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Europeana

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Not to be confused with Europiana.

Europeana
Europeana logo
Type of site
Meta-aggregator and display space for European digitised works
OwnerEuropeana Foundation
URLeuropeana.eu/en
Commercialno
LaunchedNovember 20, 2008; 15 years ago (2008-11-20) (prototype), February 2009; 15 years ago (2009-02) (official version 1.0)
Current statusOnline

Europeana is a web portal created by the European Union containing digitised cultural heritage collections of more than 3,000 institutions across Europe. It includes records of over 50 million cultural and scientific artefacts, brought together on a single platform and presented in a variety of ways relevant to modern users. The prototype for Europeana was the European Digital Library Network (EDLnet), launched in 2008.

The Europeana Foundation is the governing body of the service, and is incorporated under Dutch law as Stichting Europeana.

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Transcription

Where, is the European Union? Obviously here somewhere, but much like the the European continent itself, which has an unclear boundary, the European Union also has some fuzzy edges to it. To start, the official members of the European Union are, in decreasing order of population: * Germany * France * The United Kingdom * Italy * Spain * Poland * Romania * The Kingdom of the Netherlands * Greece * Belgium * Portugal * The Czech Republic * Hungary * Sweden * Austria * Bulgaria * Denmark * Slovakia * Finland * Ireland * Croatia * Lithuania * Latvia * Slovenia * Estonia * Cyprus * Luxembourg * Malta The edges of the EU will probably continue to expand further out as there are other countries in various stages of trying to become a member. How exactly the European Union works is hideously complicated and a story for another time, but for this video you need know only three things: 1. Countries pay membership dues and 2. Vote on laws they all must follow and 3. Citizens of member countries are automatically European Union citizens as well This last means that if you're a citizen of any of these countries you are free to live and work or retire in any of the others. Which is nice especially if you think your country is too big or too small or too hot or too cold. The European Union gives you options. By the way, did you notice how all three of these statements have asterisks attached to this unhelpful footnote? Well, get used to it: Europe loves asterisks that add exceptions to complicated agreements. These three, for example, point us toward the first bit of border fuzziness with Norway, Iceland and little Liechtenstein. None of which are in the European Union but if you're a EU citizen you can live in these countries and Norwegians, Icelanders, or Liechtensteiner(in)s can can live in yours. Why? In exchange for the freedom of movement of people they have to pay membership fees to the European Union -- even though they aren't a part of it and thus don't get a say its laws that they still have to follow. This arrangement is the European Economic Area and it sounds like a terrible deal, were it not for that asterisk which grants EEA but not EU members a pass on some areas of law notably farming and fishing -- something a country like Iceland might care quite a lot about running their own way. Between the European Union and the European Economic Area the continent looks mostly covered, with the notable exception of Switzerland who remains neutral and fiercely independent, except for her participation in the Schengen Area. If you're from a country that keeps her borders extremely clean and / or well-patrolled, the Schengen Area is a bit mind-blowing because it's an agreement between countries to take a 'meh' approach to borders. In the Schengen Area international boundaries look like this: no border officers or passport checks of any kind. You can walk from Lisbon to Tallinn without identification or need to answer the question: "business or pleasure?". For Switzerland being part of Schengen but not part of the European Union means that non-swiss can check in any time they like, but they can never stay. This koombaya approach to borders isn't appreciated by everyone in the EU: most loudly, the United Kingdom and Ireland who argue that islands are different. Thus to get onto these fair isles, you'll need a passport and a good reason. Britannia's reluctance to get fully involved with the EU brings us to the next topic: money. The European Union has its own fancy currency, the Euro used by the majority, but not all of the European Union members. This economic union is called the Eurozone and to join a country must first reach certain financial goals -- and lying about reaching those goals is certainly not something anyone would do. Most of the non-Eurozone members when they meet the goals, will ditch their local currency in favor of the Euro but three of them Denmark, Sweden and, of course, the United Kingdom, have asterisks attracted to the Euro sections of the treaty giving them a permanent out-out. And weirdly, four tiny European countries Andorra, San Marino, Monaco & Vatican City have an asterisk giving them the reverse: the right print and use Euros as their money, despite not being in the European Union at all. So that's the big picture: there's the EU, which makes all the rules, the Eurozone inside it with a common currency, the European Economic Area outside of it where people can move freely and the selective Schengen, for countries who think borders just aren't worth the hassle. As you can see, there's some strange overlaps with these borders, but we're not done talking about complications by a long shot one again, because empire. So Portugal and Spain have islands from their colonial days that they've never parted with: these are the Madeira and Canary Islands are off the coast of Africa and the Azores well into the Atlantic. Because these islands are Spanish and Portuguese they're part of the European Union as well. Adding a few islands to the EU's borders isn't a big deal until you consider France: the queen of not-letting go. She still holds onto a bunch of islands in the Caribbean, Reunion off the coast of Madagascar and French Guiana in South America. As far as France is concerned, these are France too, which single handedly extends the edge-to-edge distance of the European Union across a third of Earth's circumference. Collectively, these bits of France, Spain and Portugal are called the Outermost Regions -- and they're the result of the simple answer to empire: just keep it. On the other hand, there's the United Kingdom, the master of maintaining complicated relationships with her quasi-former lands -- and she's by no means alone in this on such an empire-happy continent. The Netherlands and Denmark and France (again) all have what the European Union calls Overseas Territories: they're not part of the European Union, instead they're a bottomless well of asterisks due to their complicated relationships with both with the European Union and their associated countries which makes it hard to say anything meaningful about them as a group but... in general European Union law doesn't apply to these places, though in general the people who live there are European Union citizens because in general they have the citizenship of their associated country, so in general they can live anywhere in the EU they want but in general other European Union citizens can't freely move to these territories. Which makes these places a weird, semipermeable membrane of the European Union proper and the final part we're going to talk about in detail even though there are still many, more one-off asterisks you might stumble upon, such as: the Isle of Man or those Spanish Cities in North Africa or Gibraltar, who pretends to be part of Southwest England sometimes, or that region in Greece where it's totally legal to ban women, or Saba & friends who are part of the Netherlands and so should be part of the EU, but aren't, or the Faeroe Islands upon which while citizens of Denmark live they lose their EU citizenship, and on and on it goes. These asterisks almost never end, but this video must.

