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We tried to find a time when the three of us could get together and have what we were told was a pretty general discussion in which each of us would present about the way religion functions within our disciplines, and also it was explained to us, not just how it functions in your discipline—you know, philosophy, anthropology, history— but also my own relationship to religion in my teaching. So, I'm going to have something to say about all of those things pretty quickly. So, I teach philosophy, and I teach primarily contemporary European philosophy, but I also do a fair amount of work in the history of philosophy as well. When you a teach an introductory course it's going to be pretty broad historically. And I'll just say something about—I'm not going to take you through the entire history of philosophy— but I will say that philosophy and religion, they're sort of— philosophy has a sort of vexed relationship with religion. Even from the start, if you look at Plato and maybe less so the pre-Socratics, philosophy is presented as kind of an antidote to religious irrationalism, even in Plato. So Plato says, "Look, the various claims that come from these Homeric gods, they're all kind of nonsense, let's see if we can sort them out rationally. So, you find that in Plato, and you know, Greek philosohy often comes back to questions of god and religion, but generally god always just serves as kind of a function in the philosophical system. Not an object of worship, not even an object of any kind of concern. So you get, in Epicurus, for example, a Hellenistic philosopher, you get this idea of, "Sure, there are gods, but they have no concern with human beings, so we shouldn't have any concern with them." So, you get that kind of claim, which isn't that uncommon. In medieval philosophy, of course, God played a huge role, and questions about the existence of God, and the relationship of God to his creatures. In the relationship of God to the world, was it a relationship of analogy, was it a relationship of univocity? These were core questions, but medieval philosophy is, in contemporary colleges and universities, probably the least taught of all the periods in the history of philosophy— for better or worse, there's some really amazingly fantastic stuff in medieval philosophy—but it's partly the contemporary college and university going back to philosophy's roots that say, really philosophy is quite different from religion, and that brief period that we sometimes call the "Dark Ages," or the "Middle Ages," it was pretty, but let's go back to where philosophy really had nothing to do with religion. You find that if you look at an introductory textbook on philosophy, almost every such textbooks is going to have a section on philosophy of religion: proofs for the existence of God, whatever. But always think that that's largely because philosophy is still pretty prominent, you know especially in Catholic universities, and so that's sort of geared towards a particular kind of audience, but I think that for the most part, philosophers tend to steer clear of those kinds of questions of faith, and to think of philosophy as about reason, and about what can be demonstrated and proved. Now, there is a somewhat—I'm not sure if this is the right word, really— but there is a kind of mystical tradition in philosophy that runs through the history of philosophy, so you can think of a philosopher like Augustine, the medieval philosopher, or a philosopher like Kierkegaard, or even a philosopher like Kant, for whom philosophical knowledge can only take you so far, and after that, faith, or something else, is. So, philosophy has inherent limits, or reason, knowledge, has inherent limits, and beyond that is a domain of faith. So, you get that in a philosopher like Augustine, in a philosopher like Kant, in a philosopher like Kierkegaard. Now, these are pretty major figures, so I don't mean to suggest that philosophy totally has nothing to do with God, religion, faith. Then, you also get figures like the great early modern philosopher, Spionza, whose entire opening chapter of his great, magnificent book, is on God. But it turns out that God and Nature are the same thing, and so maybe you can just dispense with the notion of God altogether. So, a couple more comments about the general things, and then I'll talk about my own relationship to this stuff. For the most part, modern philosophy, let's say nineteenth and twentieth century philosophy has kind of dispensed with questions of God. Following in the wake of thinkers like Darwin, and of course, Marx, for whom religion is the "oppiate of the people," Nietzsche, for whom, as we know, "God is dead," and Freud, for whom, God and religion is an illusion, that sort of set the course for at least nineteenth and twentieth century, at least European philosophy, to dispense with questions of religion, although, I do have to say, and we can talk about this later, if you're interested, that there has been something of a return to religion in contemporary European philosophy. In my own teaching, I often teach what could be called religious texts, so I began this semester of my tutorial teaching a couple chapters of Genesis, and I've taught on Genesis as a whole body, too. I've taught, even, Christian Gospels—I've taught the Gospel of Matthew in particular— in various contexts. I sometimes teach Daoist and Buddhist texts in courses in metaphysics, I sometimes teach sections of the Upanishads, so I often teach those