George Oliver (historian)

Transcription

Hi, I'm John Green, this is Crash Course U.S. history, and today we're going to talk about the guy who arguably did the most to shape the world that I live in. NO, Stan not Carrottop. No, not Cumberbatch although he did do the most to shape the Tumblr that I live in. I'm talking about The Great Communicator: Ronald Reagan. Reagan is a fascinating president because he was, in lots of ways, straightforward. His presidency was called the Reagan Revolution but it's a bit odd that he gets so much credit for changing America because he was one of the least hands-on of all presidents and as you know here at Crash Course we don't really indulge in great man history. So we're going to talk about Reagan but we're also going to talk about the forces that predated his presidency that led to the so-called Reagan Revolution. Mr. Green? Mr Green? I remember some of this stuff. It's like almost interesting. I'm glad to be almost interesting me from the past. Someday maybe you'll be almost interesting. Intro The Reagan era began, unsurprisingly, with his election to the Presidency in 1980. Now, anyone could have beaten Jimmy Carter, but Reagan succeeded largely by pulling together many strands of conservatism. Reagan emphasized his belief in "states rights" and he condemned "welfare cheats." He also condemned busing and affirmative action. And he won the support of religious conservatives, including the newly formed Moral Majority, by standing for family values, even though in fact he was the first U.S. president to have been divorced. Also, he once acted with a monkey. And there's nothing "family values" about that. Stan just informed me that Ronald Reagan did not in fact act with a monkey. He acted with a chimp. I apologize to all the primate rights people out there. Good lord! Now Reagan also appealed to the so-called white backlash, working class white people who resented the advances that African Americans had made during the 1960s and the 1970s. And economic conservatives liked his anti-union, low taxes, free market positions, and anti-government crusaders and libertarians liked his assertion that government was not the solution to problems, but was itself the problem. Then there were the Cold War hawks who liked his militant anti-Soviet rhetoric and his desire to spend more on the military. Now that's a big coalition but it turned out to be just barely a majority coalition. Still Reagan won in 1980. He even carried the traditionally Democratic states of Illinois and New York proving that Jimmy Carter truly was profoundly unelectable. A lot of Reagan's policy ideas weren't all that popular at the time, but he truly was a great communicator. I mean Reagan's was a former actor and he knew how to talk to people without them feeling condescended to. Reagan's most famous campaign advertisement proclaimed that it was "morning in America" again, and that relentless optimism (I mean at least if you're a morning person) was a welcome contrast to Jimmy Carter being like "you should wear sweaters inside to save fuel." Sorry Jimmy this is America! Ronald Reagan used the word "freedom" more than any other president in American history, but it's interesting to think about what he meant by the word "freedom." Because as we've seen in American history freedom has meant lots of things to lots of people. Is freedom, freedom from government tyranny? Or is freedom government protection from hunger and homelessness and military attacks? Do governments ultimately restrict freedom or provide it? Now there's no question that the federal government that Ronald Reagan inherited would have been absolutely foreign to the people who founded this country. I mean Social Security, Federal Income Taxes, the National Endowment for the Arts. But some people would argue that the America of 1980 was much more free for more Americans than say the America of 1790 when after all slavery was legal. And in fact in the early 19th century many slave owners said that the government was taking away their freedom to own slaves. Ultimately, the question for how we should imagine freedom and how we should allow for it, is at the center of American history. And a big part of Ronald Reagan's vision of freedom was economic freedom, which he laid out in his Economic Bill of Rights. It would curtain union power, reduce federal regulation of industry and the environment, and most of all lower taxes. All these ideas were a big part of the Reagan Revolution. But as we know much of what he proposed had been brewing for years during the rise of conservatism. So what aspects this Economic Bill of Rights actually ended up happening? Well, his main accomplishment was lowering taxes: in 1981 Reagan persuaded Congress to lower the top tax rate from 70% to 50%. In 1986, Congress went even further with the Tax Reform Act that lowered the top income tax rate to 28%. Oh, it's time for the mystery document! The rules here are simple... I read the mystery document, I either get the author of it correct or I get shocked. Alright here we go. Can I just take a preliminary guess and say that it's going to be Reagan? "I will not accept the excuse that the Federal Government has grown so big and powerful that it is beyond the control of any President, any administration or Congress. We are going to put an end to the notion that the American taxpayer exists to fund the Federal Government. The Federal Government