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Lepidopterology

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

A Lepidoptera specimen drawer in a museum collection in Poland
Another Lepidoptera specimen drawer in a museum collection in Poland

Lepidopterology (from Ancient Greek λεπίδος (lepídos) 'scale', πτερόν (pterón) 'wing', and -λογία (-logia)[1]) is a branch of entomology concerning the scientific study of moths and the two superfamilies of butterflies. Someone who studies in this field is a lepidopterist or, archaically, an aurelian.

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Transcription

You never hear of anybody saying that they've got moths in their stomach. That sounds like some kind of gastrointestinal problem you should probably be seeking medical attention for. And you never say that you're attracted to something like a butterfly to a flame, but why not? Moths and butterflies are both classified in the order Lepidoptera, but the taxonomic, or naming, differences get pretty confusing so let's just focus on the morphological differences, or rather, how you can tell them apart by sight. One of the easiest ways of telling them apart is by looking at their antennae. Butterflies have antennae that are called "filiform," or needle-like. They're long and skinny and they're clubbed or hooked at the end. Moths, on the other hand, have feathery antennae. Despite the differences in shape, the antennae of both moths and butterflies are used for the same purpose, and that is to detect sexy pheromones from members of the same species. Once the moth or butterfly finds a mate and, uh, they, uh... You know. The birds and the bees! No, Stefan. The moths and the butterflies. Anyway, they have sex. Eggs are laid and eventually a caterpillar hatches, and it doesn't matter whether or not it's a butterfly or a moth. They're both called caterpillars. You could have a butterfly caterpillar and a moth caterpillar they're all- caterpillars! After the hungry, hungry caterpillar has eaten all of the things it will either form a chrysalis or a cocoon. Butterflies form chrysalises and moths form cocoons, and the easiest way to remember that is that butterflies form chrysalises and moths form cocoons. Although these encasings are structurally different, they serve the same function. To make a chrysalis, the butterfly larva will harden in its own skin. To make a cocoon, the moth larva will create a protective shelter out of any nearby materials that might be everything from leaves, its own silk production, sawdust, and in some cases paper. Despite the structural differences, the cocoon and the chrysalis serve the same function: puberty! To make the transition into adulthood, the body inside of the encasing has to liquify and literally rebuild itself before it's ready to emerge as the beautiful adult that it is. In comparison, I- acne doesn't seem that bad. When they're ready to emerge, the butterflies will burst out of their chrysalises and the moths will use acidic spit in order to help break down the protective walls of their cocoons. Another way to tell whether or not you've got a butterfly or a moth on your hand, or more likely in your garden, is by how they sit when resting. Butterflies rest with their wings together and up and moths rest with their wings down on either side of their plump little bodies. Butterflies and moths. And butterflies, and moths. Also, another difference is that butterflies have typically long and slender abdomens where moths are going to be fuller in shape and their fuzzy little bodies are covered in what looks like hair but are actually scales. These scales help keep moths warm on lonely nights. Butterflies don't have these so it's thought that butterflies stay warm by actually absorbing solar radiation. So if you're terrified of malevolent hoards of invasive butterflies, remember that they're weakest at night. Speaking of day and nighttime activities, moths are the ones with the reputation for being active most at night. That's not to say there aren't diurnal moths, that are active during the day, but the majority of moths navigate by a process called transverse orientation, meaning they're guided by the light of the Milky Way or the Moon. This is the same way that dung beetles mosey their poop balls, or sea turtles find the ocean after hatching. While moths are usually not as brightly colored as butterflies, there are exceptions like the gorgeous Madagascar sunset moth, which is active during the day, or luna moths, which are ethereal and gorgeous, and can be used to fortify light armor potions in Skyrim. So, there you have it. Not only will you be able to identify the unassuming lepidoteran you spot flitting around your garden or at your porch light at night, but you can rest easy knowing that it's an acid-spitting, a solar-radiation-absorbing wonder of beautiful nature. Or something to that effect. Special thanks to Jim Boone for all of his help on this episode. This has been an episode of The Brain Scoop, and thanks for watching. Butterflies, moths. Butterflies, moths. Butterflies, moths.

Origins

Post-Renaissance, the rise of the "lepidopterist" can be attributed to the expanding interest in science, nature and the surroundings. When Linnaeus wrote the tenth edition of the Systema Naturae in 1758, there was already "a substantial body of published work on Lepidopteran natural history" (Kristensen, 1999).[2]

These included:[2]

History

Scholars

1758–1900 was the era of the gentleman scientist. Following Linnaeus' descriptions in Systema Naturae and with Boas Johansson in Centuria Insectorum, the Austrian Nikolaus Poda von Neuhaus wrote Insecta Musei Graecensis (1761) and Johann Christian Fabricius described very many more species in a series of major works.

