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Prince Sobur

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Story of Prince Sobur is an Indian fairy tale. It tells the story of a princess who summons into her room a prince named Sobur (Arabic: "Patience"), or variations thereof, by the use of a magical fan.[1] The story contains similarities to the European (French) fairy tale The Blue Bird, and variants have been collected from South Asia (India and Pakistan) and in Eastern Africa.

Summary

In a version of the story collected from by Lal Behari Dey from Bengal with the title The Story of Prince Sobur, the story begins with a question of the father (a merchant, in this) to his seven daughters: "By whose fortune do they get their living?". The youngest answers that her living is by her own fortune. Her father expels her from home and she has to live in the jungle. After a while, the seventh daughter becomes rich and shares her wealth with her father. The merchant has to travel abroad, but his ship does not move. He then remembers he forgot to ask his seventh daughter what to bring her. He does and she says: "Sobur" ("wait"). He takes it to mean a thing named Sobur, and goes on his journey. In the foreign country, whose prince is called Sobur, the prince gives the merchant a box with a magical fan and a looking glass, telling him the box contains the "Sobur". The merchant returns and gives his daughter the box. She opens it a few days later and fans herself with the fan. By doing so, Prince Sobur teleports into her room. They fall in love and agree to marry each other. On the wedding day, her sisters prepare the nuptial bed with glass powder from broken bottles. When Sobur lies down in bed, he becomes gravelly injured and is rushed back to his native country. His wife decides to return with him, by donning the disguise of a Sannyasi. On her wanderings, she rests by a tree where a pair of birds, Bihangama and Bihangami, has their nest. She protects their nest by killing a snake and they, in gratitude, reveal how she can cure her prince. The birds agree to take her there faster than by going on foot. At the end of the tale, she cures prince Sobur and he forgives his sisters-in-law.[2]

Variants

Asia

Variants of the tale are reported by professor Lee Haring to exist in Bengal and Afghanistan.[3]

India

According to scholar A. K. Ramanujan, tale type ATU 432, "The Prince as Bird", is reported in "over 8 Indian variants", including Bengali, Hindi and Kannada.[4]

In an Indian variant collected by Maive Stokes with the name The Fan Prince, the tale begins with a question of a king to his seven daughters: Who gives them food? The six elders answer that it is him; the youngest that it is God. The seventh daughter is expelled from home and has to fend for herself in the jungle. After an adventure, they reconcile. One day, he has to travel abroad and asks his daughters what presents they want: the six elders for silk dresses and jewels, and the youngest simply said "Sabr" ("wait"). Her father takes notice of the strange declaration, but promises to look for this "Sabr". He buys the material wishes for his daughters in the foreign country, but still hasn't found "Sabr". Curiously, the men at the bazar say their king's son is called Sabr. The first king visits Prince Sabr, explains the story and receives from the prince a box that is to be given to the seventh princess. The king returns home and gives the box to his daughter. After a month she opens it: inside a fan, which she uses and suddenly Prince Sabr himself appears before her. They agree to marry each other, and her father consents. On their wedding day, the princess's six other sisters, angry at their sister's luck, prepare the bed for the prince with glass powder to hurt him. It so happens and Sabr is badly hurt. He urges his wife to use the fan the wrong way to teleport him back to his kingdom, where he may improve his condition. She dreams he is still in pain and decides to do something about it: she disguises as a male yogi and goes to another jungle, where she hears the a parrot and a "mainá" conversing about the cure to the prince. The princess, as yogi, gives the cure to her husband and reveals she was the yogi.[5][6][7]

In a variant collected in Western India by Putlibaï Wadia, Prince Sabar, the tale begins with the father, a Sultan, asking their seven daughters what they want him to bring from his journey. The youngest answers "Sabar" ("patience"). The father asks around for the thing named Sabar, and an old woman tells him about a stone named "Sabar stone". He buys the stone from the woman and gives to his daughter. The daughter cries about it at first, but resigns herself and polishes the stone every day. She notices that the stone is wearing away and inside a fan is hidden. She waves the fan and a prince named Sabar appears to her. One day, Sabar warns the princess against a possible ploy by the sisters. She pays no heed to it, and the sisters prepare his bed with glass powder. He is hurt by the glass and begs the princess to use the fan to teleport him back to his parents.[8] The tale was translated into French by Loys Bruyere,[9] and retold by Indian scholar A. K. Ramanujan, sourced from Gujarat.[10]

