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Transcription
Hi there, I’m John Green, this is Crash Course: World History and today we’re going to talk about Islam, which like Christianity and Judaism grew up on the east coast of the Mediterranean but unlike Christianity and Judaism is not terribly well understood in the West. For instance, you probably know what this is and what this is, you probably don’t know what that is. Google it. Mr. Green Mr. Green why do you think people know so little about Islamic history? Did you just ask an interesting non-annoying question, me from the past? I think we don’t know about early Islamic history because we don’t learn about it, me from the past, because we don’t learn about it, because we’re taught that our history is the story of Christianity in Europe, when in fact our history is the story of people on the planet, so let’s try to learn something today. [music intro] [music intro] [music intro] [music intro] [music intro] [music intro] So in less than 200 years Islam went from not existing to being the religious and political organizing principal of one of the largest empires in the world. And that story begins in the 7th century CE when the angel Gabriel appeared to Muhammad, a 40-ish guy who made his living as a caravan trader and told him to begin reciting the word of God. Initially, this freaked Muhammad out, as, you know, it would—but then his wife and a couple of other people encouraged him and slowly he came to accept the mantle as prophet. A few things to know about the world Islam entered: First, Muhammad’s society was intensely tribal. He was a member of the Quraysh tribe, living in Mecca and tribal ties were extremely important. Also, at the time, the Arabian peninsula was like this crazy religious melting pot. Like most tribal Arabs worshipped gods very similar to the Mesopotamian gods you’ll remember from episode 3. And by the time of Muhammad, cult statutes of many of those gods had been collected in his hometown of Mecca in this temple-like structure called the Kaaba. But Arabia was also a home for monotheisms like Christianity and Judaism, even a bit of Zoroastrianism. So the message that there was only god wouldn’t have been like as surprising to Muhammad as it was, for instance, to Abraham. Also, and this will become very important, the northern part of Arabia was sandwiched between the Byzantine Empire and the Persian Sassanian Empire—and you’ll remember, those guys were always fighting. They were like snowboarders and skiers, or like the Westboro Baptist Church and everyone else. At its core, Islam is what we call a radical reforming religion—just like Jesus and Moses sought to restore Abrahamic monotheism after what they perceived as straying, so too did Muhammad. Muslims believe that God sent Muhammad as the final prophet to bring people back to the one true religion, which involves the worship of, and submission to, a single and all-powerful God. The Quran also acknowledges Abraham and Moses and Jesus among others as prophets, but it’s very different from the Hebrew and Christian bibles: For one thing it’s much less narrative, but also its the written record of the revelations Muhammad received—which means its not written from the point of view of people, it is seen as the actual word of God. The Quran is a really broad-ranging text, but it returns again and again to a couple themes. One is strict monotheism and the other is the importance of taking care of those less fortunate than you. The Quran, says of the good person spends his substance—however much he himself may cherish it—upon his near of kin, and the orphans, and the needy, and the wayfarer, and the beggars, and for the freeing of human beings from bondage. These revelations also radically increased the rights of women and orphans, which was one of the reasons why Mohammad’s tribal leaders weren’t that psyched about them. To talk more about Islamic faith and practice, let’s go to the Thought Bubble. The five pillars of Islam are the basic acts considered obligatory, at least by Sunni Muslims. First is the shahada or the profession of the faith: There is no god but god and Muhammad is God’s prophet, which is sometimes translated as “There is no god but Allah and Muhammad is Allah’s prophet”, which tries to make Muslims sound other and ignores the fact that the Arabic word for god—whether you are Christian or Jewish or Muslim—is Allah. Second, salat, or ritual prayer five times a day—at dawn, noon, afternoon, sunset, and late evening—which are obligatory unless you haven’t hit puberty, are too sick, or are menstruating. Keep it PG, ThoughtBubble. Third, sawm, the month-long fast during the month of Ramadan, in which Muslims do not eat or drink or smoke cigarettes during daylight hours. Since Ramadan is a lunar-calendar month, it moves around the seasons, and obviously it’s most fun during the winter, when days are shorter, and least fun during the summer, when days are both long and hot. Fourth is zakat, or almsgiving, in