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Mansi language

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Mansi
ма̄ньси ла̄тыӈ
Pronunciation[maːnʲɕilaːtəŋ]
Native toRussia
RegionKhanty–Mansi
Ethnicity12,200 Mansi (2020 census)[1]
Native speakers
2,200 (2020 census)[1]
Uralic
Dialects
  • Southern
  • Eastern
  • Northern
  • Western
Language codes
ISO 639-3mns
Glottologmans1269
Map of regions where those who speak the extant Northern Mansi and Eastern Mansi languages. The gradient represents the uncertainty in where these languages can be spoken. (2022)
Northern Mansi is classified as Severely Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger (2010)
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

The Mansi languages are spoken by the Mansi people in Russia along the Ob River and its tributaries, in the Khanty–Mansi Autonomous Okrug, and Sverdlovsk Oblast. Traditionally considered a single language, they constitute a branch of the Uralic languages, often considered most closely related to neighbouring Khanty and then to Hungarian.

The base dialect of the Mansi literary language is the Sosva dialect, a representative of the northern language. The discussion below is based on the standard language. Fixed word order is typical in Mansi. Adverbials and participles play an important role in sentence construction. A written language was first published in 1868, and the current Cyrillic alphabet was devised in 1937.

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Transcription

Varieties

Dialects of Mansi (and Khanty).
  Northern Mansi
  Western and Southern Mansi
  Eastern Mansi

Mansi is subdivided into four main dialect groups which are to a large degree mutually unintelligible, and therefore best considered four languages. A primary split can be set up between the Southern variety and the remainder. A number of features are also shared between the Western and Eastern varieties, while certain later sound changes have diffused between Eastern and Northern (and are also found in some neighboring dialects of Northern Khanty to the east).

Individual dialects are known according to the rivers their speakers live(d) on:[2]

Proto‑Mansi

Southern Mansi (Tavda)†

Core Mansi
Central Mansi
Western Mansi †

Pelym

North Vagil Mansi Language

South Vagil Mansi Language

Lower Lozva Mansi Language

Middle Lozva Mansi Language

Eastern Mansi (Konda)

Lower Konda Mansi Language

Middle Konda Mansi Language

Upper Konda Mansi Language

Jukonda Mansi Language

Northern Mansi

Upper Lozva Mansi Language

Severnaya Sosva Mansi Language

Sygva Mansi Language

Ob Mansi Language

The sub-dialects given above are those which were still spoken in the late 19th and early 20th century and have been documented in linguistic sources on Mansi. Pre-scientific records from the 18th and early 19th centuries exist also of other varieties of Western and Southern Mansi, spoken further west: the Tagil, Tura and Chusovaya dialects of Southern[3] and the Vishera dialect of Western.[4]

The two dialects last mentioned were hence spoken on the western slopes of the Urals, where also several early Russian sources document Mansi settlements. Placename evidence has been used to suggest Mansi presence reaching still much further west in earlier times,[5] though this has been criticized as poorly substantiated.[6]

Northern Mansi has strong Russian, Komi, Nenets, and Northern Khanty influence, and it forms the base of the literary Mansi language. There is no accusative case; that is, both the nominative and accusative roles are unmarked on the noun. */æ/ and */æː/ have been backed to [a] and [aː].

Western Mansi became extinct ca. 2000. It had strong Russian and Komi influences; dialect differences were also considerable.[7] Long vowels were diphthongized.

Eastern Mansi is spoken by 100–200 people. It has Khanty and Siberian Tatar influence. There is vowel harmony, and for */æː/ it has [œː], frequently diphthongized.

Southern (Tavda) Mansi was recorded from area isolated from the other Mansi varieties. Around 1900 a couple hundred speakers existed; in the 1960s it was spoken only by a few elderly speakers,[7] and it has since then become extinct. It had strong Tatar influence and displayed several archaisms such as vowel harmony, retention of /y/ (elsewhere merged with */æ/), /tsʲ/ (elsewhere deaffricated to /sʲ/), /æː/ (elsewhere fronted to /aː/ or diphthongized) and /ɑː/ (elsewhere raised to /oː/).

Phonology

Consonants

Mansi consonants[8]
Labial Alveolar (Alveolo-)
Palatal
Velar
Plain Labialized
Nasals /m/
м
/n/
н
/nʲ/
нь
/ŋ/
ӈ
/ŋʷ/
ӈв
Stops /p/
п
/t/
т
/tʲ/
ть
/k/
к
/kʷ/
кв
Affricate /ɕ/ [1]
~
/sʲ/
щ ~ сь
Fricatives /s/
с
/x/ [2] /ɣ/
х г
/xʷ/ [3] *ɣʷ [4]
хв (в)
Semivowels /j/
й
/w/
в
Laterals /l/
л
/lʲ/
ль
Trill /r/
р

The inventory presented here is a maximal collection of segments found across the Mansi varieties. Some remarks:

  1. /ɕ/ is an allophone of /sʲ/.[9]
  2. The voiceless velar fricatives /x/, /xʷ/ are only found in the Northern group and the Lower Konda dialect of the Eastern group, resulting from spirantization of *k, *kʷ adjacent to original back vowels.
  3. According to Honti, a contrast between *w and *ɣʷ can be reconstructed, but this does not surface in any of the attested varieties.
  4. The labialization contrast among the velars dates back to Proto-Mansi, but was in several varieties strengthened by labialization of velars adjacent to rounded vowels. In particular, Proto-Mansi *yK → Core Mansi *æKʷ (a form of transphonologization).

