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List of strawberry diseases

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article is a list of diseases of strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa).

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Transcription

Voiceover: Let's quickly go over the symptoms and signs that you see in Kawasaki disease and we'll go ahead and do that by taking a look at this little Kawasaki man that I'm drawing right here. Patients with Kawasaki disease have red eyes which is known as conjunctivitis. Conjunctivitis. Just means red eyes. Patients with Kawasaki disease may also have a rash on their body. This rash can be found on their back, on their chest, on their abdomen. Really somewhere central on their body. Patients may also get something known as adenopathy. Adenopathy is just lymph nodes swelling. In Kawasaki disease, the lymph nodes that are particularly swollen are the cervical lymph nodes. Cervical just means neck. Lymph nodes in the neck are swollen. Patients are sometimes known to have a strawberry tongue and the tongue gets bright red and very swollen with some bumps on it. It kind of looks like a strawberry. Patients are also noted to have what's known as desquamation of the hands and the feet. The hands and the feet may have what's known as desquamation. Desquamation just means peeling. The squamous epithelium, the cells that line the skin are falling off. It kind of peels off. You might see this peeling and it usually starts underneath the nailbeds and proceeds from there. Of course, the cardinal symptom of Kawasaki disease is a fever. The patient appears to be burning up. His fever has been lasting for over five days. When I'm driving my Kawasaki motorcycle I'm actually not a very good driver so when I drive it I'm actually likely to CRASH and BURN. This mnemonic will help you remember Kawasaki disease because these are the symptoms that you see in Kawasaki disease. Coincidentally, these symptoms allow you to reach the diagnosis. Patients with at least four out of five symptoms along with the fever that's lasted for over five days can be diagnosed with Kawasaki disease. Just because they have these CRASH symptoms and a fever that's lasted over five days does not necessarily mean this is Kawasaki disease. Let me give you a specific example. Let's take the example of streptococcal infections. Streptococcus is a type of bacteria and kids as you know are very susceptible to bacterias and viruses because they're always playing around and getting dirty, and touching different things that they shouldn't. Now strep throat also known as streptococcal pharyngitis. Pharyngitis is inflammation in the throat or in the pharynx usually just has lymph node swelling and a sore throat with really no fever. However, this can proceed to what's known as Scarlet fever. Now Scarlet fever not only has lymph node swelling but you can also get a rash on the chest. you can have a strawberry tongue, you can definitely get a fever and towards the end of the illness as it's going away, Scarlet fever can give you peeling on the hands and the feet. This is already maybe three to four symptoms. Streptococcal infection leading to Scarlet fever helps you understand why trying to look for four symptoms is very important to try to diagnose Kawasaki disease. It also illustrates the importance of looking for other diseases such as streptococcus and ruling them out before you can diagnose Kawasaki disease. Now there's also a more tricky form of Kawasaki disease that is known as atypical or incomplete Kawasaki disease. Atypical or incomplete Kawasaki disease is when you have three or less of these classical symptoms of Kawasaki disease. Now with high clinical suspicion of atypical or incomplete Kawasaki disease, the next step would be to get an ESR or a CRP. ESR stands for erythrocyte sedimentation rate and CRP stands for C-reactive protein. These names themselves are not particularly important to remember. A lot of times they're just referred to as ESR or CRP in the clinic. What's important is that these are signs of inflammation. Kawasaki disease is a vasculitis which means vessel inflammation. Searching for inflammation gives more credence to the idea that this could be Kawasaki disease. ESR should be elevated to above 40 mm per hour and CRP will be elevated above 3 mg/dL. Elevation of ESR or CRP means likely inflammation. To confirm this the next step is to get supplemental labs. These may include labs such as elevated ALT in the blood, elevated platelets in the blood, elevated white blood cells in either the blood or the urine or decreased albumin. Now I wouldn't get too bogged down with these supplemental labs. The important thing to remember is that if you have greater than or equal to three of these supplemental labs, you can diagnose Kawasaki disease and you'll treat the patient. If you have less than three supplemental labs then you're gonna need to take a look at the heart using a heart ultrasound. This heart ultrasound is also known as an echocardiogram. It allows physicians and practitioners to view the heart. Now why are we taking a look at the heart in this disease? In Kawasaki disease it's a vasculitis that can actually affect the blood vessels of the heart. Getting that ultrasound of the heart is very important to make sure that the patient