which non-poor Muslims are required to give a percentage of their income to the poor, and lastly hajj, the pilgrimage to Mecca that Muslims must try to fulfill at least once in their lives, provided they are healthy and have enough money. And there’s also more to understanding Islam than just knowing the Quran. Like Judaism with its Talmud, and Christianity with its lives of saints and writings of Church fathers, Islam has supplementary sacred texts, chief among which is the hadith, a collection of sayings and stories about the Prophet. Thanks ThoughtBubble. Oh, it’s time for the open letter? [rolls to velvet throne] Magic. An Open Letter to the 72 Virgins. Oh, but first let’s check what’s in the Secret Compartment. Huh, it’s Andre the Giant. Did you know that Andre the Giant died a virgin- is a fact that I made up? Dear 72 Virgins, Hey there, it’s me, John Green. Did you know that not all hadiths were created equal? Some sayings of the Prophet are really well sourced. like for instance, a good friend or a relative heard the Prophet say something and then it ended up as a hadith. But some hadiths are terribly sourced like, not to be irreverent, but some of it is like middle school gossip; like Rachel told Rebekah that her sister’s brother’s friend kissed Justin Bieber on the face. And the vast majority of Muslims don’t treat terribly sourced hadiths as scripture. And the idea that you go to heaven and get 72 virgins is not in the Quran; it’s in a terribly sourced hadith so it is my great regret to inform you, 72 Virgins, that in the eyes of almost all Muslims you do not exist. Best wishes, John Green One more thing about Islam: Like Christianity and Judaism, it has a body of law. You might have heard of it - it’s called sharia. Although we tend to think of sharia as this single set of laws that all Muslims follow, that’s ridiculous; there are numerous competing interpretations of sharia, just as there are within any legal tradition. So people who embraced this worldview were called Muslims, because they submitted to the will of God, and they became part of the umma, or community of believers. This would be a good moment for an Uma Thurman joke, but sadly she is no longer famous. I’m sorry if you’re watching this, Uma Thurman. Being part of the umma trumped all other ties, including tribal ties, which got Muhammad into some trouble and brings us, at last, back to history. So as Muhammad’s following in Mecca grew, the umma aroused the suspicion of the most powerful tribe, the Quraysh. And it didn’t matter that Muhammad himself was born into the Quraysh tribe because he wouldn’t shut up about how there was only one God, which was really bad news to the Quraysh tribe because they managed the pilgrimage trade in Mecca, and if all those gods were false, it would be a disaster economically. —although come to think of it, in the end the Meccan pilgrimage business turned out just fine. So the Quraysh forced Muhammad and his followers out of Mecca in 622 CE, and they headed to Yithrab, also known as Medina. This journey, also know as the hijra, is so important that it marks year 0 in the Islamic calendar. In Medina, Muhammad severed the religion’s ties to Judaism, turning the focus of prayer away from Jerusalem to Mecca. Also in Medina, the Islamic community started to look a lot more like a small empire than like a church. Like, Jesus never had a country to run. But Muhammad did almost from the beginning. And in addition to being an important prophet, he was a good general and in 630, the Islamic community took back Mecca. They destroyed the idols in the kabaa, and soon Islam was as powerful a political force in the region as it was a religious one. And it’s because the political and religious coexisted from the beginning, that there’s no separate tradition of civic and religious law like there is in Christianity and Judaism. Also, vitally, Islam was available to everyone from the moment of its founding, making it very different from Judaism and even from Christianity—which you’ll remember debated for generations whether to be inclusive. —and more importantly than separating Islam from other monotheisms, that really separated Islam from the tribalism in Arabia. So then when Muhammad died in 632 CE, there wasn’t a religious vacuum left behind: Muhammad was the final prophet, the revelation of the Quran would continue to guide the umma throughout their lives. But the community did need a political leader, a caliph. And the first caliph was Abu Bakr, Muhammad’s father-in-law, who was not without his opponents: Many people wanted Ali, Muhammad’s son-in-law, to lead the community. And although he did become the fourth caliph, that initial disagreement—to radically oversimplify because we only have ten minutes—began the divide between the two of the major sects of Islam: Suuni and Shi’a. And even today, Sunnis Muslims believe Abu Bakr was rightly elected the first caliph and Shi’a Muslims believe it should’ve been Ali. To Sunnis, the first four