things, placing them amidst other theories that they either compete with, or dialog with in various ways. I tend to teach these things as important cultural works, or as offering a metaphysical position that I can contrast with others. You know, I think this is true of all of us, I'm sure, we don't just teach what we believe in. We teach what we think is important, and some things that we don't believe in are really important. And so, just because I don't happen to believe it, doesn't mean that it's not culturally, politically, socially, religiously important. So, just quickly, in my own life and work, which is slightly separate from my teaching, because when I'm teaching it's not my job to be presenting my review, that's not my job— in my own work, I think I'm fairly, to put a fine point on it, maybe too fine a point on it, hostile to religion— that is, to any system of beliefs that that can claim the existence of something beyond Nature, and that takes a kind of moral or spiritual guidance from that. I don't believe in such a thing, I don't believe in any notion of the soul, spirit, even mind, maybe. We can talk about that. I don't believe that there's any spiritual answer to the question of the meaning of life. And, I say that—just to give the briefest of biographical notes— I say that as both the son and grandson of Lutheran ministers— somebody who spent every Sunday of his life from the age of, who knows, probably infancy through high school going to church, singing in church choirs. You know, sort of going on religious retreats. I went to a Catholic high school where I had to go to Mass every Wednesday, and so anyway, I don't mean that that gives me license to then throw it all away, but I'm not totally ignorant of what I'm doing. And, I could say more biographically, and I won't say it now, but if it comes up, I might, about what maybe turned me from that to the position I currently hold, but to my mind, and again, I think I'll just for the sake of argument maybe put too fine a point on it, and then we can talk about it and I'll maybe modify that a bit, and you'll see that maybe I'm less of an asshole than I appear to be, but, it seems to me that religion, religious systems are, for the most part not only empirically false, but also, I think, often pernicious. And I think, to me it seems that we can understand the origins of religion as ways of explaining the world, as ways to bolster certain kinds of identities, you know, identities of particular peoples, as psychologically beneficial, we can understand all that, and yet also see them as false and not very good. Just because something helps you, psychologically, doesn't necessarily mean it's good or it's true. It seems to me that there are better scientific, psychological, philosophical explanations for all the things that religion, and I'm using that term probably too broadly, can explain to us. And the sectarian functions of religion, again, I find really quite pernicious. And, as I said, the psychological reasons for investing ourselves in these religions might be beneficial to us, might help us, but that doesn't necessarily make them true. So, anyway, I'm going to stop there. I want you to hear from Sue and Jim, and then we can take some of these things up in our conversation. Oo. You set me up so well. Oh, good. In ways that I never would have imagined. So I, as Taylor said, I'm Sue Darlington, and I teach anthropology and Asian studies in the School of Critical Social Inquiry—CSI —and, I was hired to teach anthropology of religion, and I backed into that. I was attracted to anthropology first, and then began to realize that because I was interested in Southeast Asia, I needed to know something about Buddhism, and understand something about Buddhism in people's lives, which led me to the anthropology of religion as a sub-field of anthropology. Now, anthroplogy is the study of people, and leaks out a plaque didn't happen databases apologies s dun so sianz she also they think it's kids today what opening statement wide wide philosophical was his religion meetings the security council looked up all thank you seeded out strong influence from the email he these just blow up the bridge in society victim appears to best known around uh... and how does it um... there it's no help us citizens very closely aligned accent haha capitalist system ideal he classes on sounds compensation without power permit indians basically set is so what you not uh... and happy bhejna hai quite specific cock robinson between that miller admits students office this edsall baidoa became mine why do you think christianity the city provided this notification hinduism mister buddhist monks in stock uh... one line have apologies lawsuit a lot speakers approach functionally function provided society uh... structurally at release on with the agents our upbringing instruction attributes that make it our stands writes this construction but symbolism people like grants shipping order had has in mind it defines as well as other pls alive but all of the speaker there weekdays anything inc uh... ed i was fascinated by it uh... side thanks politics generation in fact sarkozy or instructors nature differently from what you're talking and how big and it has been uh... but it has a little bit has passed i think that pics between black minister awesome so hot dictation and contradictions in the way people deadline protest form just as an example happens the general introduction question the but sandbox directly or africa gesture toward african even something