History

Europeana had its beginnings after a letter was jointly sent in April 2005 by Jacques Chirac, President of France, and the premiers of Germany, Spain, Italy, Poland and Hungary to the President of the European Commission, José Manuel Durão Barroso. It urged the creation of a virtual European library in order to make Europe's cultural heritage more accessible to everyone.[1][2]

The letter helped to give added support to work that the European Commission's Information Society and Media Directorate had already been conducting over the previous ten years, such as the Telematics for Libraries project. It also offered strong political support to the Directorate's strategy (i2010: communication on digital libraries), published in September 2005. This made clear the intention to create and support a European digital library, covering the whole European Union in order to encourage growth of the information society and related media industries.[1][3]

The first project that started the building of Europeana was the European Digital Library Network (EDLnet), whose role was to establish a prototype model for a user-focussed service, capable of working across national borders and across differing domains. The European Commission funded EDLnet from its eContentplus programme.[1]

The European Digital Library Network prototype was launched on 20 November 2008.[4][5] It initially provided access to 4.5 million digital objects, which was twice as many as initially intended, and received data contributions from over a thousand separate organisations, including many internationally renowned libraries, gallery and museum collections from many different European capital cities.[1]

The successor of EDLnet (Europeana version 1.0) began life in February 2009. It ran for 2.5 years and, by 2010, the initial prototype had developed into a full service, providing access to over 10 million digital records of cultural objects.[1][6][7] New features were added in 2011, including a translation tool and a function to expand searches onto other platforms, including Wikipedia.[1]

Function and description

Europeana contains digitalised museum collections.[8]

Europeana gives access to different types of content from different types of heritage institutions. The digital objects that users can find in Europeana are not stored on a central computer, but remain with the cultural institution and are hosted on their networks. Europeana collects contextual information – or metadata – about the items, including a small picture. Users search this contextual information. Once they find what they are looking for, if they want to access the full content of the item, they can click through to the original site that holds the content.[9][10]

Different types of cultural heritage organisations – libraries, museums, archives and audiovisual collections – catalogue their content in different ways and to different standards. Approaches also vary in different countries. To make the information searchable, it has to be mapped to a single common standard, known as the Europeana Semantic Elements, and based on Dublin Core. This metadata standard at present takes a lowest common denominator approach to the integration of different types of digital content. In 2010 the Europeana Data Model, a richer metadata standard, was introduced to help give users more and better information.[11][12]

Europeana accepts metadata about digital objects, it does not make any decisions about digitisation. The decision about which objects are digitised lies with the organisation that holds the material.[citation needed]

More than 3,000 institutions across Europe have contributed to Europeana, including the Rijksmuseum, the British Library and the Louvre.[13][14] Records of over 10 million cultural and scientific artefacts have been brought together on Europeana's platform, and are presented in a variety of ways relevant to modern users, such as smartphones or APIs.[11] In 2024 Europeana claims to give access to records of more than 50 million objects.