doesn't have more severe symptoms of Kawasaki disease. What will you see with the heart ultrasound also known as an echocardiogram? Let's see, what do we have in the heart? First of all we have blood vessels which we were just talking about. We also have valves. We have the heart muscle itself which allows the heart to contract. Lastly around the heart we have a thin sac that surrounds it. This is called the pericardial sac. What is this used for? The pericardial sac is actually filled with a fluid and this fluid that surrounds the heart actually keeps it lubricated. It's kind of like keeping a machine lubricated so that the parts don't cause too much friction and cause damage to the parts. The peridcardial sac holds this fluid that's important to keep the heart functioning without friction. Our echo will allow us to see if there's any damage to these parts of the heart. First of all damage to blood vessel walls will cause it to weaken and because there's too much pressure on the inside it bulges out. This bulging of a weakened blood vessel is called an aneurysm and an echocardiogram can pick this up. Blood vessels a lot larger in their diameter than they should be. Now remember along with aneurysms we have blood vessel thrombosis. What is thrombosis? The damage to these blood vessels we have clots forming and these clots block blood from flowing forward through the heart. Without blood heart cells and heart muscle can die. Now let me back up just for a second. Remember that blood flows forward through valves however, when heart valves are damaged you can actually get back flow through the heart. This back flow is known as regurgitation or regurgitant flow. It's essentially a sign that valves are faulty and this can be caused by damage to blood vessels because muscles that keep the valve working in one direction are damaged. Another abnormal finding we can see is decreased contractility or in other words decreased ability for the heart to pump effectively. Remember these blood vessel thrombosis or clots in the heart? The clots are preventing blood flow from getting through to some of the heart muscle. This heart muscle may actually die because it's not getting the blood it needs to survive. This is also known as a myocardial infarction. This is a very severe complication we're hoping to avoid because there's no fixing heart muscle once it's damaged. Finally the most severe finding we can see with an echocardiogram is rupture of blood vessels. If these aneurysms get so weak that the blood vessel can no longer keep the blood in it it will rupture and spill out of the heart. When this happens, blood will pool and collect in the pericardial sac. A collection of fluid is also known as an effusion. You may actually hear the term pericardial effusion. That just means there's fluid that's around the heart and in this case, the fluid is blood. Rupture's another very severe consequence of Kawasaki disease. If a patient has any of these abnormalities on echocardiogram, to prevent further complications we need to look into the treatment of Kawasaki disease. Once you reach the diagnosis of Kawasaki disease there are two treatments. By inactivating platelets that cause clots. We decrease inflammation. The decrease of clot formation is extremely important because going back up here, remember we have a lot of clots being formed and this can lead to the severe heart attack or myocardial infarction. Preventing clot formation can prevent the irreparable damage of a heart attack. Next you want to further stop the disease process by giving IVIG. IVIG stands for intravenous. That's just how the medication is delivered. Immunoglobulins. Immunoglobulins are just antibodies. Those little Y-shaped proteins that are believed to cause all these damaging Kawasaki disease. Wait a second, why am I giving more antibodies? Remember the Kawasaki disease antibodies are the ones that are targeting the blood vessel. These guys are the bad ones that are causing damage. All the rest of these ones, these greens ones that I've drawn here are fine. This is the IVIG that we're giving. Why does giving more antibodies that are not the damaging antibodies helpful in the treatment of this disease? The answer to that is not quite known but we have some ideas. The first ideas is that the white blood cells and the immune system are overwhelmed by all of these other antibodies. They spend all their time attaching to these and these antibodies are not activated. They're not going to cause any damage. It prevents the white blood cells from attaching to these activated Kawasaki antibodies. Another thought is that these antibodies are directly deactivating all the bad antibodies. Maybe the good antibodies, the IVIG that you're giving are somehow blocking the antibodies that are causing vasculitis. Another thought is that the white blood cells sends so many antibodies. They say, wait a second, this is too much. They decrease their responsiveness and give more of an anti-immune effect. Lastly, another thought is that a large amount of antibodies increases the removal of all antibodies in the system. This leads to clearance of all of these. The good antibodies and the bad ones. Whatever the case, IVIG is known to decrease the inflammatory effects that we see in Kawasaki disease. It's very important to treat with these before the heart gets damaged.