In a tale from Simla titled The Power of Fate, a Rajah asks his six adult daughters about their fates, and the sixth answers her fate is in no one's hands. The rajah expels her from home and orders some dooly-bearers to take her to the jungle and leave her there. The princess's dooly is tied to a large oak tree, and she begins to pray to Mahadeo. The deity listens to her prayers and sends an emissary to give her food and water. After a few days, Mahadeo, impressed with her piety, decides to reward her: the princess notices a hole in the ground, digs up and finds a silver and gold stones. She then meets a woodsman and pays him to build her a new house for her. With the remaining treasure, she hires servants to build a new palace. Later, father and daughter reconcile and the rajah has to travel somewhere, but first asks his daughters what presents he can give them. The sixth daughter asks for a little box that he may find in his travels. This box is kept by a bunniah and hides a fan that contains the soul of a prince. The rajah buys the box and gives his daughter, who opens it and finds a fan inside. She waves the fan and the prince appears to her. They spend hours together. One day, she foolishly reveals the secret to her sisters, who conspire to hurt the prince: they put glass powder on a couch. The next time the prince comes to the princess's room, he lays on the couch to rest, and the bits of glass hurt him. He returns to his kingdom, and the princess decides to dress as a fakir to go on a pilgrimage. One day, she rests by a tree and hears an eagle and a parrot conversing about the prince's situation and a way to cure him: mix the refuse of an eagle's nest with water and apply to the wounds. She follows the birds' instructions, cures the prince and reveals herself as his princess.[11] The tale was also translated into Russian by Russian orientalist Sergey Oldenburg with the title "Чему быть, то и будет" ("What will be, will be").[12]

Andrew Lang published in his Olive Fairy Book a variant from Punjab, collected by Major Campbell. In this tale, titled Kupti and Imani, a king has two daughters, Kupti and Imani, and asks them about leaving their futures in his hands. Kupti agrees to her father' s sentiment, but Imani argues that she will make her own fortune. The king takes his daughter to be a crippled fakir's companion, and leaves her there. The fakir and the exiled princess fall into a routine: she takes care of the fakir and weaves clothes for him to sell in the market. With the money, she hires builders to build a beautiful house for them. The king finally concedes that his daughter Imani was right after all. One day, he has to go on a journey to the country of Dûr, but asks his daughters what they want. The king's messenger goes to asks Imani, but, since she is busy tending other matters, she says: "Patience". The messenger relays the information to her father, the king. In Dûr, the king asks about the "patience", but finds none. The news reach the ears of the king of Dûr, named Subbar Khan ("Subbar" meaning "patience"). Subbar Khan gives the king a casket that can only be open by Imani. The king takes the casket to his daughter and she opens it: inside, a fan. She waves the fan three times and king Subbar Khan appears before her. He explains that the fan is magical and can both summon him if waved, and send him back by folding it and tapping three times. Subbar Khan continues to visit Imani and the fakir, and Kupti, her sister, becomes interested in knowing more of him. On the occasion of a visit to Imani, Kupti sprinkles on his bed powdered and splintered glass laced with poison. Subbar Khan is badly hurt by the glass and poison and returns to his kingdom by the magic fan. Imani and the fakir notice his long absence, and she decides to go to Dûr to see him. On her way, she stops by a tree and hears two monkeys talking about the cure: berries from that very same tree. Imani takes he berries and goes to Dûr just in time to heal the prince.[13]

In another tale, collected in Mirzapur from an old Muhammadan cookwoman with the title The Princess who got the gift of patience, a king with seven daughters asks them who they have confidence in. The six elders answer: in him. The youngest: in herself. The king banishes the youngest to the jungle. She finds a house in the jungle and lives there. One day, the king has to travel to another country and asks his daughters what they want as gifts. A servant goes to the youngest's house in the jungle to asks her the same question. The princess is bathing and tells the servant to have patience (sabar), for she is occupied. The servant relays the message to her father. Thus, the king asks around the marketplace in the foreign country for this "patience". An old woman says she has something wrapped in an dirty rag that she sells to the king. He brings it home to his daughter and gifts her. She is disappointed in the present, but years later she unwraps the dirty rag and finds a fan inside. She waves the fan and a prince appears before her. They fall in love. One day, her sisters pay her a surprise visit and, seeing the prince, conspire to hurt him. They take their glass bangles, grind them into powder and sprinkle it over the prince bed. The prince is badly injured and begs the princess to wave the fan to return him to his home. The princess dress up as a man and goes to the prince's palace. One night, she listens to the conversation between a parrot and a mainá on the events that transpired.[14]

