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Kazimierz Vetulani

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Kazimierz Vetulani
Born(1889-01-03)3 January 1889
Sanok, Galicia, Austria-Hungary
Died4 July 1941(1941-07-04) (aged 52)
Lviv, German-occupied Poland
NationalityPolish
CitizenshipAustro-Hungarian, Polish
EducationLviv Polytechnic
(Master's degree, 1935)
(Ph.D., 1935)
Scientific career
FieldsCivil engineering, Architectural engineering, Military engineering
InstitutionsLviv Polytechnic
Thesis (1935)
Doctoral advisorWojciech Rubinowicz

Kazimierz Franciszek Vetulani (3 January 1889 – 4 July 1941) was a Polish civil engineer, professor at the Lviv Polytechnic, member of the Polish Mathematical Society, author of several dozen papers in the fields of technology and mathematics, as well as in the field of musical scale theory.

A participant of World War I in the rank of lieutenant of the Austro-Hungarian Army reserve, he was a sapper and a military engineer. He was promoted to the rank of captain in the Polish Army reserve and participated in the Polish–Ukrainian War. In 1935 he obtained Ph.D. at the Lviv Polytechnic. In 1938 he was appointed a deputy professor of general mechanics, and in 1940 he was appointed full professor.

Shortly after the Germans seized Lviv during World War II, on the night of 4 July 1941, he was arrested by Gestapo, the German secret police, and murdered among a group of Lviv professors.

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  • TEDxKrakow - Ramon Tancinco - Krakow: Europe's Silicon Valley? Why not!