Bacterial diseases

Bacterial diseases
Angular leaf spot Xanthomonas fragariae
Bacterial wilt Pseudomonas solanacearum
Cauliflower disease (complex) Rhodococcus fascians = Corynebacterium fascians

Oomycete diseases

Oomycete diseases
Downy mildew Peronospora potentillae = Peronospora fragariae

Fungal diseases

older stadium of Mycosphaerella fragariae on strawberry
Botrytis cinerea on strawberry
Powdery mildew on strawberry
Fungal diseases
Alternaria fruit rot

Alternaria tenuissima

Anther and pistil blight

Rhizoctonia fragariae
Ceratobasidium sp. [teleomorph]

Anthracnose and anthracnose fruit rot and black spot[1]

Colletotrichum acutatum species complex[2]

Colletotrichum gloeosporioides species complex[3]

Glomerella cingulata [teleomorph] (archaic)
Gloeosporium spp. (archaic)

Armillaria crown and root rot (shoestring crown and root rot)

Armillaria mellea
Rhizomorpha subcorticalis [anamorph]

Black leaf spot Alternaria alternata f.sp. fragariae

Colletotrichum gloeosporioides
= Colletotrichum fragariae

Black root rot (disease complex)

Rhizoctonia fragariae
Ceratobasidium [teleomorph] sp.
Coniothyrium fuckelii
Diapleella coniothyrium [teleomorph]
= Leptosphaeria coniothyrium
Hainesia lythri
Discohainesia oenotherae [teleomorph]
Idriella lunata
Pyrenochaeta sp.
Pythium spp.
Pythium ultimum

Cercospora leaf spot

Cercospora fragariae
Cercospora vexans

Charcoal rot

Macrophomina phaseolina
= Botryodiplodia phaseoli

Common leaf spot

Mycosphaerella fragariae
Ramularia brunnea [anamorph]

Coniothyrium diseases

Coniothyrium fuckelii
Coniella fragariae
= Coniothyrium fragariae

Dematophora crown and root rot (white root rot)

Rosellinia necatrix
Dematophora necatrix [anamorph]

Diplodina rot (leaf and stalk rot)

Phoma lycopersici
= Diplodina lycopersici
Didymella lycopersici [teleomorph]

Fruit rots (in addition to those appearing elsewhere in this listing)

Aspergillus niger
Cladosporium spp.
Mucor mucedo
Mucor hiemalis
Mucor hiemalis f. silvaticus
Mucor piriformis
Penicillium aurantiogriseum
= Penicillium cyclopium
Penicillium expansum
Penicillium glabrum
= Penicillium frequentans
Penicillium purpurogenum

Byssochlamys rot

Byssochlamys fulva
Paecilomyces fulvus [anamorph]

Brown cap

Foliar pathogens which attack cap-drying

Fruit blotch

Fusarium sambucinum Gibberella pulicaris[teleomorph]
Penicillium purpurogenum
Peronospora potentillae
Sphaeropsis malorum
Botryosphaeria obtusa [teleomorph]
= Physalospora obtusa
Sclerotium rolfsii
Athelia rolfsii [teleomorph]
= Corticium rolfsii
Schizoparme straminea
Coniella castaneicola [anamorph]
= Pilidiella quercicola