In a tale collected by Sunity Devi, Maharani of Coochbehar, with the title Sabar Karo, a king summons his three daughters to asks them a question. The elders answer that they love their father and are awarded with portions of the kingdom. However, the youngest answers truthfully, as her mother taught her: she may love her father now, but once she marries she will love her husband more. The king feels insulted and banishes her to the jungle. She has to fend for herself: though she was abandoned in the forest with a palki of food, she shares her food with the animals and the peacocks give her their feathers. She has an idea to make fans of the feathers and sell them. With the money, she hires workers to build her a palace. Some time later, her father, the king, unknowingly visits her kingdom and asks a servant if he can see her. The princess tells the maiden "Sabar karo" ("just wait"). Not knowing what it means, the servant leaves the palace, goes to another city and asks around for "Sabar karo". A shopkeeper sells her a golden box and she brings it back to her mistress. The princess opens the box and sees jewels, a looking-glass and at last a peacock feather fan. She uses the fan and a man appears before her. He introduces himself as a Maharajah. They set a date for their marriage and her family visits her. Her father, the king, and her mother, the Maharani, tell her that her elder sisters neglect them. Meanwhile, the two sister wander around the palace and, spurred by jealousy, try to ruin her happiness. On the nuptial night, the Maharajah lies on the bed and suddenly falls ill. He disappears. She uses the fan for months and he does not return, so she decides to seek him. She dresses in a plain sari and goes on a journey. One day, she stops by a tree and kills a snake that threatened a nest of little birds. The birds give her a herb she can use to cure the prince.[15]

Author Parita Mukta summarized another Indian tale titled Aapkarmi ke Baapkarmi. In this tale, a king summons his daughters and asks them a question: are they aapkarmi or baapkarmi, that is, if their fortunes are determined by their father, or by themselves? One of the princesses, his beloved daughter (ladli) answers 'aapkarmi', and is expelled from the palace. The princess begins to live just outside her father's domains. One day, the king has to go on a journey, and sends an emissary to his daughter's, Aapkarmi, new house to ask her what she may want. Aapkarmi, the girl, is busy to greet the emissary and replies from a distance: 'Saboor' ('patience'). The emissary thinks it is an object and informs the king, who travels abroad and finds the Saboor: an old woman gives him a stone with the same name. Princess Aapkarmi receives the stone, which cracks open to reveal a fan that summons a prince named Saboor. Aapkarmi and Saboor live in relative happiness, until the prince is poisoned by her jealous sisters and has to return home. Princess Aapkarmi disguises as a vaid and goes after him. On her quest, she finds him a remedy: excrement from a talking bird, mixed with her tears. After healing prince Saboor, they marry.[16]

Africa

In a tale sourced from the Swahili and titled Saburi Nisali, a Sultan has seven daughters. One day, each of the six elder daughters goes to the shamba to make love to the overseer and returns home. After they return home, the mirrors they own become blackened. The youngest daughter goes to the shamba, is not seduced by the overseer, returns home and her mirror is still clean. One day, their father, the sultan, visits his daughters and they trick their father with the youngest's clean mirror. When the sultan sees a blackened mirror, he thinks it belongs to his youngest daughter, and banishes her to a hut near their house. Some time later, the Sultan has to travel to Zanzibar, and wishes to bring presents to his seven daughters. The sultan sends a servant to ask his seventh daughter what present she might want. The daughter, being interrupted, shouts at the servant "Saburi Nisali" ("Wait while I say my prayers"). The servant tells the sultan about "Saburi Nisali" and he decides to bring it to his daughter. In Zanzibar, the sultan asks everyone about the "Saburi Nisali", until he enters a merchant's house and Saburi himself appears to him. The sultan suspects something amiss with his daughter's request, but Saburi assures it is not the case. At any rate, Saburi - himself a jinn - gives the sultan a wooden box and riches and a golden fan inside. The sultan returns home and gives his daughter the wooden box. The youngest daughter takes the fan and fans herself, and Saburi appears. He summons his Jinns to build them a house and asks the sultan for her hand in marriage. The Sultan answers that his seventh daughter is not a virgin, but Saburi reveals the trickery of the mirrors. The Sultan punishes his six elder daughters and consents with Saburi's proposal. Furious at the discovery, the six sisters convince their youngest to ask about Saburi's only way to die: not bullet, nor fire, nor water, but broken glass. The sisters spread powdered glass on the couple's bed, Saburi lies in it and is badly hurt. He vanishes back to his kingdom with his Jinns, leaving his human wife. The princess disguises herself as a man and journeys to find Saburi. One time, she stops by a tree, where two birds talk about the cure for Saburi's ailment: leaves from that very tree.[17]