Transcription

(Polish) Two questions. Who of you lives in Cracow? Put your hands up. Yes, thank you. Who loves living in Cracow? Put your hands up. Got you! Put your hands up, put your hands to the chicken. My kids taught me that. (Laughter) (English) Exactly. You can see I've been living here for a little bit of time. But the reason I ask that question, first of all, is primarily because, Cracovians tend to be very passionate about their city, Especially in the context of Warsaw, so I think that's important. And passion is what this talk is about. I'm a little bit awed that I was following Seth Godin At least with regards to the previous thing, but it's actually very key because he's talking about starting a movement. And I think this is a little bit tied to what I want to talk about. So, "Cracow is Europe's Silicon Valley." What exactly is that, and is it even relevant? I think that when I first came to Cracow and it's almost been four years, this was an idea I kind of came with, because I'd had some experience in Silicon Valley, but also what I found, was that there was already an idea that this place could become that. Because we already had some critical mass but as we take that forward, why is that even important, why is that relevant? And I think it's important to understand what is Silicon Valley, at least in my context. And I think some of the elements we'll talk about, but I think that one important thing to note is that it is an incredibly interesting place, and it's magical, not because it looks nice, because I have to say, it doesn't, but the creativity that's there is really amazing. And I think that people want to be there from all over the world, And I think that's actually where I started to see the connection to what's happening in Cracow today, for us. But also, I have three kids. When I look forward 20 years... Is it going to be a place where they want to be, or will they want to leave Cracow and go to London or go to Silicon Valley? Ant that's the concept I have in my mind. Not necessarily Silicon Valley, but is it a place with great jobs, where people want to be, actually coming from Silicon Valley and other places to Cracow? And that's the vision I have of Silicon Valley in Cracow. So, trying to address this question of what exactly is the Silicon Valley... If you think about a time line of Silicon Valley in California, in the 1950's, Silicon Valley was simply a concept. And it was actually a concept that wasn't widely distributed. It started with a couple of very big multinationals that started to grow, and as they grew, some people in the middle and executive ranks said, "This is interesting, but I could do it better." And they ran off and started their own companies. And then, 10 years later, those companies got big enough that they spawned entrepreneurs. And then you started to see this ecosystem develop, And I think that by the time you hit the 1980's, you talk about Apple, about companies like Cisco and Google coming out later in that decade, It really evolved. And so it started with a marketing ploy, pure hype, largely speaking, but the reality actually followed it. And I think this is something to put in context, because I've had so many conversations in Cracow, Central Europe, or beyond, where people said "You are just talking smack." Yeah, I am, but, again, there's some foundation elements that the marketing piece laid into it ultimately became reality. And so we talk about a marketing miracle. I think that that has an element of truth to it, with regards to Silicon Valley, but a data point is critical. 176 billion dollars. If you look at Silicon Valley, with gross domestic product, as if it was a country, it's 176 billion. So if you look at that as a country on the world stage, it would sit between Ireland and Finland, That's how much money is generated at an aggregate of the economy in Silicon Valley. So I think it's important to know that yeah, it started with marketing, but it became a reality. So, another version of Silicon Valley's stereotype is, "Is it a corporate cash cow?" I'll give you three examples of what that means from my perspective. So if we look at three companies in Silicon Valley, one of them being, basically, Google, one being Oracle, another one being Cisco. Annual revenues last year. So if we look at what that actually boils down to, 34 billion dollars, 36 and 43 billion dollars, respectively. So each of those companies generates that much revenue every year. I can't even conceive of a billion, much less 40 billion dollars. And so, is it a corporate cash cow? I think it absolutely is. Again, note that, because these are multinationals that actually span the world. And it's an important point to note as well, that each of these companies started in Silicon Valley with one or two people with a great idea. And that is actually very important to note because that is where it began. So, the third one, "Is it a genius magnet?" For those of you who don't know, this is actually an actor, "Napoleon Dynamite" was the movie, but he actually portrayed a young Bill Gates with Bill Gates in some very hilarious commercials. And I would say, leading into Bill Gates, largely speaking, you may not call him a genius, but certainly there was an amount of brilliance associated with his technical vision but also his business execution. And those are actually critical elements for creating a business. And, again, talking to the numbers that tie back to Silicon Valley, Two points that I find very interesting. First of all, 25 percent. So, the United States does a lot of the patents. Patents are around the legal protection of intellectual property. 25% of global patents in the world are actually generated in California. And 12% of the patents in the world are generated in Silicon Valley. That's huge, 12% of patents are generated in Silicon Valley, So, is it a genius magnet? I think, by any measure, it absolutely is. Talent likes to be there. And that's why, going back to the previous slide, multinational companies are born with world-class winning ideas from this super concentration of incredible ideas and people located in Silicon Valley. So I think that's an important point to note as well. So as you drill back up, and we hear about Google, about all these companies that are just fantastic. However, the road to Silicon Valley, and this is the unspoken truth, the road to Silicon Valley is paved with failed companies. So for every super spectacular success there's 2 or 3 companies that actually fail. And I think this is actually important to understand, because people love to celebrate success but there's a huge fear of failure. And it's understandable, I think it's human nature. But in Silicon Valley people wear that badge of failure often as a badge of pride, because they kind of regenerate and keep coming back to the system because of their persistence and because their culture in Silicon Valley allows for that. And this will tie into the next slide. But it's important to know that there's a cycle of creative disruption in capitalism, especially