Vowels

The vowel systems across Mansi show great variety. As typical across the Uralic languages, many more vowel distinctions were possible in the initial, stressed syllable than in unstressed ones. Up to 18–19 stressed vowel contrasts may be found in the Western and Eastern dialects, while Northern Mansi has a much reduced, largely symmetric system of 8 vowels, though lacking short **/e/ and having a very rare long [iː]:

Remarks:

  1. ы/и /i/ has a velar allophone [ɨ] before г /ɣ/ and after х /x/.[10]
  2. Long [iː] occurs as a rare and archaic phonetic variant of /eː/, cf. э̄ти ~ ӣти (‘in the evening, evenings’)[11]
  3. Long /eː/ and /oː/ can be pronounced as diphthongs [e͜ɛ] and [o͜ɔ].[10]
  4. у /u/ is found in unstressed (“non-first”) syllables before в /w/, in the infinitive suffix -ункве /uŋkʷe/ and in obscured compound words.[10]
  5. Reduced /ə/ becomes labialized [ə̹] or [ɞ̯] before bilabial consonants м /m/ and п /p/.[10]

Alphabet

The first publication of the written Mansi language was a translation of the Gospel of Matthew published in London in 1868.[12] In 1932 a version of Latin alphabet was introduced by the Institute of the Peoples of the North with little success.

The former Latin alphabet:

A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, Ꜧ, I, J, K, L, Ļ, M, N, Ņ, Ŋ, O, P, R, S, Ꞩ, T, Ţ, U, V, Z, Ь

In 1937, Cyrillic replaced the Latin.

The highlighted letters, and Г with the value /ɡ/, are used only in names and loanwords. The allophones /ɕ/ and /sʲ/ are written with the letter Щ or the digraph СЬ respectively.

А
/a/
А̄
/aː/
Б
/b/
В
/◌ʷ/
Г
/ɡ/, /ɣ/
Д
/d/
Е
/ʲe/
Е̄
/ʲeː/
Ё
/ʲo/
Ё̄
/ʲoː/
Ж
/ʒ/
З
/z/
И
/i/
Ӣ
/iː/
Й
/j/
К
/k/
Л
/l/, /ʎ/
М
/m/
Н
/n/, /ɲ/
Ӈ
/ŋ/
О
/o/
О̄
/oː/
П
/p/
Р
/r/
С
/s/
Т
/t/
У
/u/
Ӯ
/uː/
Ф
/f/
Х
/χ/
Ц
/t͡s/
Ч
/t͡ʃʲ/
Ш
/ʃ/
Щ
/ʃʲtʃʲ/
Ъ
/-/
Ы
/ɪ/
Ы̄
/ɪ:/
Ь
/◌ʲ/
Э
/ə~ɤ/
Э̄
/ə:~ɤ:/
Ю
/ʲu/
Ю̄
/ʲuː/
Я
/ʲa/
Я̄
/ʲaː/

Grammar

Mansi is an agglutinating, subject–object–verb (SOV) language.[13]

Article

One way to express a noun's definiteness in a sentence is with articles, and Northern Mansi uses two articles. The Indefinite is derived from the demonstrative pronominal word ань ('now'), the definite is derived from the number аква/акв ('one'); ань ('the'), акв ('a/an'). They both are used before the defined word. And if their adverbial and numeral meanings are to be expressed; ань always stands before the verb or a word with a similar function and is usually stressed, акв behaves the same and is always stressed.[14]

Definiteness (determination) can also be expressed by the third (less often second) person singular possession marker,[15] or in case of direct objects, using transitive conjugation.[16] E.g. а̄мп (’dog’) → а̄мпе (’his/her/its dog’, ’the dog’); ха̄п (’boat’) → ха̄п на̄лув-нарыгтас (’he/she pushed a boat in the water’) ≠ ха̄п на̄лув-нарыгтастэ (’he/she pushed the boat in the water’).

Nouns

There is no grammatical gender. Mansi distinguishes between singular, dual and plural number. Six grammatical cases exist. Possession is expressed using possessive suffixes, for example -ум, which means "my".

Grammatical cases, declining

There are 5 ways the case suffix can change.

