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Japanese wordplay

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Japanese wordplay relies on the nuances of the Japanese language and Japanese script for humorous effect. Double entendres have a rich history in Japanese entertainment (such as in kakekotoba)[1] due to the language's large number of homographs (different meanings for a given spelling) and homophones (different meanings for a given pronunciation).

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Transcription

So let’s talk about games. People love to play games, from board games and video games to Marco Polo and Card Wars. We make a toy out of just about everything we touch, and that includes language. From sounds to words to whole sentences, language is a big adventure. I’m Moti Lieberman, and this is the Ling Space. So play is just part of our nature: like cats with boxes, we use whatever we have at hand to create games. So maybe it's no surprise that wordplay is really common, all over the world. There’s a bunch of different kinds of word games, and they draw from all different parts of language. Some of the more common ones play with the phonemes and syllables of the words involved. Tongue-twisters are a great example of this. The point of a tongue-twister is to come up with something that is deliberately hard to say, especially quickly or a few times in a row, like "bacon pancakes, makin' bacon pancakes." But languages use sounds differently, right? So depending on the language, you’ll find different things hard to say. So imagine you’re in a language that really cares about how long you pronounce your consonants and vowels for, like Finnish. In Finnish, the phrase “Idiot, don’t hit! Beer spills!” is this: Ääliö, älä lyö, ööliä läikkyy! Or you can go to something like Czech, where some dastardly villain has stolen all of the vowels, and left you with this tongue twister: Strč prst skrz krk. You can also switch sounds around, to give you something that's called a spoonerism. These are named after the Reverend William Spooner, who was sort of notorious in 19th century Oxford for absentmindedly saying things like “you hissed my mystery lecture” instead of “missed my history lecture,” or “our shoving leopard” instead of “our loving shepherd.” Although he probably didn’t do it on purpose, a lot of humour can come out of switching sounds around like this, like telling someone that they have mad banners, or offering them some sweet tasty belly jeans. And this isn’t just funny in English, either. In Finnish, the process known as sananmuunnos takes spoonerisms to a whole other level. This idea is still to swap sounds around, like mustaa kania “black rabbit” turning into kastaa munia “baptize eggs”. But there’s all sorts of things going on in Finnish phonology, and they have to be accounted for, too. So it cares about vowel length - if a vowel is longer or shorter, it changes the meaning of the word. But Finnish also doesn’t like its sounds getting around all over the mouth. No, it likes vowel harmony: it wants the vowels to be pronounced all in the front or in the back of the mouth. So if you want to play this game, you have to obey the rules of Finnish, too. Your sound swap is going to influence the rest of the word. So something like brutto nyrkki, or “gross fist”, becomes nyttö brurkki. Which doesn’t mean much of anything, but it shows how it works. We wanted to give you some examples here, but the resulting words end up being usually pretty off-colour, and we didn’t want to offend any Finnish people. And that just proves another fact about human beings, which is that dirty jokes are popular the world over. Anyway, the point here is that if you skip vowel harmony and said something like nytto, that would be unacceptable. Word games have to fit the sound patterns of your language. So you can have a lot of fun with sounds, but you can also play around with the written versions of language. Like palindromes, which is when a word or phrase is written the same forwards and backwards. So like “pup”, or "BMO bomb", or “go hang a salami, I’m a lasagna hog." So swapping letters like that is great for English, but Japanese doesn’t work the same way. English uses an alphabet, writing more or less sound by sound, whereas Japanese uses syllabaries, so writing syllable by syllable. So, how do you make a palindrome in Japanese? Well, you just flip whole syllables around, getting something called kaibun. So look at something like 夏まで待つな, or “don’t wait until summer”. With the kanji characters in there, it’s hard to tell that anything cute is going on. To get to the bottom of things, you need to use the syllables, and you can use one of the Japanese syllabaries for that. In hiragana, it looks like this: なつまでまつな. And that’s much more clearly a mirror image, syllable by syllable. But you have to use the syllabary: if you write it out in English, you get something like this “natsu made matsu na,” which if you read it backwards, gives you an ustam edam ustan. Which isn’t cute at all. You could also play games with the way individual letters get pronounced in your language. And we see this a lot in how we text, like R or CU or NE1. A kind of French word play called allographe makes full sentences out of letters, like COQP, or it's occupied, or LNNÉOPY, Helen was born in the Greek country. Even Mozart tried his hand at this game, writing "G A C O B I A L" - I have obeyed her enough. Okay, so you can joke around with sounds and symbols. But you need to start playing with meanings before you can get to one of the most loved and most maligned types of wordplay of all time: PUNS. These come in many forms, and some of the more popular ones have even gotten their