Southeast Africa

Professor Lee Haring noted that the Indian story of Prince Sabour also appears in Mayotte and Mauritius.[18]

Mauritius

According to Sookdeo Bissoondoyal, at least three Mauritian variants have been registered from Indian immigrants.[19]

In a variant collected by Charles Baissac [fr], Zistoire Sabour or Histoire de Sabour ("The Story of Sabour"), before he leaves on a business trip, a rich merchant asks his three daughters what they want as a returning gift. The oldest wants a diamond necklace, the second a blue velvet dress, and the youngest says "Sabour" ("patience"). The servant relays the message to the merchant and he departs. The merchant asks about "Sabour", and an old woman says it is the name of the prince. Prince Sabour questions about the merchant's interest in him, and the merchant shows him the daughter's picture. Prince Sabour falls in love with her picture, and asks the merchant to give her a fan. Back home, the merchant gives her a box with the fan. When she waves the fan, the prince appears before her and proposes to her. Jealous of her happiness, the two sisters grind glass into powder and sprinkle it on Sabour's bed in their sister's chambers. Sabour and the third daughter marry, but their happiness is short-lived as the prince lies on the bed and the glass injures him. His wife uses the fan to send him home for safety. Seven months pass, and she reads on the paper that prince Sabour is terribly ill. The girl dresses up as a man, with a false beard and travels to his realm. On the way, she stops by a tree and overhears the conversations between two birds on how to cure prince Sabour.[20][21][22] Baissac remarked that this tale came from India.[23] The tale was republished as The Magic Fan of Sabour.[24][25] Professor Haring remarks that the Mauritian tale indicates a process of creolization of the immigrant Indian population to the island nation.[26]

Mayotte

In a variant from Mayotte collected by Claude Allibert from teller Mahamudu Abiamri, Swaburi n' Swali, a king has six daughters, the youngest named Fatima. He gives his daughters a mirror as proof of their obedience to him: if they disobey him, their mirrors will appears as clouded. One day, the five elders decide to go to the chigoma (a celebration), while Fatima is asleep at the palace. When the elders return, they swap Fatima's mirror for another one and try to pass off her mirror as their own. When their father checks on them, Fatima takes the exchanged mirror to her father, who breaks it into her face and expels her from home. Now homeless, Fatima finds shelter with an old woman who lives in a rock. Some time later, when her father wants to travel and bring presents to his daughters, his ship will not depart. A mwalimu (diviner) advises the king to ask Fatima what she wants as a gift. When his messenger asks her, she says "Swaburi n'swali" ("Wait, I'm going to pray first"). The messenger relays the message to the king, who asks around for this "Swaburi n'swali". He discovers that "Swaburi n'swali" is the name of another king's son. He meets the youth, who gives him a tree trunk to present Fatima with it. Fatima gets the tree trunk and, some time later, her elderly companion asks her to cut it open: inside, she finds pieces of gold, a fan and a letter from Prince Swaburi n'swali, telling her to use the fan to summon him to her presence. The prince appears to her, learns of her father's mistreatment of her, marries her and they live happily.[27]

Analysis

Tale type

Folktale collectors and scholars have noted the similarities between the Indian tales and European tales about a bird prince.[28] Mary Stokes recognized the motif of the glass powder on the bed as parallel to the shards on the window of the French tale by d'Aulnoy.[29] Folklorists Johannes Bolte and Jiří Polívka grouped the Indian variants with other European tales that were classified by Antti Aarne as type 432, Der Königssohn als Vogel ("Prince as Bird").[30]

Stith Thompson and Warren Roberts classified the Indian tales as type 432, "The Prince as Bird", in their Types of Indic Oral Tales. The Indian tales differ from the international variants in that the heroine's father brings her a fan, which she uses to summon the magical prince.[31]

Role of the heroine

The female character of the Indian tale "The Princess who Got the Gift of Patience" can be considered a strong female character, with an active role in the story.[32] In the same vein, Marilyn Jurich described the heroine of Prince Sabar as a trickster: she defies her father's system of values and beliefs, and offers him an honest opinion, despite being punished for it. She builds her own fortune and makes her own fate, just as she told her father. As the tale continues, she marries and heals her husband from an illness her sisters caused.[33]