caliphs—Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, and Ali— are known as the Rightly Guided Caliphs, and many of the conservative movements in the Islamic world today are all about trying to restore the Islamic world to those glory days, which—like most glory days—were not unambiguously glorious. Abu Bakr stabilized the community after Muhammad’s death, and began the process of recording the Quran in writing, And started the military campaigns against the Byzantine and Sassanian Empires that within 116 years would allow the Islamic Empire to go from this to this. His successor Umar was both an uncommonly good general and a brilliant administrator but like so many other great men, he proved terrible at avoiding assassination. Which led to the caliphate of Uthman, who standardized the Quran and continued both his predecessor’s tradition of conquest and his predecessor’s tradition of getting assassinated. Then Ali finally got his turn at caliph, but his ascension was very controversial, and it ultimately led to a civil war. Which eventually led to the emergence of Uthman’s tribe, the Umayyads, as the dynasty ruling over an ever-expanding Islamic Empire for more than a hundred years. It’s common to hear that in these early years Islam quote spread by the sword, and that’s partly true, unless you are—wait for it— the Mongols. Actually, as usual, the truth is more complicated:Many people, including the Mongols but also including lots of people in Central and East Asia, embraced Islam without any military campaigns. And in fact, the Quran says that religion must not be an act of compulsion, but this much is true: The early Islamic empire was really good at winning wars. And situated as they were between two very wealthy empires—the Byzantines and the Sassanians—there was plenty to fight for. First to fall was the Sassanians, the last non-Muslim successor to the Persian Empire. They were relatively easy pickings because they’d been fighting the Byzantines for like 300 years and were super tired. Also they’d been recently struck by plague. Plague, man, I’m telling you; It’s like the red tortoise shell of history. But in those early days they did pry away some valuable territory like Egypt and the holy land and eventually they got into Spain. Where various Muslim dynasties would entrench themselves until being expelled in 1492. But as a good as they were at making war, it’s still tempting to chalk up the Arabs’ success to, you know, the will of God. And certainly a lot of the people they conquered felt that way. Wars in this part of the world didn’t just pit people against each other, they also pitted their gods against each other. So while the Islamic Empire didn’t require its subjects to convert to Islam, their stunning successes certainly convinced a lot of people that this monotheism thing was legit. Once again, John Green proving super hip to the slang of today’s young’ns. Also, you paid lower taxes if you converted, and just as taxes on cigarettes lead to people not wanting to smoke, taxes on worshipping your idols lead to people not wanting to worship them anymore. So in a period of time that was, historically speaking, both remarkably recent and remarkably short, a small group of people from an area of the world with no natural resources managed to create one of the great empires of the world and also one of its great religions. And that very fact may be why people of Western European descent remain largely ignorant about this period. Not only were the Muslims great conquerors, they spawned an explosion of trade and learning that lasted hundreds of years. They saved many of the classical texts that form the basis of the “Western Canon” while Europe was ignoring them and they paved the way for the Renaissance. While it’s important to remember that much of the world between Spain and the Indus River wasn’t Arabized, most of it was so thoroughly Islamized that these days we can’t think of the world we now call the Middle East without thinking of it as Islamic. Perhaps the greatest testimony to Islam’s power to organize peoples lives and their communities is that, in Egypt, 5 times a day millions of people turn away from the Pyramids and toward Mecca. Egypt, birthplace to one of the longest continuous cultures the world has ever known, is now the largest Arab country in the world. Next week we’ll talk about the Dark Ages. Spoiler alert: they were darkest in the evening. Thanks for watching and we’ll see you next time. Crash Course is produced and directed by Stan Muller, our script supervisor is Danica Johnson. The show is written by my high school history teacher Raoul Meyer and myself and our graphics team is ThoughtBubble. Last week’s Phrase of the Week was “They Might Be Giants”. If you want to guess this week’s Phrase of the Week or suggest future ones you can do so in Comments where you can also ask questions about today’s video that our team of historians will endeavor to answer. Thank you so much for watching and as they say in my hometown, don’t forget to be coleslaw.