own names. So you have malapropisms, where you switch one word for another word that sounds like it, so like “poots and bladders” instead of “chutes and ladders”. Or calling someone a wolf in cheap clothing, instead of sheep’s clothing. You also have portmanteaus, where you blend two different words in order to make a new word, like putting together "rainbow" and "unicorn" to get rainicorn, or putting together "bubblegum" and "gumption" to get bubblegumption. Some portmanteaus have even become their own words, like cyborg from cybernetic and organism, or emoticon from emotion and icon. One type that’s been gaining in popularity is the so-called “dad joke”, which takes sound overlaps and double meanings to create some groan-worthy humour. Try something like “I was wondering where the sun had gotten to, but then it dawned on me”. But this isn’t limited to English - Japan has dad jokes too! With pretty much the same name: oyaji gyagu... which is “dad gag.” Here’s one that’s easy to get as an English speaker: タランチュラの味は何ですか？ How does a tarantula taste? 酸っぱいだ！ [suppai da] Which means sour… but you can hear the supaida crawling through the joke. Puns can be dividing, but I love them - it’s just fun to see how people play around with their words. Whether or not the humour works for everyone, most wordplay is trying to be funny, and so you often get the same kinds of stuff. Jokes usually work because they twist our expectations, or surprise us with something unpredictable, right? No one expects an actual weapon when someone says they play an axe. Wordplay isn’t always just fun and games, though. Our languages define our communities, and so how we play around with language can define us, too. A lot of the ways knowledge and culture have been transmitted down over time is through the oral tradition, and wordplay can help us remember culturally salient information. Like, take the traditional Jewish game of dreidel, played on Hanukkah. In this game, you spin a top with four sides to it, and every side has a letter, nun, gimel, hay, or shin, standing for “nes gadol haya sham”. That means “A great miracle happened there,” which is exactly what you want to remember on a holiday. Except if you’re playing in Israel, you swap the letter shin for pay, standing for the word po, because the miracle didn't happen there, it happened here. Language play is also used as a subversion of traditional authority, or to build cohesion in marginal groups. These groups construct whole systems of playful grammar and vocabulary, known as argots. Let’s take a look at one particular well-known example, Cockney Rhyming Slang. In Rhyming Slang, you get a coded set of rhymes to refer to regular English words - like, the word “stairs” would be replaced by something totally unrelated to stairdom but that rhymes with it, like, “apples and pears”. The idea here was to conceal your goings-on from prying ears, especially if what you were doing was a little less than legal. This is just one of the many argots that have arisen in communities around the world. These languages have wordplay at their roots, but they get used to prevent the uninitiated from understanding secret communications. French Verlan is a good example. It came together in French prisons in the 1800s, got a big counterculture revival in the 1960s, and now has made it into French hip-hop culture. Where Rhyming Slang uses rhymes, Verlan swaps syllables to give you an upside-downy kind of speech. So let’s say you want to mention your brother, but you want to do it in code. Well, brother in French is frère, so first you chop it into two and add a vowel if you need one: so frè-reu. Then swap them around to get reu-frè, and then lop off that final vowel to get your finished Verlan word: reuf’. Which kind of sounds like a bark, which I guess is extra convenient if your brother happens to be a dog. Or, for some marginalized groups, different languages have led to different argots. So it’s been common historically for homosexual communities to have their own language systems based on wordplay, like Swardspeak in the Philippines or Polari in the UK. But a really interesting example of this comes from South Africa, where two different argots have developed. You have Gayle for Afrikaans speakers, but then you also have isiNgqumo, which was based on Zulu. They’re from different backgrounds, so there’s different sets of words to play with. So even if we like to mess around with language, the grammars in our heads still give us rules to play by. And if we really want to be adventurous, we can turn our games serious and create new systems, to keep outsiders from figuring out what we’re getting at. Which, when you think about it, is pretty radical. So we’ve reached the end of the Ling Space for this week. If you didn’t groan too loudly at our dad jokes, you learned that wordplay exists for any part of language, from sounds to words to meanings; that even when we frolic about language, we still obey the rules; that we use wordplay to help us remember things about our culture; and that marginalized groups can use systems of wordplay to help define their community. The Ling Space is produced by me, Moti Lieberman. It’s directed by Adèle-Elise Prévost, and it’s written by both of us. Our editor is Georges Coulombe, our production assistant is Stephan Hurtubise, our music is by Shane Turner, and our graphics team is atelierMUSE. We’re down in the comments below, or you can bring the discussion back over to our website, where we have some extra material on this topic. Check us out on Tumblr, Twitter and Facebook, and if you want to keep expanding your own personal Ling Space, please subscribe. And we’ll see you next Wednesday. Alk-tay ith-way oo-yay en-thay!