just bleak lived outside and since the peace votes and i when i was just another examples that box inside uh... are are as possible since sauce offices very very upset that up the couple's discount using mountain crosses the creek the christening christine christianity just peace disk apart as well ed and well scheme can be my guess is that right don't thinking i'm constantly pastors to tally president organization missile that docent lois dark for the deliberations that christianity and judaism your innocent patient care and yet if you look at it as a information on the ground god are single young knows that you strive that's that's that sold tinypic another area myself walking it is it aunt looking at this time i'd also affiliate very closely mister sucks the users stunts perspect five college their studies afterschool program so momslikeme hodges study eyes people's lives s as teaching replete dot teaching f mugged stepped it is and hidden in the senate place question sodomy commented about almost what will you way so many years ago two thousand five point displayed mccain speak spot blasted in addition to the big him center missteps house the thirty faculty arms and not just about colleges surrounding areas as well and thrilled by it stevens studies and stay with us discussion about x and what was decided wallace and and there's an appeals to me a lot of ways but activity off sick gi classes does that mean that's it all these different scholars at this point just because thanks for the purists comes out to be together in videos expression but somebody's teaches about christy he a ticket appetite treatment sit word yan big difference wall it's very interesting pension into politicians face a lot of that find out the senate australian aborigines what nasty instant question out there uh... i'm axel well that steps and higher education and subfield obsessed with it this particular yes sir thank you talkback okay barber so marker but double up breeze permeable loophole when fahrenheit rampant on the ground heartfelt letter perfect it you come here jaja about specifics but i think uh... huh but i couldn't go is department s hartford have and god enter with it notebook pepperoni apartment after that while can't make a decision from listener but uh... her husband later on it let's imbued with worked on it for think about that tobacco you know brisbane and i love it something to that it's also michael to the second thing i think it was great ought to go after them configured extend beyond mature if people do something expert witness and mark wahlberg the numbers that reactive profit so walk us through the starting point for them thank you is that what was that carpet because we did repertoire gobbled up right now work that way people do not think that the other bo diddley and then you have group with them the purpose of your day you know what it's going to have to understand that people believe that with out you have to prove that others without football at the box coming to the hospital reportedly suffered terrible river spoke about six hundred student birthday known as the perfect because the world buttercup is that the proposed which would provide morality st louis falls so when you think of the earth won't work and so they would say those that's goldman sachs completely here that notion layout black with that mess these days this bulletin board vote by state but the crisis fateful vote was paid for that purpose and what ninety eight thursday's earthquake the prepared so unless things have changed uh... but that's the best point but i'm not weeks things that matter everywhere everywhere repose you know so circular flintshire lives with her so it's a very different world that was a bit in some ways people dot conducted at the fact that you're not affected as example but sometime that's very possible difficult fighting forces but that's the company obviously possible political correctness work uh... one of the chorus burden but that didn't precisely the problem here pregnant again programmer that's what happened professionals uh... we also here's an example twelfth century hope things are inspired by one arboretum range before do you think prospers like the peppered with me so you agree samples of my classes the principal villain when and where spindler stop emailing lignin and the persistence instantly proper equipment co unilaterally the carpet mills so i hope that the student loans disagrees with that would be but excuse me looking for example thank you those are long and hard work that particular price impact that ideas out there institute electricity but not killed and that was a bit good luck what they were negativity are welcome but money into this tried interest uh... and most of what it meant fiber exhibit gazans there was a killer with whether to begin working the fact that guitar interest but the guy who could represent uh... because they're martinsburg next month development bank account that papers for her and return user of the park belongs to god so it wasn't for him up and partly talks about his power has decided that money reconcile this we don't like nothing happened retirement luncheon a book about the best up the obvious wanted to touch yugoslavs flexibility with traditional notice period pair of repression convertible you could also do incident questions so for example equipment lots about yahoo account services for the same there are some right now i wouldn't let his as we were birthday it's good to have with movie but it might be strikeouts paper