  • If the word last letter is a consonant:
Example with: пӯт /puːt/ (cauldron) [17]
case sing. dual plural
nom. пӯт
puːt
пӯтыг
puːtɪɣ
пӯтыт
puːtət
loc. пӯтт
puːtt
пӯтыгт
puːtɪɣt
пӯтытт
puːtətt
lat. пӯтн
puːtn
пӯтыгн
puːtɪɣn
пӯтытн
puːtətn
abl. пӯтныл
puːtnəl
пӯтыгныл
puːtɪɣnəl
пӯтытныл
puːtətnəl
trans. пӯтыг
puːtɪɣ
- -
instr. пӯтыл
puːtəl
пӯтыгтыл
puːtɪɣtəl
пӯтытыл
puːtətəl
  • If the word's last letter is a vowel:
Example with: э̄ква /eːkʷa/ (wife, older woman)
case sing. dual plural
nom. э̄ква
eːkʷa
э̄кваг
eːkʷaɣ
э̄кват
eːkʷat
loc. э̄кват
eːkʷat
э̄квагт
eːkʷaɣt
э̄кватт
eːkʷatt
lat. э̄кван
eːkʷan
э̄квагн
eːkʷaɣn
э̄кватн
eːkʷatn
abl. э̄кваныл
eːkʷanəl
э̄квагныл
eːkʷaɣnəl
э̄кватныл
eːkʷatnəl
trans. э̄кваг
eːkʷaɣ
- -
instr. э̄квал
eːkʷal
э̄квагтыл
eːkʷaɣtəl
э̄кватыл
eːkʷatəl
  • If the word has a vowel (ы, и) as the last letter, it can be -йи- or just -и- :
Example with: са̄лы /saːli/ (deer)
case sing. dual plural
nom. са̄лы
saːli
са̄лыйиг
saːlijiɣ
са̄лыт
eːkʷat
loc. са̄лыт
saːlit
са̄лыйигт
saːlijiɣt
са̄лытт
saːlitt
lat. са̄лын
saːlin
са̄лыйигн
saːlijiɣn
са̄лытн
saːlitn
abl. са̄лыныл
saːlinəl
са̄лыйигныл
saːlijiɣnəl
са̄лытныл
saːlitnəl
trans. са̄лыйиг
saːlijiɣ
- -
instr. са̄лыл
saːlil
са̄лыйигтыл
saːlijiɣtəl
са̄лытыл
saːlitəl
  • If the word's last letter is a palatalized consonant:
Example with: ща̄нь /ɕaːnʲ/ (mother)
case sing. dual plural
nom. ща̄нь
ɕaːnʲ
ща̄ньыг
ɕaːnʲɪɣ
ща̄ньыт
ɕaːnʲət
loc. ща̄ньт
ɕaːnʲt
ща̄ньыгт
ɕaːnʲɪɣt
ща̄ньытт
ɕaːnʲətt
lat. ща̄ньн
ɕaːnʲn
ща̄ньыгн
ɕaːnʲɪɣn
ща̄ньытн
ɕaːnʲətn
abl. ща̄ньныл
ɕaːnʲnəl
ща̄ньыгныл
ɕaːnʲɪɣnəl
ща̄ньытныл
ɕaːnʲətnəl
trans. ща̄ниг
ɕaːnʲiɣ
- -
instr. ща̄нил
ɕaːnʲil
ща̄ньыгтыл
ɕaːnʲɪɣtəl
ща̄ньытыл
ɕaːnʲətəl
  • If the word has a syncopating stem:
Example with: сасыг /sasɪɣ/ (uncle)
case sing. dual plural
nom. сасыг
sasɪɣ
сасгыг
sasɣɪɣ
сасгыт
sasɣət
loc. сасыгт
sasɪɣt
сасгыгт
sasɣɪɣt
сасгытт
sasɣətt
lat. сасыгн
sasɪɣn
сасгыгн
sasɣɪɣn
сасгытн
sasɣətn
abl. сасыгныл
sasɪɣnəl
сасгыгныл
sasɣɪɣnəl
сасгытныл
sasɣətnəl
trans. сасгыг
sasɣɪɣ
- -
instr. сасгыл
sasɣəl
сасгыгтыл
sasɣɪɣtəl
сасгытыл
sasɣətəl

Missing cases can be expressed using postpositions, such as халныл (χalnəl, 'of, out of'), саит (sait, 'after, behind'), etc.

Possession

Possession is expressed with possessive suffixes, and the suffix change is determined by the last letter of a word. There are 5 ways that the suffixes can change:

  • If the word has a consonant as the last letter:
Example with: пӯт /puːt/ (cauldron)
possessor single double multiple
1st person sing. пӯтум
puːtɞ̯m
пӯтагум
puːtaɣɞ̯m
пӯтанум
puːtanɞ̯m
2nd person sing. пӯтын
puːtən
пӯтагын
puːtaɣən
пӯтан
puːtan
3rd person sing. пӯтэ
puːte
пӯтаге
puːtaɣe
пӯтанэ
puːtane
1st person dual пӯтме̄н
puːtmeːn
пӯтагаме̄н
puːtaɣameːn
пӯтанаме̄н
puːtanameːn
2nd person dual пӯты̄н
puːtiːn
пӯтагы̄н
puːtaɣiːn
пӯтаны̄н
puːtaniːn
3rd person dual пӯтэ̄
puːteː
пӯтаге̄н
puːtaɣeː
пӯтанэ̄н
puːtaneː
1st person plu. пӯтув
puːtuw
пӯтагув
puːtaɣuw
пӯтанув
puːtanuw
2nd person plu. пӯты̄н
puːtiːn
пӯтагы̄н
puːtaɣiːn
пӯтаны̄н
puːtaniːn
3rd person plu. пӯтаныл
puːtanəl
пӯтага̄ныл
puːtanəl
пӯта̄ныл
puːtanəl
  • If the word has a vowel as the last letter:
Example with: э̄ква /eːkʷa/ (wife, older woman)
possessor single double multiple
1st person sing. э̄квам
eːkʷam
э̄квагум
eːkʷaɣɞ̯m
э̄кванум
eːkʷanɞ̯m
2nd person sing. э̄кван
eːkʷan
э̄квагын
eːkʷaɣən
э̄кван
eːkʷan
3rd person sing. э̄кватэ
eːkʷate
э̄кваге
eːkʷaɣe
э̄кванэ
eːkʷane
1st person dual э̄кваме̄н
eːkʷameːn
э̄квагаме̄н
eːkʷaɣameːn
э̄кванаме̄н
eːkʷanameːn
2nd person dual э̄кван
eːkʷan
э̄квагы̄н
eːkʷaɣiːn
э̄кваны̄н
eːkʷaniːn
3rd person dual э̄кватэ̄н
eːkʷateːn
э̄кваге̄н
eːkʷaɣeː
э̄кванэ̄н
eːkʷaneː
1st person plu. э̄квав
eːkʷaw
э̄квагув
eːkʷaɣuw
э̄кванув
eːkʷanuw
2nd person plu. э̄кван
eːkʷan
э̄квагы̄н
eːkʷaɣiːn
э̄кваны̄н
eːkʷaniːn
3rd person plu. э̄кваныл
eːkʷanəl
э̄кваганыл
eːkʷanəl
э̄квананыл
eːkʷanəl
  • If the word has a vowel (ы, и) as the last letter:
Example with: са̄лы /saːli/ (deer)
possessor single double multiple
1st person sing. са̄лым
saːlim
са̄лыягум
saːlijaɣɞ̯m
са̄лыянум
saːlijanɞ̯m
2nd person sing. са̄лын
saːlin
са̄лыягын
saːlijaɣən
са̄лыян
saːlijan
3rd person sing. са̄лытэ
saːlite
са̄лыяге
saːlijaɣe
са̄лыянэ
saːlijane
1st person dual са̄лыме̄н
saːlimeːn
са̄лыягаме̄н
saːlijaɣameːn
са̄лыянаме̄н
saːlijanameːn
2nd person dual са̄лын
saːlin
са̄лыягы̄н
saːlijaɣiːn
са̄лыяны̄н
saːlijaniːn
3rd person dual са̄лытэ̄н
saːliteː
са̄лыяге̄н
saːlijaɣeː
са̄лыянэ̄н
saːlijaneː
1st person plu. са̄лыюв
saːlijuw
са̄лыягув
saːlijaɣuw
са̄лыянув
saːlijanuw
2nd person plu. са̄лын
saːlin
са̄лыягы̄н
saːlijaɣiːn
са̄лыяны̄н
saːlijaniːn
3rd person plu. са̄лыяныл
saːlijanəl
са̄лыяганыл
saːlijaɣanəl
са̄лыянаныл
saːlijananəl
  • If the word has a palatalized consonant as the last letter:
Example with: ща̄нь /ɕaːnʲ/ (mother)
possessor single double multiple
1st person sing. ща̄нюм
ɕaːnʲɞ̯m
ща̄нягум
ɕaːnʲaɣɞ̯m
ща̄нянум
ɕaːnʲanɞ̯m
2nd person sing. ща̄нин
ɕaːnʲən
ща̄нягын
ɕaːnʲaɣən
ща̄нян
ɕaːnʲan
3rd person sing. ща̄не
ɕaːnʲe
ща̄няге
ɕaːnʲaɣe
ща̄нянэ
ɕaːnʲane
1st person dual ща̄няме̄н
ɕaːnʲameːn
ща̄нягаме̄н
ɕaːnʲaɣameːn
ща̄нянаме̄н
ɕaːnʲanameːn
2nd person dual ща̄нӣн
ɕaːnʲiːn
ща̄нягы̄н
ɕaːnʲaɣiːn
ща̄няны̄н
ɕaːnʲaniːn
3rd person dual ща̄не̄
ɕaːnʲeː
ща̄няге̄н
ɕaːnʲaɣeː
ща̄нянэ̄н
ɕaːnʲaneː
1st person plu. ща̄нюв
ɕaːnʲuw
ща̄нягув
ɕaːnʲaɣuw
ща̄нянув
ɕaːnʲanuw
2nd person plu. ща̄нӣн
ɕaːnʲiːn
ща̄нягы̄н
ɕaːnʲaɣiːn
ща̄няны̄н
ɕaːnʲaniːn
3rd person plu. ща̄няныл
ɕaːnʲanəl
ща̄няга̄ныл
ɕaːnʲanəl
ща̄ня̄ныл
ɕaːnʲanəl
  • If the word has syncopating stem:
Example with: сасыг /sasɪɣ/ (uncle)
possessor single double multiple
1st person sing. сасгум
sasɣɞ̯m
сасгагум
sasɣaɣɞ̯m
сасганум
sasɣanɞ̯m
2nd person sing. сасгын
sasɣən
сасгагын
sasɣaɣən
сасган
sasɣan
3rd person sing. сасгэ
sasɣe
сасгаге
sasɣaɣe
сасганэ
sasɣane
1st person dual сасыгме̄н
sasɪɣmeːn
сасгагаме̄н
sasɣaɣameːn
сасганаме̄н
sasɣanameːn
2nd person dual сасгы̄н
sasɣiːn
сасгагы̄н
sasɣaɣiːn
сасганы̄н
sasɣaniːn
3rd person dual сасгэ̄
sasɣeː
сасгаге̄н
sasɣaɣeː
сасганэ̄н
sasɣaneː
1st person plu. сасгув
sasɣuw
сасгагув
sasɣaɣuw
сасганув
sasɣanuw
2nd person plu. сасгы̄н
sasɣiːn
сасгагы̄н
sasɣaɣiːn
сасганы̄н
sasɣaniːn
3rd person plu. сасганыл
sasɣanəl
сасгага̄ныл
sasɣaɣaːnəl
сасга̄ныл
sasɣanəl