Constitution
Passed | Laws | Voting results (Yea / Nay / Abstain) |
Amendment(s) |
---|---|---|---|
4 December 1982 | Constitution | 1988, 1993, 1999, 2004, 2018 |
Passed | Laws | Voting results (Yea / Nay / Abstain) |
Amendment(s) |
---|---|---|---|
1 July 1979 | Organic Law of the People's Procuratorates | 1983, 1986, 2018 | |
1 July 1979 | Organic Law of the People's Courts | 1983, 1986, 2006, 2018 | |
1 July 1979 | Organization Law for Local People's Congresses at All Levels and Local People's Governments at All Levels | 1982, 1986, 1995, 2004, 2015 | |
1 July 1979 | Election Law for the National People's Congress and Local People's Congresses at All Levels | 1982, 1986, 1995, 2004, 2010, 2015 | |
10 September 1980 | Nationality Law | ||
6 October 1981 | Measures for the Election of Deputies from the Chinese People's Liberation Army to the National People's Congress and the Local People's Congresses at and above the County Level | 1996, 2012 | |
10 December 1982 | Organic Law of the State Council | ||
10 December 1982 | Organic Law of the National People's Congress | ||
31 May 1984 | Law on Regional National Autonomy | 2001 | |
5 September 1986 | Regulations Concerning Diplomatic Privileges and Immunities | ||
24 November 1987 | Rules of Procedure of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress | 2009 | |
4 April 1989 | Rules of Procedure for the National People's Congress | ||
31 October 1989 | Law on Assemblies, Processions and Demonstrations | 2009 | |
26 December 1989 | Organic Law of the Urban Residents Committee | 2018 | |
4 April 1990 | The Basic Law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region | ||
4 April 1990 | The Basic Law of the Macao Special Administrative Region | ||
28 June 1990 | Law on the National Flag | 2009 | |
30 October 1990 | Regulations Concerning Consular Privileges and Immunities | ||
28 December 1990 | Law on the Procedure of the Conclusion of Treaties | ||
25 February 1992 | Law on the Territorial Sea and the Contiguous Zone | ||
3 April 1992 | Law on Deputies to the National People's Congress and Local People's Congresses at All Levels | 2009, 2010, 2015 | |
12 May 1994 | State Compensation Law | 2010, 2012 | |
1 March 1996 | Martial Law | ||
30 December 1996 | Law on Garrisoning the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region | ||
26 June 1998 | Law on the Exclusive Economic Zone and the Continental Shelf | ||
4 November 1998 | Organic Law of the Villagers' Committees | 2010, 2018 | |
28 June 1999 | Law on Garrisoning the Macao Special Administrative Region | ||
15 March 2000 | Legislation Law | 2015 | |
14 March 2005 | Anti-Secession Law | 2896 / 0 / 2[2] | |
25 October 2005 | Law on Immunity of the Property of Foreign Central Banks from Compulsory Judicial Measures | ||
27 August 2006 | Law on the Supervision of Standing Committees of People's Congresses at Various Levels | 155 / 1 / 5[3] | |
1 July 2015 | National Security Law | 154 / 0 / 1[4] | |
27 December 2015 | Law on National Medals and National Honorary Titles | 157 / 0 / 2[5] | |
1 September 2017 | National Anthem Law | 146 / 0 / 1[6] | |
20 March 2018 | Supervision Law | 2914 / 28 / 18[7] |
Civil and commercial laws
Passed | Laws | Voting results (Yea / Nay / Abstain) |
Amendment(s) |
---|---|---|---|
10 September 1980 | Marriage Law | 2001 | |
10 April 1985 | Law of Succession | ||
13 April 1988 | Law of Industrial Enterprises Owned by the Whole People | 2009 | |
7 September 1990 | Copyright Law | 2001, 2010 | |
29 December 1991 | Adoption Law | 1998 | |
7 November 1992 | Maritime Law | ||
29 December 1993 | Company Law | 1999, 2004, 2005, 2013, 2018 | |
10 May 1995 | Law on Commercial Banks | 2003, 2015 | |
10 May 1995 | Negotiable Instruments Law | 2004 | |