in Silicon Valley, that's very unique. And it's something, I think, we're starting to see in Cracow. For those of you that know me, I also have a big passion about farming. But, fortunately, Trine was very good in hitting a lot of the fantastic points around agriculture. But I had to throw in a nature slide at the end of the day because I think it's very apt to describe exactly what Silicon Valley business culture is about, and it's an ecosystem. So it doesn't necessarily operate independently. All these pieces actually interact to create a holistic whole. And so, as the water cycles depicted in this slide, largely speaking, the water evaporates, it goes into the clouds then it comes back down in the form of precipitation. And if you look at the business culture in Silicon Valley, largely speaking, that business culture is actually a similar ecosystem in serial entrepreneurs, that start companies, succeed or fail, and then if they succeed or fail, they might start again. But it's that repetitive cycle and that lack of fear to kind of keep going at it, and to realize their passions, that makes the cycle happen and that's very important. So serial entrepreneurs are the water of the ecosystem. So, ultimately, Silicon Valley from my perspective, it's just the greatest concentration of entrepreneurial talent, and companies, in the world. And I think that largely speaking, it is an ecosystem where every pillar is equally important. You can't have one without the other. So what are the foundations of Silicon Valley? This is one perspective, again, other people could argue it all day long. The four pillars from my perspective: top universities. I think it's critical, because it provides people, the talent, which are, actually, obviously the main component with raw ideas, they haven't actually developed necessarily, they're still learning. But they also have the ideas amongst themselves, the brainstorming, the networking. Multinational companies. This cannot be discounted, because global companies, largely speaking, they drive the global economy. They provide a number of things: they train the talent, they make them experienced, right? Overall, they actually bring global, cutting edge ideas to the table. And they provide an exit strategy, so very often they buy small companies for obscene prices. Venture capital. Sand Hill Road is the road that everyone knows about in Silicon Valley, if you're from California, where a lot of the venture capital is actually located. That's a critical element, because, yes, they provide funding, but the best venture capitalists also provide expertise. It's important for people that want to grow their companies. And finally, the serial entrepreneurs, again, as I said in the previous slide, serial entrepreneurs are the people that basically overcome the natural human fear of failure and are able to get back in the fight every time, and I think that's actually extremely important to make this thing happen. And the final piece is, actually, these horizontal arrows that are going back and forth across, are the networks. And that's actually crossing... It's the relations that lie in between the various boxes, and it's those relationships that set this model on fire. And keep that in your mind, because I'll come back to it later. So this is the controversial slide, hopefully I haven't just alienated half the room. Top universities, AGH and Jagiellonian. Don't kill me, I put AGH first. So hopefully... (Laughter) (Applause) And I put "Others," which is probably bad as well. I probably have some stalkers now, but hopefully that won't be the case. So when I grade, I use the stop light system. So green is good, yellow is moderate, red bad. Top universities: green. I think we're there. 250,000 students a year in Cracow, I think it's actually fantastic. If we could break some international rankings, that would be great as well, but we can work step by step. Multinational companies. I work for a multinational company. There are many countries and cities across the world that would die to have the kind of presence that you have with multinational companies here in Poland. So it's fantastic. Venture capital, again, you have fantastic venture capital, at least to start with. We have two residents, venture capitalists here. Internet Investment Fund, Innovation Tech. Krakow Technology Park also supports it. I think it's quite important. Serial entrepreneurs. We have a lot of folks in the room, but also a lot of folks that are out of the room that really are part of this ecosystem. And four years ago, there were really no networks to speak of. Today we have them all over the place. TEDx is one specific one. [Hive53], KrakSpot, The Krakow Network, these things are actually happening. And I think it's quite amazing. So what is possible with passion and an empty pocket? Largely speaking, if you Google "Krakow IT," that was an idea four years ago, On my hard drive, I had a list, a spreadsheet, of IT companies that were in Cracow. And I had a cooperation with a couple of folks in Cracow, just, you know, in my network. And, largely speaking, Kamil Kisielewski is out here, we were able to post this out to the Internet and now it's actually, I would say, a really hit site with regards to trying to understand what's going on in Cracow. We had no money, it was just an idea. And in fact, it was largely free. It just required passion and tenacity to make that happen. So what's my call to action? Two things: one is for all of you, individually, and one is for all of us. First of all, get educated. Find resources, both physical and virtual, and actually educate yourself around things. Secondly, brainstorm like there's no tomorrow. There's a lot of iteration involved with getting to your passion. That's critically important. And from a group perspective: build a community. And that's actually both the community here, the community that's not in this room, and actually moving down the list into younger and younger people, talking about what entrepreneurship is like as a career. Celebrate success and failure. And, a term we use at West Point, cooperate and graduate. People have to work together to make it to the next level. To get Cracow to Europe's Silicon Valley, we need to cooperate amongst each other, so it's actually critical. And remember that the competition is not Warsaw or Wroclaw as a previous speaker said, it's actually Bangalore, Shanghai, places like this. So, my last slide: be the seed. Each of you in the audience has a tremendous amount of human potential that's God-given to you, right? You need to find that and you need to unleash it. And I'll leave you with a quote. It's actually Saint Catherine of Siena, and it's always moved me: "If you are who you ought to be, you will set the world on fire." If you are who you ought to be, you will set the world on fire. If we can capture even a fraction of the potential that's in this room and outside of this room, we will definitely make it, this vision of Cracow as Silicon Valley. So, thank you very much. (Applause)