Verbs

Mansi conjugation has three persons, three numbers, two tenses, and five moods. Active and passive voices exist.

There is no clear distinction between transitive and intransitive verbs.[18]

The verb can conjugate in a Definite and Indefinite way which depends on if the sentence has an object, which the action depicted by the verb refers to directly.

Personal suffixes

Personal suffixes are attached after the verbal marker. The suffixes are the following:

Singular Dual Plural
1st person -ум -ме̄н
2nd person -ын -ы̄н -ы̄н
3rd person -ыт

Tenses

Tenses are formed with suffixes except for the future.

Present tense

The tense suffix precedes the personal suffix. The form of the present tense suffix depends on the character of the verbal stem, as well as moods. Tense conjugation is formed with the suffixes -эг, -э̄г, -и, -э, -э̄, -г, or -в.[19] In the following examples, the tense suffix is in bold and the personal ending is in italic.

рӯпитаӈкве - to work
Singular Dual Plural
1st person рӯпитэ̄гум рӯпитыме̄н рӯпитэ̄в
2nd person рӯпитэ̄гын рӯпитэгы̄н рӯпитэгы̄н
3rd person рӯпиты рӯпитэ̄г рӯпитэ̄гыт

The present tense suffix -э̄г is used if the following personal marker contains a consonant or a highly reduced vowel; the suffix -эг is used if the following personal marker has a stronger vowel, as it is the case in 2nd person dual and plural. 1st person dual has no tense marker but rather a ы between the verb stem and personal ending.

Verb stems that end in a vowel, have -г as verbal marker. Verb stems that end with the vowel у have -в as verbal marker.[20]

3rd person dual has no personal ending. If the verbal stem ends in a vowel, the tense suffix becomes -ыг.

1st person plural personal ending is -в if the verbal stems ends in a consonant; the personal ending becomes -ув if the verbal stem ends in a vowel.

Past tense

The past tense suffix if the verb stem is monosylabalic is -ыс- and if the verb is polysyllabic it is -ас-:

Сяр ма̄ньлат каснэ хум Евгений Глызин о̄лыс. The youngest participant in the competition was Jevgeni Glizin.
Ёська мо̄лхо̄тал урт рӯпитас. Joseph worked at the mountain yesterday.
рӯпитаӈкве - to work
Singular Dual Plural
1st person рӯпитасум рӯпитасаме̄н рӯпитасув
2nd person рӯпитасын рӯпитасы̄н рӯпитасы̄н
3rd person рӯпитас рӯпитасы̄г рӯпита̄сыт

3rd person dual in past tense has a -ы̄г personal ending.

The 1st person plural personal suffix turns into -ув.

Future "tense"

To represent the Future, the verb патуӈкве (not dissimilar to Hungarians use of the verb fogni) is used as an auxiliary verb conjugated in the Present Indicative:

Тав кӯтювытыл рӯпитаӈкве паты. He will work with (female) dogs.

Definiteness

Verbs can conjugate two ways to show their agreement with the sentence's object.

Indefinite conjugation

In Indefinite verb conjugations there is no object present. It is not represented by any suffix.

Definite conjugation

In Definite verb conjugations there are three ways the verb can represent the direct object's number.

рӯпитаӈкве - to work
Singular Object Singular Dual Plural
1st person рӯпитылум рӯпитыламēн рӯпитылув
2nd person рӯпитылын рӯпитылы̄н рӯпитылы̄н
3rd person рӯпитытэ рӯпитытэ̄н рӯпитыяныл

The singular object is expressed with the -ыл- suffix which changes depending on the mood and tense.

рӯпитаӈкве - to work
Dual Object Singular Dual Plural
1st person рӯпитыягум рӯпитыягмēн рӯпитыягув
2nd person рӯпитыягын рӯпитыягы̄н рӯпитыягы̄н
3rd person рӯпитыяге рӯпитыягēн рӯпитыяга̄ныл

The dual object is expressed with the -ыяг- suffix which changes depending on the mood and tense.