30 June 1995 | Insurance Law | 2002, 2009, 2014, 2015 | |
30 June 1995 | The Guarantee Law | ||
5 July 1996 | Auction Law | 2004, 2015 | |
23 February 1997 | Partnership Enterprise Law | 2006 | |
29 December 1998 | Securities Law | 2004, 2005, 2013, 2014, 2019 | |
15 March 1999 | Contract Law | ||
30 August 1999 | The Bidding Law | 2017 | |
30 August 1999 | Law on Individual Proprietorship Enterprises | ||
28 April 2001 | Trust Law | ||
29 June 2002 | Law on the Promotion of Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises | 2017 | |
29 August 2002 | Law on Rural Land Contracting | 2009, 2018 | |
28 August 2004 | Electronic Signature Law | 2015, 2019 | |
31 October 2006 | Law on Farmers' Professional Cooperatives | 143 / 1 / 1[8] | 2017 |
27 August 2006 | Enterprise Bankruptcy Law | ||
16 March 2007 | Property Law | 2799 / 52 / 31[9] | 2017 |
26 December 2009 | Tort Law | 139 / 10 / 15[10] | 2017 |
28 October 2010 | Law on Choice of Law for Foreign-related Civil Relationships | ||
15 March 2017 | General Provisions of the Civil Law | 2782 / 30 / 21[11] | |
31 August 2018 | E-Commerce Law | 167 / 1 / 3[12] |
Administrative laws
General administrative laws
Passed | Laws | Voting results (Yea / Nay / Abstain) |
Amendment(s) |
---|---|---|---|
17 March 1996 | Law on Administrative Penalty | 2009, 2017 | |
29 April 1999 | Administrative Reconsideration Law | 2009, 2017 | |
27 August 2003 | Administrative License Law | 2019 | |
27 April 2005 | Civil Servant Law | 2017, 2019 | |
30 June 2011 | Administrative Compulsion Law | 145 / 1 / 7[13] |
Special administrative laws
Passed | Laws | Voting results (Yea / Nay / Abstain) |
Amendment(s) |
---|---|---|---|
9 January 1958 | Regulations on Household Registration | ||
12 February 1980 | Regulations on Academic Degrees | 2004 | |
23 August 1982 | Marine Environment Protection Law | 1999, 2013, 2016, 2017 | |
19 November 1982 | Cultural Relics Protection Law | 1991, 2002, 2007, 2013, 2015, 2017 | |
2 September 1983 | Maritime Traffic Safety Law | 2016 | |
11 May 1984 | Water Pollution Prevention and Control Law | 1996, 2008, 2017 | |
31 May 1984 | Military Service Law | 1998, 2009, 2011 | |
20 September 1984 | Pharmaceutical Administration Law | 2001, 2013, 2015, 2019 | |
12 April 1986 | Compulsory Education Law | 2006, 2015, 2018 | |
25 June 1986 | Land Administration Law | 1988, 1998, 2004, 2019 | |
2 December 1986 | Frontier Health and Quarantine Law | 1986, 2007, 2009, 2018 | |
22 January 1987 | Customs Law | 2000, 2013(1), 2013(2), 2016, 2017 | |
5 September 1987 | Atmospheric Pollution Prevention and Control Law | 1995, 2000, 2015, 2018 | |
1 July 1988 | Regulations of the Military Ranks of Officers of the Chinese People's Liberation Army | 1994 | |
5 September 1987 | Archives Law | 1996, 2016 | |
5 September 1988 | Law on Guarding State Secrets | 2010 | |
5 September 1988 | Regulations on the Military Service of Officers in Active Service | 1994, 2000 | |
21 February 1989 | Law on Prevention and Treatment of Infectious Diseases | 2004, 2013 | |
4 April 1989 | The Administrative Litigation Law | 2014, 2017 | |
26 December 1989 | Marine Environment Protection Law | 2014 | |
23 February 1990 | Law on the Protection of Military Installations | 2009, 2014 | |
1 July 1992 | Regulations on the Police Ranks of the People's Police | 2009 | |
28 December 1992 | Surveying and Mapping Law | 2002, 2017 | |
2 July 1993 | Law on Scientific and Technological Progress | 2007 | |
31 October 1993 | Teachers Law | 2009 | |
5 July 1994 | Urban Real Estate Administration Law | 2007, 2009, 2019 | |
27 October 1994 | Law on Maternal and Infant Health Care | 2009, 2017 | |
29 December 1994 | Prison Law | 2012 | |
28 February 1995 | People's Police Law | 2012 | |
18 March 1995 | Education Law | 2009, 2015 | |