Strategy

In its Strategic Plan for 2011–2015,[15] which was published in January 2011, Europeana outlined four strategic tracks that would shape its further development:

  1. Aggregate – to build the open trusted source for European cultural and scientific heritage content;
  2. Facilitate – to support the cultural and scientific heritage sector through knowledge transfer, innovation and advocacy;
  3. Distribute – to make heritage available to users wherever they are, whenever they want it;
  4. Engage – to cultivate new ways for users to participate in their cultural and scientific heritage.

The subsequent strategy document is for the period 2015–2020.[16]

Organisation

The Europeana Foundation[17] is the governing body of the Europeana service. Its members are the presidents and chairs of European associations for cultural heritage and information associations.[citation needed]

The Foundation promotes collaboration between museums, archives, audiovisual collections and libraries so that users can have integrated access to their content through Europeana and other services.[citation needed]

The Foundation is incorporated under Dutch law as Stichting Europeana[18] and is housed within the Koninklijke Bibliotheek, the national library of the Netherlands. It provides a legal framework for the governance of Europeana, employing the staff, bidding for funding and enabling the sustainability of the service.

The executive director of the Europeana Foundation is Harry Verwayen, who was appointed in May 2018.[19]

The executive board is supported by the board of the Europeana Foundation, which is chaired by Martina Bagnoli sice In 2021.[20]

Europeana Network and events

Europeana has a network for cultural heritage professionals in Europe working in digitisation. Initially known as the Council of Content Providers and Aggregators (CCPA), it has been called the Europeana Network since December 2011.[21]

Europeana regularly runs events and conferences. Between 2011 and 2019, Europeana's annual flagship event took the form of the annual general meeting for the Europeana Network. Since 2020, the event has been an annual conference.

The event has been held online and in venues across Europe.

Year City Venue Reference
2011 Rotterdam Beurs-World Trade Center [22]
2012 Berlin Hamburger Bahnhof – Nationalgalerie der Gegenwart [23]
2013 Rotterdam De Doelen [24]
2014 Madrid Museo del Prado [25]
2015 Amsterdam Pakhuis de Zwijger [26]
2016 Riga National Library of Latvia [27]
2017 Milan Museo Nazionale Scienza e Tecnologia Leonardo da Vinci [28]
2018 Vienna Vienna Technical Museum [29]
2019 Lisbon Biblioteca Nacional de Portugal [30]
2020 Online n/a [31]
2021 Online n/a [32]
2022 The Hague and online Royal Library of the Netherlands [33]

Europeana projects

There are a number of projects – the Europeana Group – that are contributing technology solutions and content to Europeana.[34] These are run by different cultural heritage institutions, and are part-funded by the European Commission's eContentplus programme and the Information and Communications Technologies Policy Support Programme (ICT PSP).

The Europeana Group projects are:

  • 3D ICONS digitising archaeological monuments and buildings in 3D[35]
  • APEx – Archives Portal Europe Network of Excellence Project[36]
  • ASSETS aims to improve the usability of Europeana.
  • ATHENA aggregates museum content and promotes standards for museum digitisation and metadata.
  • AthenaPlus access to cultural heritage networks for Europeana
  • Biodiversity Heritage Library for Europe
  • CARARE aggregates content for the archaeology and architectural heritage[37]
  • Digitising Contemporary Art (DCA)[38]
  • DM2E stimulates the creation of new tools and services for re-use of Europeana data in the Digital Humanities[39]
  • ECLAP will build a large digital library of performing arts and UGC.[40]
  • EURO-Photo digitises photographs from news agencies.
  • Europeana 1914–1918 for the First World War centenary, including family histories collected in collaboration with the British Library, the National Library of Luxembourg and other institutions.[41][42][43]
  • Europeana Collections 1914-1918 which will make available 425,000 items related to the First World War for the First World War centenary. In January 2014, this material was combined[44] with the Europeana 1914-1918 and European Film Gateway First World War material.
  • Europeana Connect adds sound material to Europeana.
  • Europeana Awareness a best practice network to publicise Europeana at a political level.
  • Europeana Creative[45] stimulates the creative re-use of material added to Europeana.
  • Europeana Fashion[46] will bring more than 700,000 items of fashion-related content into Europeana.
  • European Film Gateway (EFG)[47] provides more than 600,000 films and film-related content to Europeana.
  • Europeana Libraries[48] will add over 5 million digital objects to Europeana from 19 of Europe's leading research and university libraries.
  • Europeana Local brings content from regional and local content holders.
  • Europeana Newspapers[49] adds records relating to 18 million newspaper pages[50] to Europeana;
  • Europeana Regia is digitising royal manuscripts from Medieval and Renaissance Europe; an exhibition of the manuscripts[51] is available
  • Europeana Sounds contributes audio material to Europeana.
  • Europeana Travel will bring material associated with travel, trade, tourism and migration into Europeana.
  • Europeana v1.0 is developing a fully functional Europeana website.
  • EUscreen contributes television material to Europeana.[52]
  • Heritage of People's Europe (HOPE) aims to improve access to digital social history collections.
  • JUDAICA Europeana looks at the Jewish contribution to Europe's cultural heritage.
  • Linked Heritage aims to add substantial new content from commercial and public sectors, and enrich Europeana's metadata with a "linked data" approach.
  • Musical Instrument Museums Online (MIMO)
  • Natural Europe connects the digital collections of natural history museums.
  • OpenUp! brings Europe's natural history heritage to Europeana
  • Partage Plus digitising and enabling Art Nouveau for Europeana
  • PATHS[53] Personalised Access To cultural Heritage Spaces
  • The European Library aggregates the content of national libraries.
  • thinkMOTION gathers content from the field of motion systems.