рӯпитаӈкве - to work
Plural Object Singular Dual Plural
1st person рӯпитыянум рӯпитыянмēн рӯпитыянув
2nd person рӯпитыянын or
рӯпитыян
рӯпитыяны̄н or
рӯпитыян
рӯпитыяны̄н or
рӯпитыян
3rd person рӯпитыянэ рӯпитыянанэ̄н or
рӯпитыянэ̄н
рӯпитыяна̄ныл or
рӯпитыя̄ныл

The plural object is expressed with the -ыян- suffix which changes depending on the mood and tense.

Moods

There are four moods: indicative, mirative, optative, imperative and conditional.

Indicative mood has no suffix. Imperative mood exists only in the second person. Optative and Imperative don't have tenses.

Mirative mood

Is a mood presented in the present indefinite by the -не suffix and by the -но in definite.

In the past tense it is represented by the -ам suffix, both in indefinite and definite.

Optative mood

The mood is represented by the -нӯв and -нув suffixes, determined by the vowel in the next suffix.

Imperative mood

It exists only in the second person, and in indefinite conjugation, it doesn't show any personal markers, and it is represented by the -эн and -э̄н suffixes.

Active/Passive voice

Verbs have active and passive voice. Active voice has no suffix; the suffix to express the passive is -ве-.

Verbal prefixes

Verbal prefixes are used to modify the meaning of the verb in both concrete and abstract ways. For example, with the prefix эл- (el-) (away, off) the verb мина (mina) (go) becomes элмина (elmina), which means to go away. This is surprisingly close to the Hungarian equivalents: el- (away) and menni (to go), where elmenni is to go away

ēl(a) – 'forwards, onwards, away'

jōm- 'to go, to stride' ēl-jōm- 'to go away/on'
tinal- 'to sell' ēl-tinal- 'to sell off'

χot – 'direction away from something and other nuances of action intensity'

min- 'to go' χot-min- 'to go away, to stop'
roχt- 'to be frightened' χot-roχt- 'to take fright suddenly'

Vocabulary

The vocabulary of the Mansi languages is distinguished by a fairly large number of forms for denoting concepts related to hunting, reindeer husbandry, fishing (the main traditional occupations of the Mansi). For example, there are about seven words are used to define different types of swamps. At the same time, the language almost lacks its socio-political vocabulary. To denote such concepts that appeared in the life of Mansi in the 20th century; compounding, derivation (rarely affixation), and or borrowings were used. For example, "hospital" can be described by a borrowing пӯльница and derivation пусмалтан кол literally "medicinal/curative house".

Words from extinct dialects could also be revitalized in the literary language[citation needed]

Noteworthy lexical items

Kinship terms[21]

Northern Mansi differentiates between relatives based on from which side of the family they came from and also their relative age, for example:

Siblings are similarly differentiated to Hungarian and other Uralic languages:

younger elder unspecified
sister э̄сь ӯвси яга̄ги
brother а̄пси/кась каӈк ягпыг

Vocabulary examples

Example text

Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Northern Mansi:

Ма̄ янытыл о̄лнэ мир пуссын аквхольт самын патэ̄гыт, аквте̄м вос о̄лэ̄гыт, аквте̄м нё̄тмил вос кинсэ̄гыт. Та̄н пуӈк о̄ньщēгыт, номсуӈкве ве̄рме̄гыт, э̄сырма о̄ньщэ̄гыт, халанылт ягпыгыӈыщ-яга̄гиӈыщ вос о̄лэ̄гыт.[22]
Mā ânytyl ōlnè mir pussyn akvholʹt samyn patè̄gyt, akvtēm vos ōlè̄gyt, akvtēm në̄tmil vos kinsè̄gyt. Tān puňk ōnʹsēgyt, nomsuňkve vērmēgyt, è̄syrma ōnʹsʹè̄gyt, halanylt âgpygyňysʹ-âgāgiňysʹ vos ōlè̄gyt.

Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in English:

All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

Numbers[23]

Whole and below ten numbers

# Northern Sosva Mansi Hungarian
1 аква (akʷa) egy
2 китыг (kitɪɣ) kettő
3 хурум (xuːrɞ̯m) három
4 нила (nʲila) négy
5 ат (at) öt
6 хот (xoːt) hat
7 са̄т / ма̄нь са̄т (saːt / maːnʲ saːt) hét
8 нёлолов (nʲololow) nyolc
9 онтолов (ontolow) kilenc
10 лов (low) tíz
20 хус (xus) húsz
100 са̄т / яныг са̄т (saːt / janiɣ saːt) száz
1000 со̄тыр (soːtər) ezer

Numbers 1 and 2 also have attributive forms: акв (1) and кит (2); compare with Hungarian két, Old Hungarian kit).

The ма̄нь and яныг before 7 and 100 are there to differentiate between the two if both are in the same number or sentence; meaning small and big respectively.

Numbers between twenty and ten

The Mansi numbering system is different in this range than after twenty.

Here, you form a number with the word хуйп (above, more than);

# Northern Sosva Mansi Hungarian
11 аквхуйплов (akʷxujploβ) tizenegy
15 атхуйплов (atxujploβ) tizenöt
19 онтоловхуйплов (ontoloβxujploβ) tizenkilenc

Therefore, аквхуйплов means "one over/above ten", in a similar way to other Uralic languages.