Gray mold leaf blight and dry crown rot

Botrytis cinerea
Botryotinia fuckeliana (teleomorph)

Hainesia leaf spot

Hainesia lythri

Hard brown rot

Rhizoctonia solani Thanatephorus cucumeris [teleomorph]
Macrophomina phaseolina
= Macrophomina phaseoli
= Rhizoctonia bataticola

Leaf blotch

Gnomonia comari
Zythia fragariae [anamorph]
Gnomonia fragariae

Leaf rust

Phragmidium potentillae
= Frommea obtusa

Leaf scorch

Diplocarpon earlianum
Marssonina fragariae [anamorph]
= Marssonina potentillae

Leather rot

Phytophthora cactorum
Phytophthora citricola
Phytophthora citrophthora
Phytophthora nicotianae
= Phytophthora parasitica

Lilac soft rot

Pythium sp.

Pestalotia fruit rot

Pestalotia laurocerasi
Pestalotia longisetula

Leaf blight

Phomopsis obscurans
= Dendrophoma obscurans
Neopestalotiopsis clavispora[citation needed]

Postharvest rots

Botrytis cinerea
Mucor mucedo
Pichia membranifaciens
Pichia subpelliculosa
= Hansenula subpelliculosa
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Saccharomyces kluyveri
Zygosaccharomyces bailii
= Saccharomyces bailii
Zygosaccharomyces florentinus
= Saccharomyces florentinus

Powdery mildew Sphaerotheca macularis

= Sphaerotheca humuli

Phytophthora crown and root rot

Phytophthora sp.
Phytophthora cactorum
Phytophthora citricola
Phytophthora citrophthora
Phytophthora megasperma
Phytophthora nicotianae var. parasitica

Other root rots
Botrytis crown rot

Botrytis cinerea

Gray sterile fungus root rot

Phoma terrestris
= Pyrenochaeta terrestris

Idriella root rot

Idriella lunata

Macrophomina root rot

Macrophomina phaseolina

Olpidium root infection

Olpidium brassicae

Synchytrium root gall

Synchytrium fragariae

Purple leaf spot

Mycosphaerella louisianae

Red stele

Phytophthora fragariae

Rhizoctonia bud and crown rot, leaf blight, web blight, fruit rot

Rhizoctonia solani
Rhizoctonia fragariae

Rhizopus rot (leak)

Rhizopus stolonifer

Sclerotinia crown and fruit rot

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum

Septoria hard rot and leaf spot

Septoria fragariae
= Septogloeum potentillae
Septoria aciculosa
Septoria fragariaecola

Stunt (Pythium root rot)

Pythium ultimum
Pythium spp.
Pythium acanthicum
Pythium debaryanum
Pythium dissotocum
Pythium hypogynum
Pythium irregulare
Pythium middletonii
= Pythium proliferum
Pythium myriotylum
Pythium perniciosum
Pythium rostratum
Pythium sylvaticum

Southern blight (Sclerotium rot)

Sclerotium rolfsii

Stem-end rot

Gnomonia comari

Tan-brown rot (of fruit) Pilidium lythri (previously known as Pilidium concavum)

Discohainesia oenotherae
Hainesia lythri
= Patellina fragariae [anamorph]

Verticillium wilt

Verticillium albo-atrum
Verticillium dahliae

Miscellaneous diseases and disorders

Miscellaneous diseases and disorders
Pith necrosis and crown death Unknown
Rapid death Unknown, resembles P. cactorum
Slime molds Diachea leucopodia

Physarum cinereum

Nematodes, parasitic

Nematodes, parasitic
Bulb and stem

Ditylenchus dipsaci

Dagger

Xiphenema spp.