10 May 1995 | Reserve Officers Law | 2010 | |
29 August 1995 | Law on Physical Culture and Sports | 2009, 2016 | |
30 October 1995 | Law on the Prevention and Control of Environment Pollution Caused by Solid Wastes | 2016 | |
15 May 1996 | Law on Promoting the Transformation of Scientific and Technological Achievements | 2015 | |
15 May 1996 | Vocation Education Law | ||
5 July 1996 | Gun Control Law | 2009, 2015 | |
29 October 1996 | Civil Air Defense Law | 2009 | |
29 October 1996 | Law on Prevention and Control of Pollution from Environmental Noise | 2018 | |
1 November 1997 | Construction Law | 2011, 2019 | |
29 December 1997 | Law on Protecting Against and Mitigating Earthquake Disasters | 2008 | |
29 December 1997 | Law on Blood donation | ||
29 April 1998 | Fire Protection Law | 2008, 2019 | |
26 June 1998 | Law on Practicing Doctors | 2009 | |
29 August 1998 | Higher Education Law | 2015, 2018 | |
31 October 1999 | Meteorology Law | 2009, 2014, 2016 | |
31 October 2000 | Law on the Standard Spoken and Written Chinese Language | ||
28 April 2001 | National Defense Education Law | 2018 | |
31 August 2001 | Law on Desert Prevention and Transformation | 2018 | |
29 December 2001 | Law on Population and Family Planning | 2015 | |
29 June 2002 | Law on Promulgation of Science and Technology | ||
28 October 2002 | Law on Environmental Impact Assessment | 2016, 2018 | |
28 December 2002 | Non-state Education Promotion Law | 2013, 2016, 2018 | |
28 February 2003 | Regulations on Customs Titles | ||
28 June 2003 | Law on Resident Identity Cards | 2011 | |
28 June 2003 | Law on Prevention and Control of Radioactive Pollution | ||
28 October 2003 | Road Traffic Safety Law | 2007, 2011 | |
28 August 2005 | Public Security Administration Punishments Law | 2012 | |
29 April 2006 | Public Security Administration Punishments Law | ||
30 August 2007 | Emergency Response Law | 152 / 0 / 0[14] | |
28 October 2007 | Urban and Rural Planning Law | 2015, 2019 | |
29 December 2007 | Narcotics Control Law | ||
28 February 2009 | Food Safety Law | 158 / 3 / 4[15] | 2015, 2018 |
27 August 2009 | Law on the People's Armed Police Force | 153 / 1 / 1[16] | |
31 October 2009 | Law on Diplomatic Personnel Stationed Abroad | 140 / 1 / 2[17] | |
26 December 2009 | Island Protection Law | 155 / 0 / 9[10] | |
26 February 2010 | National Defense Mobilization Law | 157 / 1 / 1[18] | |
25 February 2011 | Intangible Cultural Heritage Law | 155 / 2 / 0[19] | |
30 June 2012 | Exit-Entry Administration Law | ||
26 October 2012 | Mental Health Law | 2018 | |
1 November 2014 | Counterespionage Law | 156 / 0 / 1[20] | |
27 December 2015 | Counterterrorism Law | 158 / 1 / 0[5] | 2018 |
7 November 2016 | Film Industry Promotion Law | 146 / 1 / 8[21] | |
25 December 2016 | Law of Traditional Chinese Medicine | 144 / 3 / 3[22] | |
25 December 2016 | Public Cultural Service Guarantee Law | 148 / 0 / 2[22] | |
27 June 2017 | National Intelligence Law | 2018 | |
1 September 2017 | Nuclear Safety Law | 145 / 0 / 2[6] | |
4 November 2017 | Law on Public Libraries | 145 / 2 / 2[15] | 2018 |
27 April 2018 | Law on the Protection of Heroes and Martyrs | 170 / 0 / 0[23] | |
31 August 2018 | Soil Pollution Prevention and Control Law | 171 / 0 / 0[12] | |
26 October 2018 | Law on International Criminal Judicial Assistance | 171 / 0 / 1[24] | |
26 October 2018 | Regulation on Fire and Rescue Ranks | 167 / 1 / 4[24] | |
29 June 2019 | Vaccine Administration Law | 170 / 0 / 1[25] | |
26 October 2019 | Cryptography Law | ||
28 December 2019 | Law on the Promotion of Basic Medical and Health Care | 164 / 0 / 4[26] | |
28 December 2019 | Community Correction Law | 168 / 0 / 0[26] |
Economic laws
Passed | Laws | Voting results (Yea / Nay / Abstain) |