Kakekotoba

Main article: Kakekotoba

Kakekotoba (掛詞) or "pivot words" are an early form of Japanese wordplay used in waka poetry, wherein some words represent two homonyms. The presence of multiple meanings within these words allowed poets to impart more meaning into fewer words.[1]

Goroawase

Goroawase (語呂合わせ, "phonetic matching") is an especially common form of Japanese wordplay, wherein homophonous words are associated with a given series of letters, numbers or symbols, in order to associate a new meaning with that series. The new words can be used to express a superstition about certain letters or numbers. More commonly, however, goroawase is used as a mnemonic technique, especially in the memorization of numbers such as dates in history, scientific constants and phone numbers.[2]

Numeric substitution

Every digit has a set of possible phonetic values, due to the variety of valid Japanese kanji readings (kun'yomi and on'yomi) and English-origin pronunciations for numbers in Japanese. Often, readings are created by taking the standard reading and retaining only the first syllable (for example, roku becomes ro). Goroawase substitutions are well known as mnemonics, notably in the selection of memorable telephone numbers used by companies and the memorization of numbers such as years in the study of history.

Mnemonics are formed by selecting a suitable reading for a given number; the tables below list the most common readings, though other readings are also possible. Variants of readings may be produced through consonant voicing (via a dakuten or handakuten) or gemination (via a sokuon), vowel lengthening (via a chōonpu), or the insertion of the nasal mora n (ん).

Number Kun'yomi readings On'yomi readings Transliterations from English readings
0 maru, ma, wa rei, re ō, zero, ze
1 hitotsu, hito, hi ichi, i wan
2 futatsu, fu, futa, ha ni, ji, aru tsu, tsū, tū
3 mittsu, mi san, sa, za su, surī
4 yon, yo, yottsu shi fō, fā, ho
5 itsutsu, itsu, i go, ko, ga, ka faibu, faivu
6 muttsu, mu roku, ro, ri, ra, ru,[3] ryū shikkusu
7 nana, nanatsu, na shichi sebun, sevun
8 yattsu, ya hachi, ha, ba, pa eito
9 kokonotsu, ko kyū, ku, gu nain
10 tō, to, ta ju, ji ten[a]

General examples

  • 11 can be read as "wan-wan", which is commonly used in Japan as an onomatopoeia for a dog barking.
  • 16 can be read as "hi-ro", Hiro being a common Japanese given name. 16 is also a common age for anime and manga protagonists[citation needed] (i.e., heroes).
  • 26 can be read as "fu-ro" (風呂), meaning "bath". Public baths in Japan have reduced entry fees on the 26th day of every month.[4]
  • 29 can be read as "ni-ku" (肉), meaning "meat". Restaurants and grocery stores have special offers on the 29th day of every month.
  • 39 can be read as "san-kyū", referring to "thank you" in English.
  • 44 can be read as "yo-yo" and is thus a common slang term in the international competitive yo-yo community, which has a strong Japanese presence.
  • 89 can be read as "ha-gu", which refers to "hug" in English. August 9th is National Hug Day in Japan.
  • 109 can be read as "tō-kyū". The 109 department store in Shibuya, Tokyo is often read as "ichi-maru-kyū", but the number 109 was selected as the alternative reading "tō-kyū" is a reference to Tokyu Corporation, the group that owns the building.
  • 428 can be read as "shi-bu-ya", referring to the Shibuya area of Tokyo.
  • 526 can be read as "ko-ji-ro" in reference to Sasaki Kojiro, a samurai from the Edo period.
  • 634 can be read as "mu-sa-shi". The Tokyo Skytree's height was intentionally set at 634 meters so it would sound like Musashi Province, an old name for the area in which the building stands.[5]
  • 801 can be read as "ya-o-i" or yaoi, a genre of homoerotic manga typically aimed at women.
  • 893 can be read as "ya-ku-za" (やくざ) or "yakuza".[6] It is traditionally a bad omen for a student to receive this candidate number for an exam.[citation needed]
  • 4649 can be read as "yo-ro-shi-ku" (よろしく), meaning "best regards".