exists to serve the American people and to be accountable to the American people. On January 20, we are going to re-establish that truth. Also on that date we are going to initiate action to get substantial relief for our taxpaying citizens and to put people back to work. [...] We will simply apply to our government the common sense that we use in our daily lives." It is Reagan! Stan is telling me that I'm not going to get the check mark unless I guess the correct speech? Well he talked about January 20th, so obviously it's not his inaugural address. It's either the acceptance speech he gave at the convention or like the speech that he gave after he was elected. But I don't think.... convention? Yes! So the idea that to lower taxes is the best way to spur economic growth is called supply side-economics, trickle down economics or, if you're George HW Bush running against Reagan in the 1980 primaries, voodoo economics. Sadly, this does not involve zombies or putting pins in dolls. Instead, it's about high interest rates to combat inflation coupled with cutting taxes, especially for wealthy Americans. Those rich people then spend more and invest more in private enterprise which creates new jobs. Also, the thinking goes that lower taxes will encourage people to work harder since they will be able to keep more of their money. Did this work? Eh. Now we're getting into the part of history where it depends on your political perspective. Initially, the high interest rates definitely provoked a recession in 1981 and 1982. Which was not ideal. But, inflation did drop from 13.5% in 1981 to 3.5% in 1988 and after 1982 the economy began expanding. And the rest of the Reagan era saw consistent increases in gross domestic product; however, not everyone benefited from that expansion. While the stock market boomed, wages didn't rise very much. And in fact, haven't risen since. Now one of the central ideas of supply-side economics is that you have lower tax rates and you also cut government spending. Because, you know, the government has less money. Which, yeah, it did not happen. The government is always good at cutting taxes but never good at cutting spending. The Reagan era did see cuts to some programs, but the really expensive items: Social Security, Medicare, Medicaid, they remained largely intact. And instead of cutting the overall amount of spending it actually went up considerably because of the defense spending binge that saw the national debt balloon to 2.7 trillion dollars. But Reagan totally did deliver on his anti-union rhetoric. In August 1981, when the unionized air traffic controllers went out on strike, violating federal law in the process, Reagan fired more than 11 thousand controllers who refused to return to work.. So as I mentioned before, the 80's were a pretty great decade for Wall Street generally, which is why Oliver Stone made a movie about it that immortalized the line "Greed is Good." In the 1980s it became easier to make money buying and merging companies than actually like running them profitably. But fortunately we later dealt with that problem..... ugh. We never fix the problems, we only fix the things that are fine. One of the reasons that American history is so important to me is that I want us as a country to like summon the courage to deal seriously with our problems. Sometimes I think that we're just so cowardly like we're the cowardliest country on Earth... alright the French. Right, but like the merger of RJ Reynolds Tobacco, maker of Winston cigarettes, and Nabisco, which gave us Oreos, not only created a cancer and heart disease dream team, it also generated nearly $1 billion for the lawyers and bankers who put the deal together. But if you were like most of us in the 80's watching Dallas and Dynasty, working at your regular job, inexplicably having a carpeted bathroom, than you probably didn't share in that abundance. The 80's saw a rising economic inequality, although not nearly as dramatic as we see today. By the mid 1990s the richest 1% controlled 40% of the nation's wealth, double the share from 20 years before. Meanwhile the income of middle class families stagnated and that of the poorest 20% began to decline. And one often overlooked aspect of de-regulation was the closing of hospitals for the mentally ill. Now, some of these institutions were hellish, but rapid closure of all of these facilities without replacement services meant that many patients were left to live on the street. Homelessness increased dramatically. Now of course Reagan is considered the darling of conservatives today, but by current standards he was something of a moderate. I mean yes, he cut taxes, and he cut funding for programs that helped the poor like food stamps and school lunches. But during his second term he worked effectively with the democratic congress. There's no bipartisanship today. Also, he left the big New Deal and Great Society programs largely intact. I mean he was too old to believe in cutting Medicare. He was like "all of my friends are on this." And the 80s also didn't see the fulfillment of the desires of the Christian Right. I mean divorce rates went up, abortion continued to be legal, women didn't leave the workforce. In fact, Reagan appointed the first woman to the Supreme Court. Are you kidding? We didn't have a woman in the Supreme Court until the 1980s? This is the craziest country ever. Even affirmative action persisted, and Nancy Reagan's