Amendment(s) |
---|---|---|---|
10 September 1980 | Individual Income Tax Law | 1993, 1999, 2005, 2007(1), 2007(2), 2011, 2018 | |
23 August 1982 | Trademark Law | 1993, 2001, 2013, 2019 | |
8 December 1983 | Statistics Law | 1996, 2009 | |
20 September 1984 | Forest Law | 1998, 2009, 2019 | |
21 January 1985 | Accounting Law | 1993, 1999, 2017 | |
18 June 1985 | Grassland Law | 2002, 2009, 2013 | |
6 September 1985 | Metrology Law | 2009, 2013, 2015, 2017, 2018 | |
20 January 1986 | Fisheries Law | 2000, 2004, 2009, 2013 | |
19 March 1986 | Mineral Resources Law | 1996, 2009 | |
2 December 1986 | Postal Law | 2009, 2012, 2015 | |
29 December 1988 | Standardization Law | 2017 | |
21 February 1989 | Law on Import and Export Commodity Inspection | 2002, 2013, 2018(1), 2018(2) | |
7 September 1990 | Railway Law | 2009, 2015 | |
29 June 1991 | Law on Tobacco Monopoly | 2009, 2013, 2015 | |
29 June 1991 | Water and Soil Conservation Law | 2010 | |
30 October 1991 | Law on the Entry and Exit Animal and Plant Quarantine | 2009 | |
4 September 1992 | Tax Collection Administration Law | 1995, 2001, 2015 | |
22 February 1993 | Product Quality Law | 2000, 2009, 2018 | |
2 July 1993 | Agriculture Law | 2002, 2012 | |
2 July 1993 | Law on the Popularization of Agricultural Technology | 2012 | |
2 September 1993 | Anti-Unfair Competition Law | 2017, 2019 | |
31 October 1993 | Law on Certified Public Accountants | 2014 | |
31 October 1993 | Law on the Protection of Consumer Rights and Interests | 2009, 2013 | |
5 March 1994 | Law on Protection of Investment by Compatriots from Taiwan | 2016, 2019 | |
22 March 1994 | Budget Law | 2014, 2018 | |
12 May 1994 | Foreign Trade Law | 2004, 2016 | |
31 August 1994 | Audit Law | 2006 | |
27 October 1994 | Advertising Law | 2015, 2018 | |
18 March 1995 | Law on the People's Bank of China | 2003 | |
30 October 1995 | Civil Aviation Law | 2009, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018 | |
28 December 1995 | Electric Power Law | 2009, 2015, 2018 | |
29 August 1996 | Coal Industry Law | 2011, 2013, 2016 | |
29 October 1996 | Law on Township Enterprises | ||
3 July 1997 | Highway Law | 1999, 2004, 2009, 2016, 2017 | |
3 July 1997 | Animal Epidemic Prevention Law | 2007, 2013, 2015 | |
1 November 1997 | Energy Conservation Law | 2007, 2016, 2018 | |
1 November 1997 | Law on Flood Control | 2007, 2016 | |
29 December 1997 | Price Law | ||
21 January 1998 | Water Law | 2002, 2009, 2016 | |
8 July 2000 | Seed Law | 2004, 2013, 2015 | |
27 October 2001 | Law on the Administration of Sea Areas | ||
29 June 2002 | Government Procurement Law | 2014 | |
29 June 2002 | Cleaner Production Promotion Law | 2012 | |
28 June 2003 | Law on Ports | 2015, 2017, 2018 | |
28 October 2003 | Securities Investment Fund Law | 2012, 2015 | |
27 December 2003 | Banking Supervision Law | 2006 | |
25 June 2004 | Law on Promotion of Agricultural Mechanization | 2018 | |
28 February 2005 | Renewable Energy Law | 2009 | |
29 December 2005 | Animal Husbandry Law | 2015 | |
29 April 2006 | Agricultural Product Quality Safety Law | 2018 | |
31 October 2006 | Anti-Money Laundering Law | 144 / 0 / 1[8] | |
16 March 2007 | Enterprise Income Tax Law | 2826 / 37 / 22[27] | 2017, 2018 |
29 June 2007 | Labor Contract Law | 2012 | |
30 August 2007 | Anti-Monopoly Law | 150 / 0 / 2[14] | |
29 August 2008 | Circular Economy Promotion Law | 155 / ? / ?[28] | 2018 |
28 October 2008 | Law on the State-Owned Assets of Enterprises | 150 / 0 / 4[29] | |
25 June 2010 | Oil and Natural Gas Pipeline Protection Law | 141 / 7 / 11[30] | |
25 February 2011 | Vehicle and Vessel Tax Law | 106 / 15 / 36[19] | 2019 |
25 April 2013 | Tourism Law | 150 / 0 / 5[31] | 2016, 2018 |
28 December 2014 | Waterway Law | 2016 | |