Dagger, American

Xiphenema americanum

Lesion

Pratylenchus coffeae
Pratylenchus penetrans
Pratylenchus pratensis
Pratylenchus scribneri

Root-knot

Meloidogyne spp.
Meloidogyne hapla

Spring dwarf (crimp) or foliar nematodes

Aphelenchoides fragariae
Aphelenchoides ritzemabosi

Sting

Belonolaimus longicaudatus
Belonolaimus gracilis

Summer dwarf (crimp)

Aphelenchoides besseyi

Phytoplasma, Virus and virus-like diseases

Virus and virus-like diseases
Aphid-transmitted
Strawberry chlorotic fleck Strawberry chlorotic fleck (graft-transmissible agent of unknown relationship)
Strawberry crinkle Strawberry crinkle virus (SCV) (cytoplasmic rhabdovirus)
Strawberry latent C virus in Fragaria Strawberry latent C virus (SLCV) (nuclear rhabdovirus)
Strawberry mild yellow-edge Strawberry mild yellow-edge virus (SMYEV) (plus an unnamed potexvirus)
Strawberry mottle Strawberry mottle virus (SMV) (Relationship unknown)
Strawberry pseudo mild yellow-edge Strawberry pseudo mild yellow-edge virus (SPMYEV) (carlavirus)
Strawberry vein banding Strawberry vein banding virus (SVBV) (caulimovirus)
Leafhopper-transmitted phytoplasma and rickettsia-like agents (vectors known or probable):
Aster yellows Aster yellows phytoplasma
Maladie du bord jaune phytoplasma
Strawberry green petal Strawberry green petal phytoplasma
Strawberry lethal decline Strawberry lethal decline phytoplasma
Strawberry multiplier plant Strawberry Multiplier MLO
Strawberry mycoplasma yellows disease Strawberry yellows phytoplasma
Strawberry rickettsia yellows disease Strawberry yellows rickettsia-like organism (SYRLO)
Strawberry witches'-broom Strawberry witches'-broom MLO
Nematode-transmitted
Arabis mosaic virus Arabis mosaic virus (ArMV) (nepovirus)
Raspberry ringspot virus Raspberry ringspot virus (nepovirus)
Strawberry latent ringspot virus Strawberry latent ringspot virus (SLRV) (nepovirus)
Tomato black ring virus Tomato black ring virus (TomBRV) (nepovirus)
Tomato ringspot virus Tomato ringspot virus (TomRSV) (nepovirus)
Fungus-transmitted
Tobacco necrosis virus in Fragaria vesca Tobacco necrosis virus (TNV) (necrovirus)
Pollen-transmitted
Strawberry pallidosis Strawberry pallidosis (graft- and pollen-transmissible agent of unknown relationship)
Thrips-transmitted
Strawberry necrotic shock Tobacco streak virus, strawberry strain (TSV-SNS) (Ilarvirus)
Vectors unknown
Strawberry leafroll Strawberry leafroll (graft-transmissible agent(s) of unknown relationship
Strawberry feather-leaf Strawberry feather-leaf (graft-transmissible agent of unknown relationship
Non-graft transmissible virus-like disease
Strawberry June yellows Genetically transmitted disorder of unknown cause

See also

References

  1. ^ Dowling, Madeline; Peres, Natalia; Villani, Sara; Schnabel, Guido (2020). "Managing Colletotrichum on Fruit Crops: A "Complex" Challenge". Plant Disease. 104 (9): 2301–2316. doi:10.1094/PDIS-11-19-2378-FE. ISSN 0191-2917. PMID 32689886. S2CID 219479598.
  2. ^ Damm, U.; Cannon, P. F.; Woudenberg, J. H. C.; Crous, P. W. (2012). "The Colletotrichum acutatum species complex". Studies in Mycology. complex species or species complexes?. 73: 37–113. doi:10.3114/sim0010. ISSN 0166-0616. PMC 3458416. PMID 23136458.
  3. ^ Weir, B. S.; Johnston, P. R.; Damm, U. (2012). "The Colletotrichum gloeosporioides species complex". Studies in Mycology. complex species or species complexes?. 73: 115–180. doi:10.3114/sim0011. ISSN 0166-0616. PMC 3458417. PMID 23136459.
This page was last edited on 14 August 2023, at 10:44
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