Fujiwara no Hidesato

Fujiwara no Hidesato (藤原秀郷) was a Japanese aristocrat, courtier and samurai lord of the tenth century in the Heian period. He is famous for his military exploits and courage, and is regarded as the common ancestor of numerous clans, including the Ōshū branch of the Fujiwara clan.

Hidesato served under Emperor Suzaku, and fought alongside Taira no Sadamori in 940 in suppressing the revolt of Taira no Masakado.^[1] His prayer for victory before this battle is commemorated in the Kachiya Festival. Hidesato was then appointed Chinjufu shōgun (Defender of the North) and Governor of Shimotsuke Province.

According to legend, he slayed a giant centipede in Ōmi Province that plagued the Dragon Palace. He was also nicknamed Tawara Tōda.

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Hidesato in legend

Legend monument for his exploit of slaying the giant centipede at Seta no Karahashi [Wikidata]

Hidesato, also known by the moniker Tawara Tōda or Tawara no Tōta,^[2] is known in legend for his exploit of slaying the giant centipede (mukade^[3]) of Mount Mikami.^[2] Hidesato was recruited to this task by a giant dragon-snake which was, in fact, a resident of the Ryūgū-jō (Dragon Palace). Hidesato meets the Dragon King and is showered with rewards, which included an inexhaustible rice-sack (<i>tawara</i> [ja]), from which he allegedly earned his nickname.^[4]^[5] A more rational explanation is that Tawara, also written differently as "田原", represents either a surname or a place name.^[6]

This centipede story, The Tale of Tawara Tōda, together with a romanticized account of his Masakado expedition comprise the Tawara Tōda Monogatari. The monogatari texts have been copied and printed profusely in picture scrolls and illustrated books throughout the Edo Period.^[5]^[4]

Legendary arms

The Ise Shrine's Jingū Chōkokan Museum [ja] houses two swords that allegedly once belonged to Hidesato.

One is the Kenukigata tachi (Ise) [ja], a tachi of the kenukigata [ja] or "tweezer" type.^[7]^[a] According to tradition, it was the sword obtained by Hidesato from the Dragon Palace, which later became an heirloom of the Akahori clan [ja]. After changing hands several times, it came into the possession of the shrine in 1793.^[9] Although the Hidesato provenance is unverifiable, this sword is dated to be of the correct period.^[9] The other alleged Hidesato sword at the museum is called Mukadegiri [ja] "Centipede-cutter".^[10] Although its inscriptions claim it to be the work of the swordsmith Shinsoku (神息) from the 8th century, the sword has been dated to the 14th century.^[b]^[10]

There is also another "tweezer" type sword alleged to have belonged to Hidesato held in Chikubu Island, the Kenukigata tachi (Hōgon-ji) [ja].^[12]^[13]^[14]

Genealogy

Father: Fujiwara no Murao (藤原村雄)
Mother: daughter of Shimatsuke-no-jō no Kashima (下野掾鹿島女)
- Wife: daughter of Minamoto no Michi (源通) of the Board of Chamberlains (侍従).
  - Son: Fujiwara no Chitsune (藤原千常)
- Children by unknown mother:
  - Son: Fujiwara no Chitoki (藤原千時)
  - Son: Fujiwara no Chiharu (藤原千晴)
  - Son: Fujiwara no Chikuni (藤原千国)
  - Son: Fujiwara no Chigusa (藤原千種)
  - Daughter Hintia no Chigusa (藤原千種)

Descendants

Many samurai clans claim descent from Hidesato, including the Northern Fujiwara (Ōshū branch of the Fujiwara clan). Some of the others are the Satō [ja], Ōtomo, Mutō [ja], Satō [ja], Iga, Hatano [ja; fr], Oyama [ja; de], Yūki and Shimokōbe clans.^[15]^[16]

Explanatory notes

^ Called "tweezer" type because there is openwork on the hilt which makes the hilt resemble a pair of tweezers.^[8]
^ The name is Mukadegiri (蚣切) (two characters) on the carved hilt-inscription according to Shūko jusshu [ja] (1899).^[11]