Europeana regularly run engagement projects where members of the public are invited to share their stories[54] relating to topics like World War I, migration, industrial heritage and / sport. These take place either online or at collection day events.

Financing

Europeana and the projects contributing content to Europeana.eu have been funded by the European Commission under eContentplus, the Information and Communications Technologies Policy Support Programme (ICT PSP) and similar programmes. To participate in a wide range of projects, which are only funded by the commission for 50–100% of the costs and do not include overheads, Europeana is also reliant for an element of its funding on Member States' ministries of culture and education.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f Open Source Technology: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications. USA: Information Resources Management Association (IGI Global). 2014. p. 150. ISBN 978-1-4666-7231-4. Retrieved 14 January 2020.
  2. ^ "Timeline of digitisation and online accessibility of cultural heritage" (23 July 2014). European Commission, Digital Agenda for Europe. The letter, written in French, was dated 28 April 2005 (see under that date in timeline): ec.europa.eu. Retrieved 2015-05-19.
  3. ^ European Commission (30 September 2005). Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions. i2010: Digital Libraries p. 3. Retrieved 2015-05-19.
  4. ^ "The Europeana platform". European Commission. Archived from the original on 15 December 2022. Retrieved 17 December 2022.
  5. ^ "Background". Europeana.eu. Archived from the original on 22 January 2011. Retrieved 10 March 2011. 2008 Europeana's prototype is launched on 20 November by Viviane Reding, European Commissioner for Information Society and Media, and the President of the Commission, José Manuel Barroso.
  6. ^ Oury, Antoine (13 January 2020). "Les documents du domaine public les plus vus sur Europeana". actualitte.com (in French). Retrieved 14 January 2020.
  7. ^ "Europeana Version 1 project". Europeana Foundation. Archived from the original on 10 July 2012. Retrieved 25 June 2012.
  8. ^ "New Europeana Collections site brings people closer to culture". Digital Single Market. European Commission. 22 January 2016. Retrieved 10 May 2016.
  9. ^ "EUROPEANA – Europe's Digital Library: Frequently Asked Questions". European Commission's Press corner. Retrieved 20 January 2023. The digital objects that users can find on Europeana are not stored on a central computer, but remain with the cultural institution and are hosted on their network. Europeana collects contextual information about the items, including a small picture. Users will search this contextual information. Once they find what they are looking for, a simple click provides them with access to the full content – inviting them to read a book, play a video or listen to an audio recording that is stored on the servers of the respective content contributing institutions
  10. ^ "The Europeana Media Policy". Europeana Pro. Retrieved 20 January 2023.
  11. ^ a b Innocenti, Dr Perla (2014). Migrating Heritage: Experiences of Cultural Networks and Cultural Dialogue in Europe. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. pp. 87–91. ISBN 978-1-4724-2281-1. Retrieved 14 January 2020.
  12. ^ "Europeana Data Model Documentation". pro.europeana. Europeana. Retrieved 10 May 2016.
  13. ^ "Why become a data provider?". pro.europeana. Europeana. Retrieved 10 May 2016.
  14. ^ List of partners and contributors List of partners and contributors Archived 23 April 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Europeana.eu. Accessed 2 February 2011.
  15. ^ "Strategic Plan 2011–2015". Europeana.eu. Archived from the original on 21 January 2011. Retrieved 10 March 2011.
  16. ^ "Europeana Strategy 2015-2020". strategy2020.europeana.eu. Europeana. Archived from the original on 30 January 2017. Retrieved 10 May 2016.