Biography

Early life and education

He was born on 3 January 1889 in Sanok,[1][a] then within the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria; the son of Roman Vetulani, a high school professor, and Matylda née Pisz (1861–1891).[2][3] His mother died on 15 December 1891,[4] when Kazimierz Vetulani was less than three years old.

He was raised by his father and his second wife, Elżbieta née Kunachowicz. He had five younger, half-siblings: brothers Zygmunt (1894–1942), Tadeusz (1897–1952) and Adam (1901–1976), and sisters Maria (master of economics, clerk of the Agricultural Bank in Kraków, 1895–1945)[5][6] and Elżbieta (1903–1921, died of tuberculosis).

The family lived in Sanok, in the house at Floriańska Street (later renamed Ignacy Daszyński Street)[7] and in the villa of the Zaleski family at Świętego Jana Square.[3] In 1906, Roman Vetulani died of a heart attack, chanting six children, including the then-seventeen-year-old Kazimierz. The mother, Elżbieta Vetulani, received a pension from her deceased husband, yet she remained the only breadwinner and faced material difficulties.

In 1907, Kazimierz Vetulani passed the matriculation examination with distinction at the Queen Sophia High School in Sanok.[8][9][10] On the matriculation certificate of 15 June 1907, he had an excellent degree in mathematics and Polish language with a notion of a particular passion for those subjects.[1][2]

In the years 1907–1913 he studied civil engineering at the Lviv Polytechnic, but he did not obtain a diploma.[2] During the studies, he earned his living by giving tutoring and writing theses.[2] He also made scientific and technical travels to Italy, Austria, the Czech Republic and Germany, where he visited the construction sites of large partitions of valleys, large bridges, boulevards and river regulations.[2]

Military service and stay in Kraków

In the first half of 1914 he lectured on explosives engineering, including blowing up bridges and railroads, at the officer training courses of the Polish Rifle Squads in Vienna.[2]

During World War I he was called to serve in the Austro-Hungarian Army and infantry reserve. He was promoted to the rank of second lieutenant on 1 September 1915,[11] and then to the rank of lieutenant on 1 November 1917.[12][b] Around 1916–1918 he was assigned to the Imperial-Royal railway regiment.[13][14][15] In the 1917/1918 academic year, he studied again at the Lviv Polytechnic.[2]

As the war ended and Poland regained independence, he was admitted to the Polish Army as a lieutenant.[16] In 1918 he built armoured trains in Nowy Sącz and Przemyśl and traveled to the besieged Lviv.[2] He was promoted to the rank of captain in the corps of railway officers on 1 June 1919.[17]

After completing his military service, he settled in Kraków and started work in a construction company. After the Peace of Riga of March 1921, he lectured at the Technical College of Railway Forces[c] and at the courses of professional and reserve officers in Kraków.[2]

He made contact with professors of the Jagiellonian University. In the years 1924–1939 he was a member of the Polish Mathematical Society.[2] Thanks to the kindness of Kraków's mathematicians, he could use the collections of the Mathematical Institute. In the documents of the Polish Mathematical Society, the following address of Vetulani was noted (until 1938): Kraków, Smoleńsk Street 14.[2]

In the 1921/1922 academic year, Kazimierz Vetulani was employed as an assistant at the Mining Academy in Kraków, where he lectured in strength of materials.[18] Then he worked as a technical advisor to a number of large companies, enterprises and central and local government institutions as well as private clients.[2]

In 1923 he was assigned as a reserve officer in the 1st Railway Regiment of the Polish Army.[d][19] In 1924 he was verified on the list of railway sapper officers in the rank of captain[20] and assigned as a reserve officer to the 1st Railway Sapper Regiment.[e][21] In 1934, as a reserve captain of the engineering corps and sappers, he was included in a group of militia officers. He was assigned to the District Officers' Staff No. V and was then on the records of the Poviat Supplementary Command of the City of Kraków.[f][22]

Work at the Lviv Polytechnic

Kazimierz Vetulani (stands leaning against the sofa frame) at the party with his cousin Armand Vetulani (sits third from the right) in Milanówek, 1930s

Throughout 1920s and 1930s, Kazimierz Vetulani published a number of scientific papers.[2] He actively participated in the scientific life, presenting the results of his research, among others, at the Second Congress of Romanian Mathematicians in Turnu-Severin on 5–9 May 1932.[2]