26 February 2016 | Law on the Exploration and Development of Resources in Deep Seabed Areas | 163 / 0 / 1[32] | |
2 July 2016 | Asset Appraisal Law | 138 / 5 / 14[33] | |
7 November 2016 | Cybersecurity Law | 154 / 0 / 1[21] | |
25 December 2016 | Environmental Protection Tax Law | 145 / 1 / 4[22] | 2018 |
27 December 2017 | Vessel Tonnage Tax Law | 158 / 0 / 0[34] | 2018 |
27 December 2017 | Tobacco Leaf Tax Law | 156 / 1 / 1[34] | |
29 December 2018 | Law on Farmland Occupation Tax | ||
15 March 2019 | Foreign Investment Law | 2929 / 8 / 8[35] | |
26 August 2019 | Resource Tax Law | 164 / 1 / 2[36] |
Social laws
Passed | Laws | Voting results (Yea / Nay / Abstain) |
Amendment(s) |
---|---|---|---|
8 November 1988 | Wild Animal Conservation Law | 2004, 2009, 2016, 2018 | |
7 September 1990 | Law on the Protection of the Rights and Interests of Returned Overseas Chinese and the Family Members of Overseas Chinese | 2000, 2009 | |
28 December 1990 | Law on the Protection of Disabled Persons | 2008, 2018 | |
4 September 1991 | Law on the Protection of Minors | 2006, 2012 | |
3 April 1992 | Law on the Protection of Women's Rights and Interests | 2005, 2018 | |
3 April 1992 | Trade Union Law | 2001, 2009 | |
7 November 1992 | Mine Safety Law | 2009 | |
31 October 1993 | Law on Red Cross Society | 2009, 2017 | |
5 July 1994 | Labor Law | 2009, 2018 | |
29 August 1996 | Law on the Protection of the Rights and Interests of the Elderly | 2009, 2012, 2015, 2018 | |
28 June 1999 | Law on Prevention of Juvenile Delinquency | 2012 | |
28 June 1999 | Law on Donations for Public Welfare | ||
27 October 2001 | Law on the Prevention and Control of Occupational Diseases | 2011, 2016, 2017, 2018 | |
30 August 2007 | Employment Promotion Law | 150 / 1 / 1[14] | 2015 |
28 October 2010 | Social Insurance Law | 2018 | |
27 April 2012 | Military Personnel Insurance Law | ||
29 June 2013 | Special Equipment Safety Law | ||
27 December 2015 | Anti-domestic Violence Law | 158 / 0 / 1[5] | |
16 March 2016 | Charity Law | 2636 / 131 / 83[37] | |
28 April 2016 | Law on the Administration of Activities of Overseas Non-Governmental Organizations within the Territory of China | 147 / 1 / 1[38] |
Criminal laws
Passed | Laws | Voting results (Yea / Nay / Abstain) |
Amendment(s) |
---|---|---|---|
1 July 1979 | Criminal Law | 1997, 1999, 2001(1), 2001(2), 2002, 2005, 2006, 2009, 2011, 2015, 2017 |
Procedural & Non-procedural laws
Procedural laws
Passed | Laws | Voting results (Yea / Nay / Abstain) |
Amendment(s) |
---|---|---|---|
1 July 1979 | Criminal Procedure Law | 1996, 2012, 2018 | |
9 April 1991 | The Civil Procedure Law | 2007, 2012, 2017 | |
28 February 1995 | Public Procurators Law | 2001, 2017, 2019 | |
28 February 1995 | Judges Law | 2001, 2017, 2019 | |
15 May 1996 | Lawyers Law | 2001, 2007, 2012, 2019 | |
25 December 1999 | Special Maritime Procedure Law | ||
27 April 2018 | Law on People's Assessors | 169 / 0 / 1[23] |
Non-procedural laws
Passed | Laws | Voting results (Yea / Nay / Abstain) |
Amendment(s) |
---|---|---|---|
31 August 1994 | Arbitration Law | 2009, 2017 | |
28 December 2000 | Extradition Law | ||
28 August 2005 | Notary Law | 2015, 2017 | |
29 December 2007 | Labor Dispute Mediation and Arbitration Law | ||
27 June 2009 | Law on the Mediation and Arbitration of Rural Land Contract Disputes | ||
28 August 2010 | People's Mediation Law | 143 / 2 / 7[39] |
See also
References
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External links
- Criminal Law of the People's Republic of China Mainland China criminal law on Congressional-Executive Commission on China web-site
- Official Site about Judicial System of PRC A site with judicial news, library of laws and regulations sponsored by the Supreme People's Court of the PRC