  17. ^ "The Europeana Foundation". Pro.europeana.eu. Archived from the original on 6 April 2013. Retrieved 25 June 2012.
  18. ^ Stichting Europeana, Kamer van Koophandel (Chamber of Commerce, Netherlands) (KvK) number 27307531, located at Prins Willem-Alexanderhof 5, 's-Gravenhage (The Hague).
  19. ^ "Europeana Foundation appoints new Executive Director". Pro.europeana.eu. Retrieved 16 December 2022.
  20. ^ "Martina Bagnoli elected to be Chair of the Europeana Foundation". Europeana Pro. Retrieved 16 December 2021.
  21. ^ "Europeana Network coming of age". Europeana Pro. Retrieved 15 December 2022.
  22. ^ "CCPA Annual General Meeting 2011, Kop van Zuid". Europa Nu. Retrieved 15 December 2022.
  23. ^ "Berlin: Second Annual General Meeting (AGM) of the Europeana Network". Linked Heritage. 18 December 2013. Retrieved 15 December 2022.
  24. ^ "Europeana AGM 2013". Flickr. 5 December 2013. Retrieved 15 December 2022.
  25. ^ "Save the date for the Europeana Network AGM 2014!". europeana-photography.eu. 14 February 2018. Retrieved 15 December 2022.
  26. ^ "Highlights of the Europeana AGM 2015". Beeld en Geluid. 16 November 2015. Retrieved 15 December 2022.
  27. ^ "Europeana Network Annual General Meeting 2016". Digital meets Heritage. Retrieved 15 December 2022.
  28. ^ "The Digital Heritage Lab attended the General Assembly Meeting of Europeana in Milan, Italy". VIMM+. 14 December 2017. Retrieved 15 December 2022.
  29. ^ ""Building Communities" – Europeana AGM 2018". Digital meets Culture. Retrieved 15 December 2022.
  30. ^ ""2019 Europeana AGM" in Portugal". east meets west in Greece. 22 May 2020. Retrieved 15 December 2022.
  31. ^ "Explore our Europeana 2020 programme". Europeana Pro. Retrieved 15 December 2022.
  32. ^ "Europeana 2021". European Commission. 29 October 2021. Retrieved 15 December 2022.
  33. ^ "Europeana 2022". Time Machine Organisation. 28 September 2022. Retrieved 15 December 2022.
  34. ^ "Europeana Group". Archived from the original on 28 December 2009. Retrieved 10 March 2011.
  35. ^ "3D ICONS project". 3D ICONS project. 1 February 2010. Retrieved 13 April 2013.
  36. ^ "archivesportaleurope.net". Retrieved 1 October 2014.
  37. ^ "Connecting ARchaeology and ARchitecture in Europeana project". CARARE project. 1 February 2010. Retrieved 13 April 2013.
  38. ^ "Digitising Contemporary Art (DCA) project". DCA Project. 1 January 2011. Retrieved 25 June 2012.
  39. ^ "DM2E Project". DM2E Project. Archived from the original on 29 August 2018. Retrieved 6 November 2012.
  40. ^ "e-Library for Performing Arts (ECLAP)". ECLAP Project. Archived from the original on 7 March 2011. Retrieved 25 June 2012.
  41. ^ "Europeana 1914–1918". Europeana1914-1918.eu. Retrieved 5 December 2012.
  42. ^ "Europeana project aims to save more forgotten First World War family histories". Culture24. 24 July 2014. Retrieved 10 August 2014.
  43. ^ "World War I history at your fingertips". Luxemburger Wort. 30 July 2014. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 10 August 2014.
  44. ^ "Europeana 1914-1918 – untold stories & official histories of WW1". Europeana 1914-1918.
  45. ^ "Europeana Creative". Europeana Creative.
  46. ^ "Europeana Fashion". Europeana Fashion.
  47. ^ "European Film Gateway". Retrieved 2013-07-19
  48. ^ "Europeana Libraries".
  49. ^ "Europeana Newspapers".
  50. ^ "The European Library". theeuropeanlibrary.org.
  51. ^ "Manuscripts and Princes in Medieval and Renaissance Europe". theeuropeanlibrary.org.
  52. ^ "EUScreen Project". EUScreen Project. Retrieved 25 June 2012.
  53. ^ "Personalised Access to Cultural Heritage Spaces (PATHS) project". PATHS project. Archived from the original on 6 June 2014. Retrieved 25 June 2012.
  54. ^ "Europeana".

Further reading

External links

Media related to Europeana at Wikimedia Commons

This page was last edited on 17 April 2024, at 01:39
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