He obtained the academic degree of road and bridge engineer at the Faculty of Civil and Water Engineering of the Lviv Polytechnic in April 1935.[2] In the same year, he obtained Ph.D. in technical sciences at the Lviv Polytechnic[g] upon the dissertation On jets of liquid, supervised by Wojciech Rubinowicz. As “Kazimierz [Vetulani] was eccentric and did not want to take the doctoral exam in front of people dumber than himself, as the anecdote says, three professors took him for a walk in the park and the result of this conversation was considered to be a passed doctoral exam”.[2]

In Lviv, Kazimierz Vetulani lived by himself at the 31 Obertyńska Street (nowadays Zarytsky Street), on the second floor.[2]

In 1937 he received a scholarship from the National Culture Fund and took a scientific trip to Germany, Belgium, England and France, “where he became acquainted with the modern organization of mechanics teaching, with laboratories and with the use of mechanics in the field of railway construction, with the study of railway bridge vibrations and ground vibrations”.[2]

On 1 September 1938, he became deputy professor at the Department of General Mechanics at the Faculty of Civil and Water Engineering of the Lviv Polytechnic. He lectured in general mechanics, strength of materials and hydromechanics.[2] At the meeting of the Commission for the filling of the Department of General Mechanics on 18 March 1938, dean Adam Kuryłło stated that “the scientific activity of Dr. Vetulani is so serious that Dr. Vetulani deserves to be appointed a full professor, especially because of his age”.[2] In the same year, the Lviv Polytechnic requested the Ministry of Religious Denominations and Public Enlightenment of Poland to present Vetulani for the nomination as full professor of general mechanics at the Faculty of Civil and Water Engineering.[2]

In June 1939, the Council of the Faculty of Civil Engineering of the Lviv Polytechnic unanimously accepted the postdoctoral dissertation of Kazimierz Vetulani, Considerations in Connection with Horizontal Buckling of the Railway Track on Flat, Rigid and Rough Ground,[h] which consisted of three papers published or written by Vetulani since 1937.[2] His habilitation lecture General Mechanics Methods and Problems of Technical Mechanics took place on 17 June 1939. The Faculty Council applied to the Minister for approval of the application regarding the right for Kazimierz Vetulani to lecture in the field of general and technical mechanics. On 3 July 1939, Minister Wojciech Świętosławski approved a resolution of the Council.[2]

In the academic year 1939/1940 Kazimierz Vetulani was nominated a full professor.

Arrest and death

Main article: Massacre of Lwów professors

A few days after Germany invaded the USSR, Lviv was captured by the Wehrmacht. German authorities planned to murder members of Polish intelligentsia in Lviv. In order to avoid the complications that had previously resulted in the mass arrest of professors in Kraków in 1939, the Germans decided to organize the immediate shooting of professors from Lviv universities, a large number of which were active during the Soviet occupation of the city. The list of names of Polish professors was most likely made and delivered to Germans by Ukrainian students from Kraków, associated with the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN).[i][23][24][25]

Kazimierz Vetulani, according to his cousin Janusz Vetulani, was “respected and liked by students of three denominations and nationalities living in Lviv at the time,” and was “in time warned by Ukrainian students to avoid the area of his apartment for a few days and not stay in it”.[2] However, he was to disregard this warning: “I was present when he visited us (as he did twice a week), mocked these warnings, bragging about his acquaintances among German scholars, and was convinced of his inviolability”.[2]

On the night of 3 July 1941, Kazimierz Vetulani was arrested by the Gestapo and shot along with a group of professors from Lviv universities at the Wuleckie Hills. The execution was carried out by the Einsatzkommando zur besonderen Verwendung (task force for special use) under the command of Brigadeführer Karl Eberhard Schöngarth.

Vetulani's neighbour, Lidia Szargułowa, witnessed his arrest by the Gestapo.[26]

At that time I lived as a child with my mother and family at 31 Obertyńska Street (in Lviv). In the same house, on the second floor lived Professor Kazimierz Vetulani. We were almost eyewitnesses of the Gestapo taking him that memorable July night. (...)