Numbers above twenty

Number is this range use the word нупыл (towards);

# Northern Sosva Mansi Hungarian
21 ва̄т нупыл аква (βaːt nupəl akʷa) huszonegy
31 налыман нупыл аква (naliman nupəl akʷa) harmincegy
41 атпан нупыл аква (atpan nupəl akʷa) negyvenegy
51 хо̄тпан нупыл аква (xoːtpan nupəl akʷa) ötvenegy
61 са̄тлов нупыл аква (saːtloβ nupəl akʷa) hatvanegy
71 нёлса̄т нупыл аква (nʲolsaːt nupəl akʷa) hetvenegy
81 онтырса̄т нупыл аква (ontərsaːt nupəl akʷa) nyolcvanegy
91 са̄т нупыл аква (saːt nupəl akʷa) kilencvenegy

Therefore, ва̄т нупыл аква means "Towards thirty with one".

Numbers above and beyond hundred

You just add the number after the biggest number;

# Northern Sosva Mansi Hungarian
101 са̄т аква (saːt akʷa) százegy
111 са̄т аквхуйплов (saːt akʷxujploβ) száztizenegy
121 са̄т ва̄т нупыл аква (saːt βaːt nupəl akʷa) százhuszonegy
201 китса̄т аква (xoːtpan akʷa) kétszázegy
301 хурумса̄т аква (xuːrɞ̯msaːt akʷa) háromszázegy

Sample vocabulary

Northern Mansi English
Паща о̄лэн/Пася о̄лэн Hello (to one person)
Паща о̄лэ̄н/Пася о̄лэ̄н Hello (to multiple people)
Наӈ наме[1] ма̄ныр?/Наӈ намын[2] ма̄ныр? What is your name?
Ам намум ___. My name is ____.
Пӯмасипа!/Пӯмащипа! Thank you
О̄с ёмас ӯлум Goodbye
Ёмас ӯлум Good night (Good dream)
нэ̄ woman
хум man, person
ня̄врам child
юрт, рума friend
а̄щ/а̄сь father
ща̄нь/ся̄нь mother
пы̄г boy
а̄ги girl
кол house
ӯс city
ма̄ land
ха̄ль birch tree
я̄ river
во̄р forest
тӯр lake
нэ̄пак book
пасан table
а̄мп, кӯтюв dog
кати cat
ӯй animal
во̄рто̄лнут bear
хӯл fish

Remarks

  1. This is the 3rd person possessive form of the word, possibly a way of conveying formality[citation needed]
  2. This is the 2nd person possessive form of the word, possibly a way of conveying familiarity[citation needed]

Conversation

Northern Mansi English Morphological translation
А̄кврись, а̄кврись, тутсяӈын хо̄т?

— А̄мпын тотвес.
А̄мпе хо̄т?
—Во̄рн минас.
Во̄ре хо̄т?
—На̄йн та̄йвес.

Dear auntie, dear auntie, where is your sewing kit?

— It has been taken by the dog.
Where is the dog?
— It has gone to the forest.
Where is the forest?
— It has been burnt down by fire.

Auntie.dear, auntie.dear, sewing-kit.your where?

— Dog.by taken.was.(it).
Dog.its where?
— Forest.into go.did.(it).
Forest.its where?
— Fire.by eaten.was.(it).