During this period, Ignaz Schiffermüller wrote a systematic catalogue of the butterflies of the districts around Vienna Systematische Verzeichnis der Schmetterlinge der Wienergegend herausgegeben von einigen Lehrern am k. k. Theresianum (1775). In Germany Eugenius Johann Christoph Esper in collaboration with Toussaint de Charpentier published Die europäischen Schmetterlinge (European butterflies online here) and Die ausländischen Schmetterlinge (World butterflies online here).

Between 1806 and 1834 Jacob Hübner wrote Sammlung exotischer Schmetterlinge ["Collection of exotic butterflies"] (2 vols.), Augsburg with Carl Geyer and Gottlieb August Wilhelm Herrich-Schäffer. During the years of 1806–1824 Hübner added Geschichte europäischer Schmetterlinge ["History of European butterflies"]. Herrich-Schäffer expanded this as Systematische Bearbeitung der Schmetterlinge von Europa, Zugleich als Text, Revision und Supplement zu Jacob Hubner’s Sammlung europäischer Schmetterlinge(6 Volumes, 1843–1856).

In France Jean Baptiste Boisduval, Jules Pierre Rambur and Adolphe Hercule de Graslin wrote Collection iconographique et historique des chenilles; ou, Description et figures des chenilles (larvae) d'Europe, avec l'histoire de leurs métamorphoses, et des applications à l'agriculture, Paris, Librairie encyclopédique de Roret, 1832 and with John Eatton Le Conte, 1829–1837 Histoire général et iconographie des lepidoptérès et des chenilles de l’Amerique septentrionale (General history and illustrations of the Lepidoptera and caterpillars of Northern America) which was published in Paris. Boisduval also described Lepidoptera from the expedition ship Astrolabe of Jean-François de Galaup, comte de La Pérouse and the Coquille, that of Louis Isidore Duperrey.

In Italy, Giovanni Antonio Scopoli wrote Entomologia Carniolica published in Vienna. In the mid-century period, the expert knowledge of Lepidoptera dealers such as Otto Staudinger, Emile Deyrolle, Orazio Querci, and Peter Godeffroy contributed to the field.

In Russia, Andrey Avinoff,[3] a member of the diplomatic corps of Tsar Nicholas II, sponsored more than forty collecting expeditions to Central Asia in search of rare Lepidoptera. He personally undertook arduous expeditions to Russian Turkestan and the Pamir in 1908 and through India and Kashmir in 1914, as well as to Ladakh and Chinese Turkestan before those regions were open to explorers. Prior to the political upheaval of 1917, he was awarded the Imperial Russian Geographical Society's prestigious gold medal. The Soviet government appropriated his collection and placed it in the Zoological Museum of St. Petersburg. After Avinoff emigrated to America, he was able to collect a near-duplicate of his original Asiatic butterfly collection, donating it to the Carnegie Museum of Natural History.

Explorers

 Géographe and Naturaliste
See also: European and American voyages of scientific exploration

Expeditions continued to be major sources of specimens. The Baudin expedition to Australia (1800 to 1803) with two laboratory-equipped ships Géographe and Naturaliste had nine zoologists and botanists on board. They brought back to France, according to Antoine François, comte de Fourcroy, the largest collection Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle had ever received including 44 crates of zoological specimens. The Österreichische Brasilien-Expedition explored the Botany, Zoology and Ethnography of Brazil. It was organized and financed for Austrian Empire and ran from 1817 to 1835. SMS Novara, under the command of Commodore Bernhard von Wüllerstorf-Urbair, made a voyage of exploration in 1857–1859. Baron Cajetan von Felder and his son Rudolf Felder amassed a huge entomological collection from the Novara that is deposited in the Naturhistorisches Museum in Vienna and the Natural History Museum in London. The butterflies were described in Reise Fregatte Novara: Zoologischer Theil., Lepidoptera, Rhopalocera (Journey of the Frigate Novara...) in three volumes (1865–1867). Andrey Avinoff and/or some of his benefactors also financed numerous expeditions from approximately 1906–1940.