urging of Americans to "Just Say No" to drugs didn't convince anybody. And then we have Ronald Reagan's reputation as the man who ended the Cold War. The thinking here goes that Reagan spent so much money on defense that the Soviet Union bankrupted itself trying to compete. And there may be a case to be made there but we don't want to remove agency from the people who protested the oppression of life behind the Iron Curtain. So while you can argue that the Reagan administration helped create good conditions for the change that happened, the people who made the change, made it. Alright. Let's go to the ThoughtBubble. In his first term Ronald Reagan took a really hard line against the Soviet Union. He called it an Evil Empire and even once joked that the U.S. would "begin bombing in 5 minutes." That was ill advised. Reagan also sponsored the largest military buildup in U.S history including the MX missile. The highlight was his proposed Strategic Defense Initiative aka Star Wars: space-based missiles and lasers for shooting Soviet missiles out of the sky. This was a fantastic idea, although it would have violated the 1972 Anti-ballistic Missile Treaty, but anyway it was technologically impossible to build. The force was not strong with this idea. Reagan also pressured NATO to put missiles in Western Europe and the war games that NATO staged in 1983 were so realistic that the Soviets almost scrambled their planes and launched ICBMs. Now if that had resulted in nuclear war, we would have a very different story on our hands, but it didn't. And Regan's aggressive nuclear posturing had a couple of positive results. First, it boosted the world wide anti-nuclear weapons movement, called the FREEZE movement. Second, it turned Reagan into the most successful nuclear abolitionist in the atomic age. There's nothing like a reasonably close brush with nuclear apocalypse to tone down your rhetoric a little. In his second term Reagan was much more conciliatory towards the Soviets and worked to reduce the number of warheads. In his first term, according to the historian Victor Sebastian, "[Reagan] spent nearly as much on defense as Presidents Nixon, Ford, and Carter combined and much more than both the cost of the Korean and Vietnam wars,"[1] but in his second, Reagan toned down both the spending and his rhetoric, declaring, "Our constant and urgent purpose must be a lasting reduction of tensions between us."[2] Thanks, Thought Bubble. So, Reagan was able to negotiate the first reduction in nuclear weapons with the new Soviet Premier Mikhail Gorbachev in 1986. In fact, the two leaders might have tried to get rid of nuclear weapons altogether, but Reagan's unwillingness to give up his Star Wars initiative made that impossible. That was a big deal, but the rest of Reagan's foreign policy was somewhat less triumphant. For instance, he sent Marines to Lebanon as part of a peacekeeping mission, but then withdrew forces after 241 of them were killed by a car bomb. And Middle Eastern policy played a key role in the biggest controversy of Reagan's presidency: the Iran-Contra Scandal. This was truly one of the craziest schemes ever hatched up by an American presidential administration. Which is really saying something. The Contras were rebels seeking to overthrow the socialist Sandinista government of Nicaragua. Because they were anti-communists and the Cold War was in full swing, the Reagan administration wanted to support them. But Congress passed a law saying that they couldn't. So two administration officials, John Poindexter and Oliver North, got creative. They hatched a plan to sell arms to the Iranian government, still technically our enemies, and then funnelled some of the profits from these illegal arms sales to the Contras. And Congress would never have to know about it. Except that they found out. Congressional hearings followed, and we learned a lot about Ronald Reagan's penchant for delegating the details of his policy to underlings. In this case, that served him well as he could plausibly claim that he knew nothing about the clandestine activities of these two rogue employees. But let me just say that here at Crash Course for instance, we've tried to build the kind of organizational pyramid that will not allow Stan or Meredith or Mark to go rogue and sell copies of Crash Course DVD's to the Iranian government. And this gets to the big point of the Reagan era. I'm not sure that it was really about Reagan. In fact, I'm not sure that any great-man history is really about the great men that supposedly spearheaded it. Whether or not you think America is better off from the rise of conservatism we've seen since LBJ's great society. It wasn't really, and it still really isn't about individuals. It's about us collectively deciding what we mean when we talk about freedom and equality. Thanks for watching. I'll see you next week. Crash Course is made with all the help from these nice people. Who work on this show partly because they care it and partly because, you know, money. If you want to help us in our mission to keep Crash Course free for everyone forever, please consider subscribing over at Subbable. A voluntary subscription platform that allows you to pay whatever you want monthly to make Crash Course exist. Thanks for watching Crash Course and as they say in my hometown "It's morning in America." What should I say? Don't forget to be awesome? ________________ [1] ibid p. 91. [2] ibid