Well, that night we were awakened by a very strong pounding and banging on the gate (it was closed) and screams in German! At the same time (we occupied a flat on the ground floor) our apartment was illuminated through all windows and from all sides with very strong flashlights. We froze in bed.

At that time, the clinking of broken glass could be heard. Some of the Gestapo men broke a window in the second apartment on the ground floor (which was still occupied by a tenant - a Jewish woman) and went up the staircase, and some finally crashed the gate. Of course, none of us moved and we trembled in fear. There was a patter of shoes on the stairs, we heard loud voices on the second floor, pounding on the door of the apartment, which was occupied by Professor Vetulani, then the patter of shoes in the apartment. In just a moment (I stood with my mother at the door and looked through the case) Gestapo men were coming down the stairs with Professor Vetulani, whose figure could be recognized in the dark. Professor whistled softly and dismissively, I will never forget that!

– The account of Professor Kazimierz Vetulani's arrest as delivered by his neighbor, Lidia Szargułowa.[27]

Gestapo men showed great interest in the assets of those arrested. Most of the legacy and personal belongings of Kazimierz Vetulani found in his apartment, including some of his writings, were looted or destroyed during and following his arrest.

The name of Kazimierz Vetulani (written as “Wetulani Franciszek or Kazimierz”)[2] was mentioned twice in the testimony of Stefan Banach, submitted in 1944 to the Soviet authorities, regarding the German murders of Polish scientists and intellectuals.[2] Banach reported that to his knowledge Vetulani had been arrested on the wave of the first arrests in July 1941 and “all hearing of him was lost. They were certainly shot [along with other professors]”.[28] Banach added that he learned of Kazimierz Vetulani's arrest from Vetulani's cousin.[28]

Scientific work

Kazimierz Vetulani was the author of several dozen scientific papers published, among others in the Czasopismo Techniczne (Technical Journal) and Przegląd Techniczny (Technical Review), including over fifteen technical papers, four mathematical papers, one original lecture script and several papers on the theory of musical scales.[2]

He published works in Italian, Spanish, German and English,[2] and was fluent in Italian. He translated into Polish, among others one work and lecture by the Italian scholar Tullio Levi-Civita.[2]

According to the authors of his biography in Wiadomości Matematyczne, Vetulani “also showed great understanding of technical problems by writing papers on practical engineering issues. This is evidenced, for example, by his opinion on the cause of the cracks, the receding and tilting of the wing of the parallel bridgehead on the river Dłubnia of the Kraków-Miechów railway line, and a technical opinion issued in print on the utility of the stone from Mogielnica for communication and construction purposes (...), as well as a lecture on the foundation of the fourth bridge on the Vistula, delivered at the Technical Society in Kraków”.[2]

Works

Distinctions

Austro-Hungary

Poland

  • “Orlęta” Distinction for fights in defense of Lviv during the Polish-Ukrainian war.[2]

Commemoration

Kazimierz Vetulani's name was on memorial plaques and other objects commemorating the murders of professors from Lviv universities.

During the Jubilee Congress of the Friends of the High School in Sanok on the 70th anniversary of the first Matura on June 21, 1958, the name of Kazimierz Vetulani was mentioned in an appeal to those killed in defense of the homeland in 1939–1945[29] and on a memorial plaque in the high school devoted to the fallen and murdered high school graduates.[30]

In 1962, Kazimierz Vetulani was commemorated among other people mentioned on the plaque of the Mausoleum of Victims of World War II at the Central Cemetery in Sanok.

Family

Notes

  1. ^ Some sources incorrectly indicate the date of birth 2 January 1889.
  2. ^ In military records of Austro-Hungarian Army he was referred to in German as “Kasimir Vetulani”.
  3. ^ Polish: Wyższa Szkoła Techniczna Wojsk Kolejowych.
  4. ^ Polish: 1 Pułk Kolejowy Wojska Polskiego.
  5. ^ Polish: 1 Pułk Saperów Kolejowych Wojska Polskiego.
  6. ^ Polish: Powiatowa Komenda Uzupełnień Kraków Miasto.
  7. ^ The doctorate was awarded to him on 25 January 1936.
  8. ^ Polish: Rozważania w związku z wyboczeniem poziomym toru kolejowego na podłożu płaskim, sztywnym i szorstkim.
  9. ^ The list was probably prepared on the basis of Lviv phone book. As Germans attempted to track down professors who died before October 1939, it was suggested that no one had updated and verified the data included in the phone book. See also: Szulc, Wacław (1989). "Wyniki śledztwa w sprawie mordu profesorów lwowskich, prowadzonego przez Główną Komisję Badania Zbrodni Hitlerowskich". Kaźń profesorów lwowskich – lipiec 1941 / studia oraz relacje i dokumenty (in Polish). Wrocław: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego. pp. 180–181. ISBN 83-229-0351-0.

