Porcupine River | |
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Native name | Ch’ôonjik (Gwichʼin) |
Location | |
Countries |
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Territories/States | |
Physical characteristics | |
Source | Nahoni Range |
• location | Ogilvie Mountains, Yukon, Canada |
• coordinates | 65°28′N 139°32′W / 65.467°N 139.533°W[1] |
Mouth | Yukon River |
• location | Fort Yukon, Alaska, United States |
• coordinates | 66°35′42″N 145°18′32″W / 66.59500°N 145.30889°W[1] |
• elevation | 126 m (413 ft)[1] |
Length | 916 km (569 mi) |
Basin size | 118,000 km2 (46,000 sq mi)[2] |
Discharge | |
• average | 414 m3/s (14,600 cu ft/s)[2] |
The Porcupine River (Ch’ôonjik[3] in Gwich’in) is a 916 km (569 mi) tributary of the Yukon River in Canada and the United States. It rises in the Ogilvie Mountains north of Dawson City, Yukon, Canada.[4] From there it flows north through the community of Old Crow, veers southwest into the U.S. state of Alaska, and enters the larger river at Fort Yukon, Alaska.[4] It derives its name from the Gwich'in word for the river, Ch'oonjik, or "Porcupine Quill River".
The Porcupine caribou herd, whose range includes the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR) in Alaska, gets its name from its calving grounds around the Porcupine River.
Possible (but disputed) evidence of the oldest known human habitation in North America comes from a cave on one of the Porcupine's tributaries, the Bluefish River. Many apparently human-modified animal bones have been discovered in the Bluefish Caves. Radiocarbon dating has assessed them as 25,000 to 40,000 years old—several thousand years earlier than the generally accepted date for human habitation of North America.[5]
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Dalton Discoveries: Arctic National Wildlife Refuge
Transcription
{music} The Arctic National Wildlife Refuge stretches to the east farther than you can see all the way to the Canada Border. Walking that distance would take even ardent adventurers well over a month. The Dalton Highway provides a wonderful opportunity for visitors to you have access to America's wilderness refuge. Wilderness is important to the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge because the refuge was originally founded to preserve wildlife, wilderness and recreational values. What is wilderness? Well, wilderness is a place where people can go to find solitude, to find opportunities to explore, to have freedom from the impacts of daily life and to get a sense of renewal and see what it means to be a human on this landscape. The Wilderness Act, signed into law four years after creation at the refuge, was written and supported by the same group of scientists and conservationists whose work led to the establishment of arctic refuge. They saw the refuge as an ultimate example the wilderness, one of the last large, wild American landscapes free from man's control, where ecological processes could continue as they have for millennia. {Female narrator}: The US Fish and Wildlife Service protects fish, wildlife, plants and their habitats for the benefit American people and the lands that the Fish and Wildlife Service manage, national wildlife refuges, are tremendous treasures for the American people, because they help us ensure that we have a network of lands that can provide us with healthy habitats for the wildlife and fish that we love to share and enjoy with our families. {Male narrator}: The refuge includes an array of landscapes, from the boreal forest of the Porcupine River uplands, to the foothills and slopes of the Brooks Range, to the Arctic tundra the coastal plain, to the lagoons and barrier islands of the Beaufort Sea coast. These intact ecosystems are home to an immense variety of birds, mammals, fish and the plants that sustain them. For thousands of years, they've also provided a homeland to native peoples who have lived in the northern and southern portions what is now the Arctic Refuge. They continue many other hunting and gathering activities to this day. {Female narrator}: Arctic National Wildlife Refuge is dear to my heart of course, but also unique within the system of the national wildlife refuges. It is the most superlative example of wilderness within the National Wildlife Refuge System, and it's a beautiful treasure that many people, many people who will never even come to this place, hold dear to their hearts. {music}
Boating
The Porcupine River offers the possibility of "an excellent novice river trip for those experienced in remote wilderness travel,"[4] according to author Karen Jettmar. Boaters can travel by canoe, kayak, or raft, though rafters may have difficulty with upriver winds. A 800 km (500 mi) float trip beginning at Summit Lake in the Yukon Territory, descending the Bell River to its confluence with the Porcupine, and continuing to Fort Yukon is all rated Class I (easy) on the international scale of river difficulty. However, in high water the difficulty may rise to Class II in Upper and Lower Rampart canyons, downstream of the international border, where the current is swift.[4]
See also
References
- ^ a b c "Porcupine River". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. January 1, 2000. Retrieved November 3, 2013.
- ^ a b Benke and Cushing, p. 802
- ^ Holton, Gary (July 16, 2013). "Alaska Native Language Archive: Alaska Place Names". University of Alaska Fairbanks. Retrieved November 3, 2013.
- ^ a b c d Jettmar, Karen (2008) [1993]. The Alaska River Guide: Canoeing, Kayaking, and Rafting in the Last Frontier (3rd ed.). Birmingham, Alabama: Menasha Ridge Press. pp. 132–34. ISBN 978-0-89732-957-6.
- ^ Morlan, R.E. (1986). "Pleistocene archaeology in Old Crow Basin: a critical reappraisal". In Bryan, Alan Lyle (ed.). New Evidence for the Pleistocene Peopling of the Americas. Peopling of the Americas: Symposia series. Orono, Maine: Center for the Study of Early Man, University of Maine. pp. 27–48.
Works cited
- Benke, Arthur C., ed., and Cushing, Colbert E., ed.; Bailey, Robert C. (2005). "Chapter 17: Yukon River Basin" in Rivers of North America. Burlington, Massachusetts: Elsevier Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-088253-1. OCLC 59003378.
External links
- Treasures of the snow Manuscript at Dartmouth College Library