As mnemonics

  • 1492, the year of European discovery of America, can be read as "i-yo-ku-ni" and appended with "ga mieta" to form the phrase "Alright! I can see land!" (いいよ！国が見えた！). Additionally, "i-yo-ku-ni" itself could simply be interpreted as "alright, country" (いいよ、国). The alternative reading "i-shi-ku-ni" is not typically associated with a particular meaning, but is used to memorize the year.
  • 3.14159265, the first nine digits of pi, can be read as "san-i-shi-i-ko-ku-ni-mu-kou" (産医師異国に向こう), meaning "an obstetrician faces towards a foreign country".
  • 42.195, the length of a marathon course in kilometres, can be read as "shi-ni-i-ku-go" (死に行く go), meaning "go to die, go".

Popular culture examples

Anime, manga, and television

    • 25252 can be read as "ni-ko-ni-ko-ni", referring to Nico's catchphrase "Nico Nico Ni".
  • 315, or "sa-i-go", is used as a transformation code in Kamen Rider 555: Paradise Lost due to being pronounced similarly to "Psyga".
  • 39 can be read as "za-ku", referring to the Zaku mecha from the Gundam franchise.[9]
  • 428, read as "yo-tsu-ba", can refer to the character Yotsuba Nakano from The Quintessential Quintuplets, who wears T-shirts with that number.
  • 4869 can be read as "shi-ya-ro-ku" (しやろく); when "ya" is written small, it becomes "sharoku" (しゃろく), which resembles "Sherlock" (シャーロック, Shārokku). This number is Conan Edogawa's phone PIN and the name of an experimental drug in Case Closed.
  • 5, read as "go", can refer to the board game go. In both the manga Hikaru no Go and its anime series adaptation, the go-playing protagonist Hikaru Shindo often wears T-shirts with the number 5 on the front.
  • 56 can be read as "go-mu", meaning "rubber" (ゴム, gomu), referring to One Piece protagonist Monkey D. Luffy's elastic abilities.
  • 59 can be read as "go-ku" and is sometimes used in reference to Goku from Dragon Ball.
  • 63 can be read as "mu-zan" or "miserable", which refers to Muzan Kibutsuji, the main antagonist of Demon Slayer. The official Demon Slayer Twitter account refers to June 3rd as "Muzan Day".
  • 723 can be read as "na-tsu-mi" or Natsumi and is commonly used in Sgt. Frog to symbolically refer to the character Natsumi Hinata.
  • 819 can be read as "ha-i-kyū" (排球), meaning volleyball. The community around the anime series Haikyu!! considers 19 August (8/19) to be "Haikyu!! Day".
  • 86239 can be read as "hachi-roku-ni-san-kyū", and was used in Initial D as the number on the license plate of a Toyota 86. It translates to "thank you, eight-six".
  • 874 can be read as "ha-na-yo", in reference to the character Hanayo Koizumi from the Love Live! series.
  • 89 years can be read as "ya-ku-sai". This is homophonous with the Japanese word for "calamity" (厄災 yakusai), being a fitting age for the JoJolion character Satoru Akefu, who has a calamity related ability.
  • 913 can be read as "ka-i-sa", as in Kamen Rider Kaixa, hence it being the transformation activation code.
    • An anagram of this is 193, read as "i-ku-sa" (as in Kamen Rider IXA), which serves as the code to activate Rising Mode.
  • 29 can be read as "ni-ka" which is the name of a sun god in One Piece, and it represents the power of the protagonist