Motifs

These Indian tales contain the motif J1805.2.1, "Daughter says 'Sobur' ('Wait'); Father thinks it is a thing, finds Prince Sobur".[34][35] The motif appears in tale type ATU 432, "The Prince as Bird", of the Aarne-Thompson-Uther Index.[36]

The tales also contain the motif D1425.3., "Magic fan summons prince for heroine".[37]

In some tales, the heroine passes by a King Lear-type judgement (Motif H592), indexed as its own tale type in the Indian Tale Catalogue, AT 923B, "The Princess Who Was Responsible for Her Own Fortune".[38][39][40][41]

See also

References

  1. ^ Haring, Lee. "Diaspora, Southwest Indian Ocean". In: South Asian Folklore: An Encyclopedia. Routledge, 2020 [2003]. p. 157. ISBN 9781000143539.
  2. ^ Day, Rev. Lal Behari (1883). Folk-Tales of Bengal. London: McMillan and Co. 1883. pp. 119–132.
  3. ^ Haring, Lee. "Diaspora, Southwest Indian Ocean". In: South Asian Folklore: An Encyclopedia. Routledge, 2020 [2003]. p. 157. ISBN 9781000143539.
  4. ^ Ramanujan, A. K. Folktales from India: a selection of oral tales from twenty-two languages. New York: Pantheon Books, 1991. p. 336. ISBN 9780394554792.
  5. ^ Stokes, Maive. Indian fairy tales, collected and tr. by M. Stokes; with notes by Mary Stokes. London: Ellis and White. 1880. pp. 193–200.
  6. ^ Yen, Ping-Chiu. Proverbs, Songs, Epic Narratives, Folktales of East Asia: Selected Texts, Parallel Analysis, and Comparative Approach. Lanham, Md: University Press of America, 1997. pp. 191ff, 201. ISBN 9780761807506.
  7. ^ Ping-chiu, Yen, and Jan-Öjvind Swahn. “Rejoinder to Jan-Öjvind Swahn’s Review of ‘Proverbs, Songs, Epic Narratives, Folktales of East Asia: Selected Texts, Parallel Analysis and Comparative Approach’.” In: Asian Folklore Studies 59, no. 2 (2000): 320. https://doi.org/10.2307/1178922.
  8. ^ Wadia, Putlibai D. H. "Folklore in Western India". In: The Indian Antiquary. Vol 16. 1887. pp. 322-327.
  9. ^ Bruyere, Loys. "Contes Arabes et Orientaux III: Les Contes de Miss Putlibai Vadia". In: Revue de Traditions Populaires. Année 4, Tome 4, Numéro 10. Paris: Société des traditions populaires, 1889. pp. 536-538.
  10. ^ Ramanujan, A. K. Folktales from India: a selection of oral tales from twenty-two languages. New York: Pantheon Books, 1991. p. 336. ISBN 9780394554792.
  11. ^ Dracott, Alice Elizabeth (1906). Simla Village Tales, or Folk Tales from the Himalayas. England, London: John Murray. pp. 20–31.
  12. ^ Ольденбург, Сергей Фёдорович; Клягина-Кондратьева, М. И. (1956). Индийские народные сказки [Indian Folk Tales] (in Russian). Гос. изд-во худож. лит-ры. pp. 116–120.
  13. ^ Lang, Andrew. The Olive Fairy Book. London; New York: Longmans, Green. 1907. pp. 119-130.
  14. ^ North Indian Notes and Queries. January, 1893. pp. 171-172.
  15. ^ Devi, Sunity, Maharani of Coochbehar. Indian Fairy Tales. Calcutta: Art Press, 1923. pp. 33-49.
  16. ^ Mukta, Parita. Shards of memory: woven lives in four generations. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2002. pp. 167, 173-174.
  17. ^ Baker, E. C. (1927). "Swahili Tales, II (Concluded)". Folklore. 38 (3): 294–299. doi:10.1080/0015587X.1927.9718389. JSTOR 1256392.
  18. ^ Haring, Lee. "Indian Ocean Tales". In: The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Folktales and Fairy Tales. Edited by Donald Haase. Vol. 2. Greenwood Press, 2008. p. 484. ISBN 978-0-313-33443-6.
  19. ^ Bissoondoyal, Sookdeo. A Concise History of Mauritius. Revised edition. Bharativa Vidya Bhavan, 1982. p. 104.
  20. ^ Baissac, Charles. Le folk-lore de l'Île-Maurice. Paris: Maisonneuve et Larose, 1888. pp. 130-145 (Mauritian Creole and French texts).