References

  1. ^ a b "Vetulani Kazimierz – Dokumenty i świadectwa z Gimnazjum w Sanoku" (in Polish). Archiwum Państwowe w Rzeszowie. Retrieved 29 April 2020.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af Maligranda, Lech; Prytuła, Jarosław G. (2013). "Lwowscy uczeni wymienieni w przesłuchaniach Banacha" (PDF). Wiadomości Matematyczne (in Polish). 49 (1): 29–66. doi:10.14708/wm.v49i1.434.
  3. ^ a b Czerkies, Iwona (21 December 2012). "Chłopcy z placu św. Jana" (PDF). Tygodnik Sanocki (in Polish). Nr 50 (1099): 9.
  4. ^ Księga aktów zejść rzym.-kat. Sanok 1878–1904 (in Polish). Vol. H. Sanok: Parafia Przemienienia Pańskiego w Sanoku. pp. 191 (poz. 139).
  5. ^ Vetulani, Adam (1976). Poza płomieniami wojny. Internowani w Szwajcarii 1940–1945 (in Polish). Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Ministerstwa Obrony Narodowej. pp. 332, 338.
  6. ^ Dziurzyńska, Ewa (2017). "Adam Vetulani (1901–1976)". Korespondencja Adama Vetulaniego z Miroslavem Boháčkiem (in Polish). Kraków: Polska Akademia Umiejętności. pp. 13–25. ISBN 9788376761039.
  7. ^ Kosina, Paweł (2006). Helena Kosinówna. Rodzina i sanoccy Przyjaciele (in Polish). Sanok. p. 57.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  8. ^ 26. Sprawozdanie Dyrektora C.K. Gimnazyum w Sanoku za rok szkolny 1906/1907 (in Polish). Sanok. 1907. pp. 62, 78.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  9. ^ "Kronika. Egzamin dojrzałości". Gazeta Sanocka (in Polish): 3. 23 June 1907.
  10. ^ Cyganik, Anna (7 October 2013). "Z cyklu "Sławni Absolwenci..."" (in Polish). I Liceum Ogólnokształcące im. Komisji Edukacji Narodowej w Sanoku. Archived from the original on 7 May 2020. Retrieved 1 April 2020.
  11. ^ Ranglisten des Kaiserlich und Königlichen Heeres 1916 (in German). Wien. 1916. p. 213.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  12. ^ Ranglisten des Kaiserlich und Königlichen Heeres 1918 (in German). Wien. 1918. p. 236.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  13. ^ a b Ranglisten des Kaiserlich und Königlichen Heeres 1916 (in German). Wien. 1916. p. 865.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  14. ^ a b Ranglisten des Kaiserlich und Königlichen Heeres 1917 (in German). Wien. 1917. p. 1171.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  15. ^ a b Ranglisten des Kaiserlich und Königlichen Heeres 1918 (in German). Wien. 1918. p. 1478.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  16. ^ Wykaz oficerów, którzy nadesłali swe karty kwalifikacyjne, do Wydziału prac przygotowawczych, dla Komisji Weryfikacyjnej przy Departamencie Personalnym Ministerstwa Spraw Wojskowych (in Polish). Warszawa: Ministerstwo Spraw Wojskowych. 1922. p. 122.
  17. ^ Rocznik Oficerski 1923 (in Polish). Warszawa: Ministerstwo Spraw Wojskowych. 1923. p. 998.
  18. ^ Akademia Górnicza w Krakowie: skład personalu, program naukowy, zakresy wykładów, warunki przyjęcia, przepisy egzaminacyjne, sprawozdanie Rektoratu za r. 1921/2. Sprawozdanie kuratorjum finansowego (PDF) (in Polish). Kraków: Akademia Górnicza w Krakowie. 1922. p. 7.
  19. ^ Rocznik Oficerski 1923 (in Polish). Warszawa: Ministerstwo Spraw Wojskowych. 1923. p. 982.