Music

  • 10969 can be read as "wan-ō-ku-ro-ku", used by the rock band One Ok Rock.
  • 345 can be read as "mi-yo-ko", used by Miyoko Nakamura, the bass player of the rock band Ling Tosite Sigure.
  • 39 can be read as "mi-ku", usually in reference to the Vocaloid character Hatsune Miku.[9]
  • 524-773 can be read as "ko-ni-shi na-na-mi" and is part of the self-introduction of Hinatazaka46 member Nanami Konishi.[10]
  • 610 can be read as "ro-ten" or "rotten", and is often used on merchandise of the rock band ROTTENGRAFFTY.
  • 712 can be read as "na-i-fu" (i.e. knife), and is used in the Shonen Knife album 712.
  • 75, read as "na-ko", is used by Nako Yabuki in her Instagram and Twitter handles.
  • 96 can be read as "ku-ro" meaning "black", as in 96猫 ("kuroneko"; "black cat"). 96猫 is a popular Japanese singer who covers songs on Niconico, and provides the singing voice of Tsukimi Eiko in Ya Boy Kongming!.
  • 910 can be read as "kyū-tō", used by the Jpop group C-ute. On June 29th 2013 the group received an official certification from the Japan Anniversary Council making September 10th (9/10), known as "°C-uteの日" ("°C-ute no Hi"; "°C-ute's Day"), a national day.[11]

Video games

  • 193, when read as "i-ku-san" and interpreted to mean "Iku-san", can refer to Touhou Project character Iku Nagae, or IJN submarine I-19 in Kantai Collection.
  • 2424 can be read as Puyo Puyo. This numerical correspondence has been used and referenced ever since the series' debut, and has also been used in various teasers for some of the games. The series celebrated its 24th anniversary in 2015.
  • 283 can be read as "tsu-ba-sa" (翼), meaning "wing". This is used for the name of the 283 Production agency in THE iDOLM@STER: Shiny Colors.
  • 315 can be read as "sa-i-kō" (最高), meaning "highest", "supreme", or "ultimate". This is used as the name for 315 Production in The Idolmaster SideM, where the idols under the label use "saikō" as a rallying chant.[12][13]
  • 34 is a frequent target of goroawase in the mystery franchise When They Cry, often being the name of the culprit or an accomplice, such as Miyo (三四) in Higurashi When They Cry, Sayo (紗代) in Umineko When They Cry, and Mitsuyo in Ciconia When They Cry.
  • 346 can be read as "mi-shi-ro", meaning "beautiful castle". This is used for the name of 346 Production in THE iDOLM@STER: Cinderella Girls.
  • 51 can be read as "go-ichi". These two numbers are the latter part of "SUDA51", the alias of Goichi Suda.
  • 573 can be read as "ko-na-mi" and is often used by Konami; for example, it is used in Konami telephone numbers and as a high score in Konami games, as well as in promotional materials and sometimes as a character name.[clarification needed]
  • .59 can be read as "ten-go-ku" (天国), meaning "heaven" (an example being the song ".59" in Beatmania IIDX 2nd Style and Dance Dance Revolution 4thMix).
  • 616 can be read as "ro-i-ro", referring to lowiro, the developer and publisher of the rhythm game Arcaea.
  • 765 can be read as "na-mu-ko" or Namco. Derivatives of this number can be found in dozens of Namco-produced video games. It was also the central studio of The Idolmaster and its sequels.
  • 86 can be read as "ha-ru" or HAL. HAL Laboratory often puts this number somewhere in the video games it creates as parts of secrets and easter eggs, most notably in the Kirby series.
  • In Pokémon Sword and Shield, all Gym Leaders and some extra characters have a three-digit jersey number that relates to their name, role, or typing they specialize in. For example, Opal has the jersey number 910, which can be read as "kyu-to" or cute, relating to her specialization in Fairy-type Pokémon.