Notes

  1. ^ a b "Итоги Всероссийской переписи населения 2020 года. Таблица 6. Население по родному языку" [Results of the All-Russian population census 2020. Table 6. population according to native language.]. rosstat.gov.ru. Retrieved 2023-01-03.
  2. ^ Honti 1998, pp. 327–328.
  3. ^ Gulya, Janos (1958). "Egy 1736-ból származó manysi nyelvemlék". Nyelvtudományi Közlemények (60): 41–45.
  4. ^ Kannisto, Artturi (1918). "Ein Wörterverzeichnis eines ausgestorbenen wogulischen Dialektes in den Papieren M. A. Castréns". Suomalais-Ugrilaisen Seuran Aikakauskira (30/8).
  5. ^ Kannisto, Artturi (1927). "Über die früheren Wohngebiete der Wogulen". Finnisch-Ugrische Forschungen (XVIII): 57–89.
  6. ^ Napolskikh, Vladimir V. (2002). ""Ugro-Samoyeds" in Eastern Europe?". Finnisch-Ugrische Mitteilungen (24/25): 127–148.
  7. ^ a b Kálmán 1965, pp. 4–5.
  8. ^ a b Honti 1998, p. 335.
  9. ^ Rombandeeva, E. I.; Ромбандеева, Е. И. (2017). Sovremennyĭ mansiĭskiĭ i︠a︡zyk : leksika, fonetika, grafika, orfografii︠a︡, morfologii︠a︡, slovoobrazovanie. Obsko-ugorskiĭ institut prikladnykh issledovaniĭ i razrabotok, Обско-угорский институт прикладных исследований и разработок. Ti︠u︡menʹ. p. 29. ISBN 978-5-6040210-8-8. OCLC 1062352461.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  10. ^ a b c d Kálmán 1989, pp. 32.
  11. ^ Kálmán 1989, pp. 32, 99, 102.
  12. ^ Rombandeeva, E. I.; Ромбандеева, Е. И. (2017). Sovremennyĭ mansiĭskiĭ i︠a︡zyk : leksika, fonetika, grafika, orfografii︠a︡, morfologii︠a︡, slovoobrazovanie. Obsko-ugorskiĭ institut prikladnykh issledovaniĭ i razrabotok, Обско-угорский институт прикладных исследований и разработок. Ti︠u︡menʹ. p. 41. ISBN 978-5-6040210-8-8. OCLC 1062352461.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  13. ^ Grenoble, Lenore A (2003). Language Policy in the Soviet Union. Springer. p. 14. ISBN 978-1-4020-1298-3.
  14. ^ Rombandeeva, E. I.; Ромбандеева, Е. И. (2017). Sovremennyĭ mansiĭskiĭ i︠a︡zyk : leksika, fonetika, grafika, orfografii︠a︡, morfologii︠a︡, slovoobrazovanie. Obsko-ugorskiĭ institut prikladnykh issledovaniĭ i razrabotok, Обско-угорский институт прикладных исследований и разработок. Ti︠u︡menʹ. p. 188. ISBN 978-5-6040210-8-8. OCLC 1062352461.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  15. ^ Kálmán 1989, pp. 60–61.
  16. ^ Kálmán 1989, pp. 69–70.
  17. ^ Современный мансийский язык: лексика, фонетика, графика, орфография, морфология, словообразование: монография; page 288 [1]
  18. ^ Rombandeeva, E. I.; Ромбандеева, Е. И. (2017). Sovremennyĭ mansiĭskiĭ i︠a︡zyk : leksika, fonetika, grafika, orfografii︠a︡, morfologii︠a︡, slovoobrazovanie. Obsko-ugorskiĭ institut prikladnykh issledovaniĭ i razrabotok, Обско-угорский институт прикладных исследований и разработок. Ti︠u︡menʹ. p. 128. ISBN 978-5-6040210-8-8. OCLC 1062352461.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  19. ^ Rombandeeva, E. I.; Ромбандеева, Е. И. (2017). Sovremennyĭ mansiĭskiĭ i︠a︡zyk : leksika, fonetika, grafika, orfografii︠a︡, morfologii︠a︡, slovoobrazovanie. Obsko-ugorskiĭ institut prikladnykh issledovaniĭ i razrabotok, Обско-угорский институт прикладных исследований и разработок. Ti︠u︡menʹ. p. 133. ISBN 978-5-6040210-8-8. OCLC 1062352461.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  20. ^ Rombandeeva, E. I.; Ромбандеева, Е. И. (2017). Sovremennyĭ mansiĭskiĭ i︠a︡zyk : leksika, fonetika, grafika, orfografii︠a︡, morfologii︠a︡, slovoobrazovanie. Obsko-ugorskiĭ institut prikladnykh issledovaniĭ i razrabotok, Обско-угорский институт прикладных исследований и разработок. Ti︠u︡menʹ. p. 134. ISBN 978-5-6040210-8-8. OCLC 1062352461.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  21. ^ E. I. Rombandejeva (2005). Русско-Мансийский словарь (Е. Ромбандеева) [Russian-Mansi Dictionary (E. Rombandeeva)] (PDF). Saint-Petersburg: ООО "Миралл". ISBN 5-902499-14-3.
  22. ^ Помбандеева, Светлана (2014-09-17). "Мā янытыл о̄лнэ мир мāгыс хансым мāк потыр -  Всеобщая декларация прав человека". Лӯима̄ сэ̄рипос (18).
  23. ^ Susanna S. Virtanen; Csilla Horváth; Tamara Merova (2021). Pohjoismansin peruskurssin (5 op) [Northern Mansi basic course] (PDF). Helsinki: Helsingin yliopisto. p. 27, 28.

References

  • A világ nyelvei. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó. ISBN 963-05-7597-3.
  • Honti, László (1998). "ObUgrian". In Abondolo, Daniel (ed.). The Uralic Languages. ISBN 0-415-08198-X.
  • Nanovfszky, György, ed. (2000). Nyelvrokonaink [Our Language Relatives] (PDF) (in Hungarian). Budapest: Teleki László Alapítvány.
  • Kálmán, Béla (1965). Vogul Chrestomathy. Indiana University Publications. Uralic and Altaic Series. Vol. 46. The Hague: Mouton.
  • Kálmán, Béla (1989). Chrestomathia Vogulica (in Hungarian and German) (3rd ed.). Budapest: Tankönyvkiadó. ISBN 963-18-2088-2.
  • Kulonen, Ulla-Maija (2007). Itämansin kielioppi ja tekstejä. Apuneuvoja suomalais-ugrilaisten kielten opintoja varten (in Finnish). Vol. XV. Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura. ISBN 978-952-5150-87-2.
  • Munkácsi, Bernát and Kálmán, Béla. 1986. Wogulisches Wörterbuch. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest. [In German and Hungarian.]
  • Riese, Timothy. Vogul: Languages of the World/Materials 158. Lincom Europa, 2001. ISBN 3-89586-231-2
  • Ромбандеева, Евдокия Ивановна. Мансийский (вогульский) язык, Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Linguistics, 1973. [In Russian.]

External links

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