The mysteries remain,
I keep the same
cycle of seed-time
and of sun and rain;
Demeter in the grass,
I multiply,
renew and bless
Iacchus in the vine;
I hold the law,
I keep the mysteries true,
the first of these
to name the living, dead;
I am red wine and bread.
I keep the law,
I hold the mysteries true,
I am the vine,
the branches, you
and you.
—H.D.
"The Mysteries: Renaissance Choros",[2] or "The Mysteries",[3] is a poem by American poet H.D. first published in 1931, as the concluding poem of her poetry anthology Red Roses for Bronze.[4] Inspired by the Eleusinian Mysteries,[5] the poem concerns a ritual meant to resurrect Adonis.[6]
Summary
Throughout the poem, which is "short lined and diffuse",[3] the poet employs repetition, for instance in Section IV, where the term "no man" appears several times, or in Section V, where the word behold is mentioned three consecutive times and twice at another point.[7]
The opening lines of "The Mysteries: Renaissance Choros" allude to the approaching world war: "Dark / days are past / and darker days draw near; / darkness on this side, / darkness over there".[8] A direct reference to the words of Jesus in the Gospel of Mark (4:39) appears further down: "Peace / be still."[9] Jesus is called a "magician" in the second part of "The Mysteries", recalling H.D.'s earlier poem "Magician" (1933), which also refers to Christ.[10] The rest of the poem is replete with other biblical allusions, as well as references to "pagan mystery cults".[9] The poem ends with "an image of new life emerging from death."[11]
Analysis
Louis Lohr Martz suggests that the use of the word "renaissance" in the title of the poem hints at a "new era of culture and a time for personal rebirth".[9] Helen Sword describes the poem's message as "heterodox"[12] and compares the poem with "Brot und Wein" by German poet Friedrich Hölderlin.[5] In arguing that the poem is about "the alliance of Christian and pagan myth",[13] she offers that the imagery of bread and wine in the poem refer not only to the body and blood of Christ, but also that of Demeter and Dionysus (Bacchus).[5] Similarly, she likens Demeter's fertility rites to the Christian doctrine of resurrection.[5] Rosamond Rosenmeier claims that the poem relates to "female and maternal power" and the Holy Spirit.[14] According to Diana Collecott, the poem focuses on "the seasonal cycle of death and rebirth."[15] Noting that H.D. would remain "publicly silent until The Walls Do Not Fall in 1944", Gary Dean Burnett concludes that the poem marks "a small death through which the mysterious workings of another kind of life, another kind of work, could still be heard."[16]
Legacy
Martz praised the work as "controlled and successful",[9] while Bridget Kendall of the BBC opined that out of all the works inspired by the Eleusinian Mysteries, H.D.'s poem was her favourite.[17] The Mysteries Remain (1982) by David Sampson, which has four movements (The Mysteries Remain; Cycles of Seed-Time; Demeter in the Grass; and Iacchus in the Vine), is based on H.D.'s poem.[18]
References
Citations
- ^ Doolittle 1986, p. 305.
- ^ Morris 1986, p. 511.
- ^ a b Sword 1995, p. 144.
- ^ Holland 1989, p. 8.
- ^ a b c d Sword 1995, p. 147.
- ^ Seed 1995, p. 17.
- ^ Engel 1969, p. 518.
- ^ Burnett 1989, p. 142.
- ^ a b c d Martz 1998, p. 87.
- ^ Martz 1998, p. 88.
- ^ Sword 2002, p. 121.
- ^ Sword 2002, p. 120.
- ^ Sword 2002, p. 125.
- ^ Rosenmeier 1992, p. 80.
- ^ Collecott 1999, p. 208.
- ^ Burnett 1989, p. 138.
- ^ "Eleusinian Mysteries: Secret ceremonies promising happiness". BBC. 28 January 2021. Retrieved 7 February 2022.
- ^ Laster 2005, p. 183.
Bibliography
- Burnett, Gary Dean (1989). H.D. Between Image and Epic: The Mysteries of Her Poetics. UMI Research Press. ISBN 083572042X.
- Collecott, Diana (1999). H.D. and Sapphic Modernism 1910–1950. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521550789.
- Doolittle, Hilda (1986). Louis Lohr Martz (ed.). Collected Poems 1912–1944. New Directions Publishing. ISBN 9780811223560.
- Engel, Bernard F. (1969). "H. D.: Poems That Matter and Dilutations". Contemporary Literature. 10 (4): 507–522. doi:10.2307/1207693. JSTOR 1207693.
- Holland, Norman N. (1989). Poems in Persons: An Introduction to the Psychoanalysis of Literature. Columbia University Press. ISBN 9780231923347.
- Laster, James (2005). Catalogue of Music for Organ and Instruments. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 9780810852990.
- Martz, Louis Lohr (1998). Many Gods and Many Voices: The Role of the Prophet in English and American Modernism. University of Missouri Press. ISBN 9780826211484.
- Morris, Adalaide (1986). "A Relay of Power and of Peace: H. D. and the Spirit of the Gift". Contemporary Literature. 27 (4): 493–524. doi:10.2307/1208493. JSTOR 1208493.
- Rosenmeier, Rosamond (1992). ""Fragrant Vine / From Barren Wood": H. D.'s Use of the Moravian Wounds Litany". Christianity and Literature. 42 (1): 69–84. doi:10.1177/014833319204200106. JSTOR 44312136.
- Seed, David (1995). "H.D. (Hilda Doolittle)". In Brian Docherty; Clive Bloom (eds.). American Poetry: The Modernist Ideal. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 10–27. ISBN 9781349240579.
- Sword, Helen (1995). Engendering Inspiration: Visionary Strategies in Rilke, Lawrence, and H.D. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 9780472105946.
- Sword, Helen (2002). Ghostwriting Modernism. Cornell University Press. ISBN 9781501717666.
This page was last edited on 8 April 2023, at 04:24