Other

  • 15 can be read as "ichi-go" and is commonly used to refer to strawberries ("ichigo"). It can also mean "strawberry face", a term used to describe equipping the front end of a Nissan Silvia (S15) onto another S-chassis car.[15]
  • 23 can be read as "ni-san". Car manufacturer Nissan frequently enters cars with the number 23 into motorsports events.
  • 230 can be read as "fu-mi-o", the given name of the Japanese prime minister Fumio Kishida. He uses this number in his twitter handle "kishida230".
  • 2434 can be read as "ni-ji-san-ji", which refers to the virtual YouTuber agency Nijisanji. Some Japanese members of the company use this number in their Twitter handles.
  • 2525 can be read as "ni-ko-ni-ko" (ニコニコ) and refers to Niconico, a Japanese online video platform. Its "mylists", which function similarly to lists of bookmarks, are limited to 25 per user.
  • 262 can be read as "ji-mu-ni", referring to the Suzuki Jimny sports utility vehicle.
  • 386 can be read as "su-ba-ru". Japanese automaker Subaru uses 386 in its parts numbers.
  • 510, read as "go-tō", is used by professional wrestler Hirooki Goto in his Twitter handle.
  • 563 can be read as "ko-ro-san" (ころさん); amounts of 563 yen are commonly donated to virtual YouTuber Inugami Korone of Hololive Production, who is sometimes referred to as "Koro-san".
    • Hololive founder Motoaki "YAGOO" Tanigo's nickname is occasionally represented with the number 85 ("ya-go") or 850 ("ya-go-ō").[16]
  • 69 can be read as "ro-ki", as in Hi69 ("Hiroki"), one of the ring names of professional wrestler Hiroki Tanabe.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ The reading ten is more commonly achieved by reading the decimal point as ten (点), meaning "point".[citation needed]

References

  1. ^ a b Backhaus, Mio; Backhaus, Peter (27 May 2013). "Oyaji gyagu, more than just cheesy puns". The Japan Times. Retrieved 3 October 2021.
  2. ^ "Goroawase: Japanese Numbers Wordplay". Tofugu. 30 August 2011. Retrieved 13 August 2019. The idea is that you can basically use any of these sounds associated with any of these letters to create mnemonics to help someone to remember a phone number.
  3. ^ Ptaszynski, Michal. "PUNDA Numbears: Proposal of Goroawase Generating System for Japanese". Academia. The reading ri is referred to as the number "six".
  4. ^ 埼玉県. "生活衛生営業／お風呂の日（毎月26日）は銭湯へ" (in Japanese). Retrieved 29 September 2016.
  5. ^ Kyodo News, "Tower's developers considered several figures before finally settling on 634", Japan Times, 23 May 2012, p. 2
  6. ^ "What is the origin of yakuza?". www.sljfaq.org. Retrieved 3 October 2021.
  7. ^ 弁護士のブログ. "弁護士のブログ - 「18782（嫌な奴）」＋「18782（嫌な奴）」＝「37564（皆殺し）」の波紋——過剰反応では？" (in Japanese). Retrieved 8 February 2023.
  8. ^ "【嫌な奴+嫌な奴＝皆殺し】とはどういう意味ですか？ - 日本語に関する質問". HiNative (in Japanese). Retrieved 8 February 2023.
  9. ^ a b "3/9 Marks Happy "Miku" & "Zaku" Day In Japan, Fan Artists Mark The Occasion". Crunchyroll. Retrieved 9 October 2019.
  10. ^ "日向坂4期生に、第2の森本茉莉！？激ヤバメンバー2人加入". RBB TODAY (in Japanese). 31 October 2022. Retrieved 4 January 2024.
  11. ^ "°C-ute「°C-uteの日」公式認定＆武道館前夜祭を開催". Natalie (in Japanese). 29 June 2013. Retrieved 11 March 2024.
  12. ^ 315!!の日☆
  13. ^ 315 Production
  14. ^ "バンダイナムコエンターテインメント公式". Twitter (in Japanese). Retrieved 4 October 2021.
  15. ^ "Strawberry Fields: A Well-Dressed S-Chassis Slider". Speedhunters. 21 April 2015. Retrieved 3 October 2021.
  16. ^ "【Baseballお知らせ #1Baseball】10月3日(日)は冠協賛試合『hololive dayBaseball』始球式にはカバー株式会社代表取締役社長「谷郷元昭」が登板いたします". Twitter (in Japanese). Retrieved 4 October 2021.
This page was last edited on 24 May 2024, at 02:21
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