Karluk languages

Karluk
Qarluq, Southeastern Turkic, Turkestan Turkic
Geographic distribution	Central Asia
Linguistic classification	Turkic Common Turkic Karluk
Early forms	Middle Turkic Karakhanid Khorezmian Chagatai
Subdivisions	Western Karluk (Uzbek) Eastern Karluk
Glottolog	`uygh1241`
Uzbek Uyghur Ili

The Karluk or Qarluq languages are a sub-branch of the Turkic language family that developed from the varieties once spoken by Karluks.^[1]

Many Middle Turkic works were written in these languages. The language of the Kara-Khanid Khanate was known as Turki, Ferghani, Kashgari or Khaqani. The language of the Chagatai Khanate was the Chagatai language.

Classification

Uzbek – spoken by the Uzbeks; approximately 44 million speakers ^[3]
Uyghur – spoken by the Uyghurs; approximately 8–11 million speakers ^[4]
Ili Turki – moribund language spoken by Ili Turkis, who are legally recognized as a subgroup of Uzbeks; 120 speakers and decreasing (1980)
Chagatai – extinct language which was once widely spoken in Central Asia and remained the shared literary language there until the early 20th century.
Karakhanid – literary language of the Kara-Khanid Khanate that is considered a standard form of Middle Turkic.^[5]
Khorezmian – literary language of the Golden Horde that is considered a preliminary stage of the Chagatai language.

Proto-Turkic	Common Turkic	Karluk	Western	Uzbek
			Eastern	Uyghur Ili Turki Äynu
			Old	Chagatai † Khorezmian † Karakhanid †

Glottolog v.5.0 refers to the Karluk languages as "Turkestan Turkic" and classifies them as follows:^[6]

Turkestan

Chagatai

Modern Turkestan

Uyghuric

Uzbek

^ Austin, Peter (2008). One Thousand Languages: Living, Endangered, and Lost. University of California Press. p. 145. ISBN 978-0-520-25560-9.
^ McChesney, R. D. (14 July 2014). Waqf in Central Asia: Four Hundred Years in the History of a Muslim Shrine, 1480-1889. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-1-4008-6196-5.
^ Uzbek at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) Northern at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) Southern at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
^ "Uyghur". Ethnologue. Retrieved 7 December 2022.
^ Glottlog 5.0 places this with Old Turkic.
^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Karluk languages". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.

Eastern	Ili Turki Karakhanid Chagatai Khorezmian Tor Tajik Uyghur Khoton Lop
Western	Uzbek Southern Uzbek

Bulgar	Bashkir Tatar Old Tatar
Cuman	Armeno-Kipchak Crimean Tatar Cuman Karachay-Balkar Karaim Krymchak Kumyk Mamluk-Kipchak Urum
Kyrgyz	Fergana Kipchak Kyrgyz Southern Altai Teleut Siberian Tatar Baraba Tom
Nogai	Dobrujan Tatar <i>Old Crimean Tatar</i> Karakalpak Kazakh Nogai Siberian Tatar Tobol-Irtysh

Eastern	Khorasani Turkic Turkmen
Southern	Afshari Chaharmahali Turkic Qashqai Sonqori
Western	Azerbaijani North Azerbaijani South Azerbaijani Ajem-Turkic Balkan Gagauz Gagauz Karapapakh Pecheneg Turkish Old Anatolian Turkish Ottoman Turkish