline of unrest", Egypt's revolution: Interactive map, BBC News, 11 February 2011
- ^ "The Death of the Coptic Pope: What Next for Egypt's Beleaguered Christians?". Times News. 20 March 2013. Archived from the original on 21 March 2012.
- ^ Encyclopædia Britannica Book of the Year. Encyclopaedia Britannica. 2013. ISBN 978-1-62513-103-4.
- ^ "Fatal clashes on Egypt uprising anniversary". BBC News. 25 January 2013.
- ^ "Ahmadinejad becomes first Iranian head of state to visit Egypt since 1979". Guardian UK News. 5 February 2013.
- ^ "Cairo clashes at St Mark's Coptic Cathedral after funerals". BBC News. 7 April 2013.
- ^ a b Key Events in Egypt Since the 2011 Uprising, 18 October 2015
{{citation}}
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ignored (help) - ^ World Health Organization (2016), Global Urban Ambient Air Pollution Database, Geneva, archived from the original on 28 March 2014
{{citation}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ "Table 8 – Population of capital cities and cities of 100,000 or more inhabitants", Demographic Yearbook – 2018, United Nations
Bibliography
Published in 18th–19th century
- Carsten Niebuhr (1792). "Of the City of Cairo". Travels through Arabia. Half-title:Niebuhr's travels through Arabia and other countries in the East. Translated by Robert Heron. Edinburgh: R. Morison and Son. hdl:2027/hvd.hxj9mv – via HathiTrust.
- C.F. Volney (1807). "De la ville du Kaire". Voyage en Egypte et en Syrie (in French). Paris: Courcier.
- H.A.S. Dearborn (1819), "Grand Cairo", A Memoir on the Commerce and Navigation of the Black Sea, Boston: Wells & Lilly
- Gardner Wilkinson (1847), "Cairo", Hand-book for Travellers in Egypt, J. Murray, OCLC 23931478
- Edward Balfour (1885). "Cairo". Cyclopaedia of India and of Eastern and Southern Asia (3rd ed.). London: B. Quaritch.
- Library, Boston Public (1893), "Egypt: Places and Cities: Cairo", Bulletin of the Public Library of the City of Boston
- Leo Africanus; John Pory (1896), "Cairo", in Robert Brown (ed.), History and Description of Africa, vol. 3, London: Hakluyt Society, OCLC 2649691
Published in 20th century
- "Cairo", Chambers's Encyclopaedia, London: W. & R. Chambers, 1901
- "Cairo", Egypt: Handbook for Travellers (5th ed.), K. Baedeker, 1902, OCLC 1384290
- Stanley Lane-Poole (1902), The Story of Cairo, London: J.M. Dent & Co., OL 7246281M
- D.S. Margoliouth (1907), Cairo, Jerusalem, and Damascus, London: Chatto & Windus, OL 23283598M
- Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). 1910. pp. 953–957. .
- Benjamin Vincent (1910), "Cairo", Haydn's Dictionary of Dates (25th ed.), London: Ward, Lock & Co.
- Mrs. R.L. Devonshire (1917), Rambles in Cairo, Cairo: Sphinx Printing Press, OL 22891093M
- Gaston Wiet (1964), Cairo, city of art and commerce, US: University of Oklahoma Press, OL 5917631M
- Malise Ruthven (1980), Cairo, Great Cities, Time-Life Books, OL 7775805M
- John Flink (1996). "Cairo". In Noelle Watson (ed.). International Dictionary of Historic Places: Middle East and Africa. UK: Routledge. p. 154+. ISBN 1884964036.
- André Raymond (2000). Cairo. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-00316-0.
Published in 21st century
- Julia Elyachar (2003). "Mappings of Power: The State, NGOs, and International Organizations in the Informal Economy of Cairo". Comparative Studies in Society and History. 45 (3): 571–605. JSTOR 3879462.
- "Cairo". Understanding Slums: Case Studies for the Global Report 2003. United Nations Human Settlements Programme and University College London. 2003.
- Paul Tiyambe Zeleza; Dickson Eyoh, eds. (2003). "Cairo, Egypt". Encyclopedia of Twentieth-Century African History. Routledge. ISBN 0415234794.
- Janet L. Abu-Lughod (2004). "Cairo". In Josef Gugler (ed.). World Cities beyond the West: Globalization, Development, and Inequality. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521830036.
- Seif El Rashidi (2004), "Chronology of Cairo", in Stefano Bianca; Philip Jodidio (eds.), Cairo: Revitalising a Historic Metropolis, Turin: Umberto Allemandi & C. for Aga Khan Trust for Culture, pp. 244–245
- Benedicte Florin (2005). "Urban Policies in Cairo: From Speeches on New Cities to the Adjustment Practices of Ordinary City Dwellers". In Abdoumaliq Simone; Abdelghani Abouhani (eds.). Urban Africa: Changing Contours of Survival in the City. London: Zed Books. ISBN 1842775936.
- Kevin Shillington, ed. (2005). "Cairo". Encyclopedia of African History. Fitzroy Dearborn. ISBN 978-1-57958-245-6.
- Omnia el Shakry (2006), "Cairo as Capital of Socialist Revolution?", in Diane Singerman; Paul Amar (eds.), Cairo Cosmopolitan: Politics, Culture, And Urban Space In The New Globalized Middle East, American Univ in Cairo Press, ISBN 9789774249280
- Clifford Edmund Bosworth, ed. (2007). "Cairo". Historic Cities of the Islamic World. Leiden: Koninklijke Brill. ISBN 9789047423836.
- Bruce E. Stanley; Michael R.T. Dumper, eds. (2008), "Cairo", Cities of the Middle East and North Africa, Santa Barbara, US: ABC-CLIO, ISBN 9781576079201
- Gabor Agoston; Bruce Alan Masters, eds. (2009). "Cairo". Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire. Facts on File. p. 112. ISBN 978-1-4381-1025-7.
- "Cairo". Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art & Architecture. Oxford University Press. 2009. p. 321+. ISBN 9780195309911.
- Gerhard Böwering, ed. (2013). "Cairo". Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought. Princeton University Press. p. 80. ISBN 978-0-691-13484-0.
External links
- "(Cairo)". Directory of Open Access Journals. UK. (Bibliography of open access articles)
- ArchNet. "Cairo". Archived from the original on 5 December 2013.
- "(Cairo)" – via Qatar National Library, Qatar Digital Library. (Images, etc.)
- "(Cairo)" – via Europeana. (Images, etc.)
- "(Cairo)" – via Digital Public Library of America. (Images, etc.)
- "(Cairo)". Internet Library Sub-Saharan Africa. Germany: Frankfurt University Library. 14 January 2019. (Bibliography)
- "(Cairo)". Connecting-Africa. Leiden, Netherlands: African Studies Centre. (Bibliography)
- "(Cairo)". AfricaBib.org. (Bibliography)
- "Cairo, Egypt". BlackPast.org. US. 22 February 2011.
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