References

Media related to Fujiwara no Hidesato at Wikimedia Commons

^ Turnbull, Stephen (1998). The Samurai Sourcebook. Cassell & Co. p. 199. ISBN 1854095234.
^ ^a ^b Sato, Hiroaki (1983). Legends of the Samurai. Kodansha International. p. 38. ISBN 9781590207307.
^ Foster, Michael Dylan (2009). Pandemonium and Parade: Japanese Monsters and the Culture of Yōkai. University of California Press. p. 139. ISBN 978-0-520-25361-2.
^ ^a ^b Araki, James T. (1981). "Otogi-zōshi and Nara ehon: A Field of Study in Flux". Monumenta Nipponica. 36: 1–5. doi:10.2307/2384084. JSTOR 2384084.
^ ^a ^b Kimbrough, R. Keller (2018). "The Tale of Tawara Tōda". Monsters, Animals, and Other Worlds: A Collection of Short Medieval Japanese Tales. Columbia University Press. ISBN 9780231545501.
^ Visser, Marinus Willem de (1913), The dragon in China and Japan, Amsterdam: J. Müller, pp. 191–193
^ Satō, Kanzan (1995). The Japanese Sword: a comprehensive guide. Translated by Joe Earle. The Overlook Press. p. 132. ISBN 9780870115622.
^ Harada, Kazutoshi (2009). Art of the Samurai: Japanese Arms and Armor, 1156-1868. Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 197. ISBN 9781588393456.
^ ^a ^b Jungu Chōko Museum Agriculture Pavillion (1941). Jingū Chōkokan chinretsuhin zuroku 神宮徴古館陳列品図録 (in Japanese). pp. 23–24.
^ ^a ^b "Hidesato ni shōten, bushi no rūtsu shitte Tochigi-ken hakubutsukan de kikakuten dentō no hōtō Mukadegiri mo" 秀郷に焦点、武士のルーツ知って栃木県立博物館で企画展伝説の宝刀「蜈蚣切」も. Sankei Shinbun (in Japanese). 2018-11-19.
^ Matsudaira, Sadanobu, ed. (1905), "Ise no kuni dai jingū zō Tawara Todō Hidesato Mukadekiri tachi (no) zu" 伊勢国大神宮蔵俵藤太秀郷蜈蚣切太刀図, Shūko jusshu tōken no bu 集古十種刀剣之部 (in Japanese), Ikubunsha, p. (1)4
^ Bureau of Religions, Ministry of Education (1920). Handbook of the Old Shrines and Temples and Their Treasures in Japan. Sanshusha. p. 13.
^ Matsudaira, Sadanobu, ed. (1905), "Ōmi no kuni Chikubushima zō Tawara Todō Hidesato shonō tachi (no) zu" 近江国竹生島社蔵俵藤太秀郷所納太刀図, Shūko jusshu tōken no bu 集古十種刀剣之部 (in Japanese), Ikubunsha, p. (2)18
^ Honma, Junji; Satō, Kan'ichi (1966), Nihontō zenshū dai-6 kan (Nihontō no fūzoku) 日本刀全集第6巻 (日本刀の風俗) (in Japanese), Tokuma Shoten, p. 53
^ Frédéric, Louis (2002). "Otogi-zōshi and Nara ehon: A Field of Study in Flux". Japan Encyclopedia. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University. p. 220. ISBN 9780674017535.
^ Friday (2008), p. 150.

Bibliography

Friday, Karl (2008). "The Tale of Tawara Toda". The First Samurai: The Life and Legend of the Warrior Rebel, Taira Masakado. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 150–158. ISBN 9780471760825.

Fujiwara family tree

Kamatari^[1]
614–669

Fuhito^[2]
659–720

NANKE branch

HOKKE branch

SHIKIKE branch

KYŌKE branch

Muchimaro^[2]
680–737

Fusasaki^[2]
681–737

Umakai^[2]
694–737

Maro^[2]
695–737

Toyonari^[3]
704–766

Nakamaro^[3]
706–764

Otomaro^[4]

Nagate^[5]
714–771

Matate^[4]
715–766

Uona^[6]
721–783

Kaedemaro^[7]
723–776

Yoshitsugu^[8]
716–777

Tamaro^[9]
722–783

Momokawa^[10]
732–779

Hamanari^[11]
724–790

Tsuginawa^[12]
727–796

Korekimi^[13]
727–789

Uchimaro^[14]
756–812

Sonohito^[12]
756–819

Otsugu^[12]
774–843

Fuyutsugu^[15]
775–826

Nagara^[1]
802–826

Yoshifusa^[1]
804–872

Yoshiyo^[16]
823–900

Mototsune^[17]
836–891

Tokihira^[18]^[12]
871–909

Tadahira^[12]
880–949

Saneyori^[12]
900–970

Morosuke^[12]
909–960

Yoritada^[19]
924–989

Koretada^[12]
924–972

Yoritada^[12]^[20]
925–977

Kaneie^[12]^[19]
929–990

Michitaka^[21]^[22]
953–995

Michikane^[22]
961–995

Michinaga^[23]
966–1028

Yorimichi^[24]^[25]
992–1074

Norimichi^[26]
996–1075

Morozane^[27]
1042–1101

Moromichi^[28]
1062–1099

Tadazane^[29]
1075–1162

Tadamichi^[30]
1097–1164

Yorinaga^[31]
1120–1156

Konoe
Family

Matsudono<br/>Family

Kujō
Family

Konoe Motozane^[32]
1143–1166

Matsudono Motofusa^[33]
1144?–1231

Kujō Kanezane^[30]
1149–1207

Konoe Motomichi^[16]^[34]
1160–1233

Matsudono Moroie^[33]
1172–1238

Kujō Yoshitsune^[35]
1169–1206

Konoe Iezane^[34]
1179–1242

Kujō Michiie^[35]
1193–1252

Takatsukasa
Family

Nijō
Family

Ichijō
Family

Konoe Kanetsune^[36]
1210–1259

Takatsukasa Kanehira^[37]
1228–1294

Kujō Norizane^[38]
1211–1235

Nijō Yoshizane^[39]
1216–1271

Ichijō Sanetsune^[40]
1223–1284

Notes

In the 13th century, the main line of the Fujiwara family split into "Five regent houses": the Kujō, Nijō and Ichijō (descendants of Kanezane); and also the Konoe and Takatsukasa (descendants of Motozane). To view the complete family tree, visit Fujiwara family tree.

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