  20. ^ Rocznik Oficerski 1924 (in Polish). Warszawa: Ministerstwo Spraw Wojskowych. 1924. p. 910.
  21. ^ Rocznik Oficerski 1924 (in Polish). Warszawa: Ministerstwo Spraw Wojskowych. 1924. p. 897.
  22. ^ Rocznik Oficerski Rezerw 1934 (in Polish). Warszawa: Ministerstwo Spraw Wojskowych. 1934. pp. 281, 936.
  23. ^ Lanckorońska, Karolina (2002). Wspomnienia wojenne (in Polish). Społeczny Instytut Wydawniczy Znak. p. 184. ISBN 83-240-0077-1.
  24. ^ "O kaźni profesorów we Lwowie z niemieckim badaczem Dieterem Schenkiem rozmawia Adam Tycner". Uważam rze. Historia (in Polish) (7). October 2012.
  25. ^ Motyka, Grzegorz (2011). Od rzezi wołyńskiej do akcji "Wisła": konflikt polsko-ukraiński 1943-1947 (in Polish). Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie. p. 66. ISBN 978-83-08-04576-3.
  26. ^ Albert, Zygmunt, ed. (1989). Kaźń profesorów lwowskich – lipiec 1941 / studia oraz relacje i dokumenty (in Polish). Wrocław: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego. p. 39. ISBN 83-229-0351-0.
  27. ^ Albert, Zygmunt, ed. (1989). "Relacja Lidii Szargułowej z 22 października 1971 roku o aresztowaniu profesora Kazimierza Vetulaniego w lipcu 1941 r.". Kaźń profesorów lwowskich – lipiec 1941 / studia oraz relacje i dokumenty (in Polish). Wrocław: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego. p. 313. ISBN 83-229-0351-0.
  28. ^ a b Maligranda, Lech; Prytuła, Jarosław G. (2012). "Przesłuchania Stefana Banacha z 1944 roku" (PDF). Wiadomości Matematyczne. 48 (1): 51–72.
  29. ^ Stachowicz, Józef (1960). "Diariusz zjazdu". Dwa dni w mieście naszej młodości. Sprawozdanie ze zjazdu koleżeńskiego wychowanków Gimnazjum Męskiego w Sanoku w 70-lecie pierwszej matury w roku 1958 (in Polish). Warszawa. p. 69.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  30. ^ "Zjazd w fotografii". Dwa dni w mieście naszej młodości. Sprawozdanie ze zjazdu koleżeńskiego wychowanków Gimnazjum Męskiego w Sanoku w 70-lecie pierwszej matury w roku 1958 (in Polish). Warszawa. 1960. p. 231.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

Bibliography

  • Maligranda, Lech; Prytuła, Jarosław G. (2013). "Lwowscy uczeni wymienieni w przesłuchaniach Banacha" (PDF). Wiadomości Matematyczne (in Polish). 49 (1): 29–66. doi:10.14708/wm.v49i1.434.
  • Myćka-Kril, Maria (1958). "Dorobek nauczycieli i uczniów Gimnazjum w Sanoku". Księga pamiątkowa Gimnazjum Męskiego w Sanoku 1888–1958 (in Polish). Kraków: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe. pp. 105–106.
  • Albert, Zygmunt (1989). Kaźń profesorów lwowskich – lipiec 1941 / studia oraz relacje i dokumenty (in Polish). Wrocław: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego. ISBN 83-229-0351-0.
  • Popławski, Zbysław (1994). "Kazimierz Franciszek Vetulani". Wykaz pracowników naukowych Politechniki Lwowskiej w latach 1844–1945 (in Polish). Kraków: Politechnika Krakowska im. Tadeusza Kościuszki. p. 196.
  • Popławski, Zbysław (2002). Dzieje Politechniki Lwowskiej 1844–1945 (in Polish). Wrocław: Ossolineum. pp. 251, 253, 320.
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