Collectors

Wealthy collectors played a major role: Aimée Fournier de Horrack in Paris, Walter Rothschild and James John Joicey in England and in Russia Grand Duke Nicholas Mikhailovich of Russia who funded Sergei Alphéraky and edited Mémoires sur les Lépidoptères. The British Empire provided opportunities to Frederic Moore author of Lepidoptera Indica. The Carnegie and Mellon families helped finance the collection and acquisition of butterfly collections through their investments into the newly created Carnegie Museum of Natural History headed up by Andrey Avinoff from 1926 to 1945.

Museums

In the nineteenth century, large ,collections of Lepidoptera were amongst the natural history specimens then flooding into Europe. Most of the largest and most specimens of new species are in Musée royal de l'Afrique centrale (Belgian Congo), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (French colonial empire), Museum für Naturkunde (German colonial empire), British Museum (Natural History) (British colonial Empire), Zoological Museum in St. Petersburg, and Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie (Dutch Empire). Museum lepidopterists have included Samuel Constantinus Snellen van Vollenhoven. Francis Walker, Alois Friedrich Rogenhofer, František Antonín Nickerl, Lionel de Nicéville, Carl Heinrich Hopffer and Arthur Gardiner Butler.

Notable lepidopterists

Some notable lepidopterists are or have been:

Collections and illustrations

As the chief mode of study of butterflies was through pinned specimen collections, it was difficult to catalogue and communicate names and descriptions widely. Books on butterflies with plates that were either hand-painted, lithographed and printed have been a major tool in lepidopterology. These include the massive works by Adalbert Seitz.

Unusual works like the Butterfly Fauna of Ceylon (1942) by Lionel Gilbert Ollyett Woodhouse (1888–1965) and Moths and Butterflies of the United States East of the Rocky Mountains (1900) by Sherman F. Denton made use of butterfly wing-prints where the illustrations incorporated the scales of the wings.[4]

The illustrious Russian writer, Vladimir Nabokov was a noted lepidopterist, having discovered the passion at the age of seven. He would later write about butterflies, collect, and illustrate them.[5] Nabokov volunteered at Harvard's Museum of Comparative Zoology in the Entomology Department,[6] where he would organize specimens for as much as 14 hours a day.[5]

According to Kurt Johnson, the lepidopterist author of Nabokov's Blues, Nabokov's novel Dar (The Gift), featured a lepidopterist, the father of the émigré protagonist, based on a fictionalization of Andrey Avinoff. Avinoff discovered several new species: in Central Asia, the Parnassius Maharaja Avinoff and in Jamaica the Shoumatoff Hairstreak, Nesiostrymon shoumatoffi, named after his nephew, Nicholas Shoumatoff who joined him on three expeditions to the wild Cockpit Country in the late 1930s. ([1]) Avinoff's groundbreaking research on the biogeography of speciation demonstrated how members of the genus Karanasa evolved into separate species in isolated mountain valleys in the Pamir Range. He collaborated with his colleague Walter Sweadner, a curator of entomology at the Carnegie Museum, on a monograph, The Karanasa Butterflies, A Study in Evolution.

Lepidopterological societies

Lepidopterists are served by a number of national and international scientific societies. They promote research in lepidopterology and dissemination of the findings through conferences such as the biennial European Congresses of Lepidopterology or the TILS Leps Talk. These societies include:

Lepidopterological journals

See also

References

  1. ^ Harper, Douglas. "lepidoptera". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 8 February 2011.
  2. ^ a b Kristensen, Niels P. (1999). "Historical Introduction". In Kristensen, Niels P. (ed.). Lepidoptera, moths and butterflies: Evolution, Systematics and Biogeography. Volume 4, Part 35 of Handbuch der Zoologie:Eine Naturgeschichte der Stämme des Tierreiches. Arthropoda: Insecta. Walter de Gruyter. p. 1. ISBN 978-3-11-015704-8. Retrieved 30 November 2010.
  3. ^ "Carnegie Magazine | Spring 2009 | Recollecting Andrey Avinoff - by Louise Lippincott".
  4. ^ Cowan, C.F. (1968). "Butterfly wing-prints". Journal of the Society for the Bibliography of Natural History. 4 (7): 368–369. doi:10.3366/jsbnh.1968.4.7.368.
  5. ^ a b Batuman, Elif (2016-03-23). "Vladimir Nabokov, Butterfly Illustrator". The New Yorker. ISSN 0028-792X. Retrieved 2017-12-18.
  6. ^ "Lepidoptera Love: Nabokov's Untold Story". library.mcz.harvard.edu. 8 December 2012. Retrieved 2017-12-18.
  7. ^ Masó, Albert (5 March 2013). "Un quart de segle d'estudi de les papallones". Mètode. No. 35.

External links

This page was last edited on 9 February 2024, at 14:05
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