  21. ^ Haring, Lee (1992). "Parody and Imitation in Western Indian Ocean Oral Literature". Journal of Folklore Research. 29 (3): 212–213. JSTOR 3814265.
  22. ^ Haring, Lee (2003). "'Who Were You Talking to?' Diasporic Folktales". Journal of Folklore Research. 40 (2): 158–159. JSTOR 3814837.
  23. ^ Baissac, Charles. Le folk-lore de l'Île-Maurice. Paris: Maisonneuve et Larose, 1888. pp. 144-145 (footnote).
  24. ^ Ramsurrun, Pahlad. Folk Tales of Mauritius. Sterling, 1982. pp. 51-62.
  25. ^ Haring, Lee. “‘Who Were You Talking to?’ Diasporic Folktales.” Journal of Folklore Research 40, no. 2 (2003): 168 (footnote nr. 7). http://www.jstor.org/stable/3814837.
  26. ^ Haring, Lee. “‘Who Were You Talking to?’ Diasporic Folktales.” Journal of Folklore Research 40, no. 2 (2003): 159–160. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3814837.
  27. ^ Haring, Lee. Stars and Keys: Folktales and Creolization in the Indian Ocean. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 2007. pp. 321-325. ISBN 978-0-253-34868-5.
  28. ^ The Academy. Volume 24. London: J. Murray, 1883. p. 310 (middle column).
  29. ^ Stokes, Maive. Indian fairy tales, collected and tr. by M. Stokes; with notes by Mary Stokes. London: Ellis and White. 1880. p. xxvi.
  30. ^ Bolte, Johannes; Polívka, Jiri. Anmerkungen zu den Kinder- u. hausmärchen der brüder Grimm. Zweiter Band (NR. 61-120). Germany, Leipzig: Dieterich'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung. 1913. pp. 251–265.
  31. ^ Thompson, Stith; Roberts, Warren Everett. Types of Indic Oral Tales: India, Pakistan, and Ceylon. Academia Scientiarum Fennica, 1960. p. 63.
  32. ^ Gold, A. G. (2004). [Review of Feminist Folktales from India; Folktales from Northern India, by Q. Adhikary, W. Crooke, & P. R. G. Chaube]. Asian Folklore Studies, 63(1): 156–157. http://www.jstor.org/stable/30030326
  33. ^ Jurich, Marilyn (1998). Scheherazade's Sisters: Trickster Heroines and Their Stories in World Literature. Greenwood Press. pp. 40–42, 46, 254. ISBN 9780313297243.
  34. ^ Haring, Lee (1992). "Parody and Imitation in Western Indian Ocean Oral Literature". Journal of Folklore Research. 29 (3): 213. JSTOR 3814265.
  35. ^ Haring, Lee (2003). "'Who Were You Talking to?' Diasporic Folktales". Journal of Folklore Research. 40 (2): 168 (footnote nr. 7). JSTOR 3814837.
  36. ^ El-Shamy, Hasan. Folk Traditions in the Arab World: A Guide to Motif Classification. Vol. I. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. 1995. p. 209. ISBN 9780253352224.
  37. ^ Thompson, Stith; Balys, Jonas. The Oral Tales of India. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1958. p. 131.
  38. ^ Ramanujan, A. K. A Flowering Tree and Other Oral Tales from India. University of California Press, 1997. p. 218. ISBN 9780520203990.
  39. ^ Thompson, Stith; Roberts, Warren Everett. Types of Indic Oral Tales: India, Pakistan, and Ceylon. Academia Scientiarum Fennica, 1960. pp. 115, 116.
  40. ^ Goldberg, Christine. "Prinz als Vogel (AaTh 432)" [Prince as Bird (ATU 432)]. In: Enzyklopädie des Märchens Online. Edited by Rolf Wilhelm Brednich, Heidrun Alzheimer, Hermann Bausinger, Wolfgang Brückner, Daniel Drascek, Helge Gerndt, Ines Köhler-Zülch, Klaus Roth and Hans-Jörg Uther. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2016 [2002]. p. 1323. https://www-degruyter-com.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/database/EMO/entry/emo.10.244/html. Accessed 2023-06-21.
  41. ^ Zachariae, Theodor [in German] (1931). "Indische Parallelen zu Konig Lears Fragen an seine Tochter". Zeitschrift für Volkskunde (in German). 3: 146.
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