but you know no cure reservoir england and luxury between comfort answered mister actual psychological is our prosperity so great that it would be the best uh... your book about the favorable not at all you all admitted or recording and looking forward and andy another curtains went back is because of a book about society is not lost i'm concerned things are going to work with us taught they also have premarital sex i was watching people have sex for dr that may have to work for the second authorities without its written consent it's a couple happen at this point believe it uh... so that people who have to look at berkeley every part of a computer driven so lots of his wife about a totally different problem of course uh... pokemon platinum people's lives sacrifice blasted uh... tenure marks things that secularized what marks whispered bird apple monthly would work best for part of it you start club and is widely regarded as a preferred mode it shows for example it suggested her a person makes fun of me and also the display which footprint i would say that i don't want to do that above his plans to is that the stock market is part of it what's going on drove through with it ambassadors to solve the problem is that drop out of it reassessment professor of philosophy uniforms of the pacific northwest i think it's a mistake you know we can talk about offer housing prices with appointments because of we think about as empty with her environment let ewww times chosen from trying to do this in perspective abouts quite quite calm mama conceding continuous became concede that and culture and so disillusioned celebrates the shelters sometimes and church responded to cuban and i will be at universities are in prison films students on confronted him compromise different cultures to do that brings hopscotch the cannisters recruited dumplings you mentioned the president of the end of this error diplomats slacks much it's not just joking icp southeast asia improper where british colony liquidations great american and that's been a lot all uh... list arctic and eight p corporate here missionary sr kit easement histories successful and he went out whatever it was rates well-intentioned sort enliven it's want that the senate's some was that eighteen verdict sheet v because that's all that work uh... predictions allied atkins banks philosophy all now but kept there let's play television and by and went you explain what you decide to convert you quoted an example when he was in china and impeach with teaching evolution n_p_r_'s question teacher yelled at him and said you're making trouble shoutcast armormax from sold but revenge in mount some finally music and where people believe that our witness alaikkum believing completion fermenting problem without because user comment you're beginning to get out and weapons over the country agree one hundred card here has accomplished notified people you can talk to her legend on the stand but most i was going to go with you know with with impunity republican user something's brewing company keep people and and need as much as we want to make a lot and yourself collected because what happened you get your problem auckland marketing extenders facility if you can be a big problem once again uh... advocate people just didn't feel alone begins that's lecture despite personal thoughts on scholar positions i think mechanical he said you know middlesex antique important and they're not sell whatever feelings about that they're not so uh... as to not really you know there here's hugely important uh... exons much more cloud teachers texture art arches you know it forest much more likely to set a specific alliances and society we just scare bones really tricky and hugely interested has or tree expects at you know and style cosmology has everything and yet the f_b_i_ winona witnesses either in coconut latest teachable and i were or strategies and stuff so that's my hope would be that and asked me personally last summer godless heathen but in my classes you would be like a with being berated by it resort reasonableness date did all right retarded me here and casey not and i think we have all the song itself society keep our conference pajama i would say a lot from as their curious that interested bursting subcommittee enters officially and and doesn't sound good something admit that work by are basically it while you know we are question searching cancer called contributors were searching for a big difference some people asset i'd do you want me soap and hot piece of paper it patients seem example islanders take care self-critical and uh... in his class the e christy accountable uh... hope your institution herds repeated other questions uh... and won't let me tell you it's me liberation theology yes best practices and the first minister responded i captured idle or goes off well he was thankful rich county helped ginsburg allocate itself explicitly and any inner unit and week and steve had stopped expertise and condom the instead in started picture eighty-seven years off become bored strictly religious studies and a lot soccer scooped yet the actual universities in the past packers unique sheet and interesting because i'm really was grateful from competent i want to pass girls how i need to the models and profits one i'd be for you holland is u respectful gamblers whatever is needed completely disagree with that uh... or steven so every time i called c one discussion out respect understanding and kind tracking some people's and sincere from their point of view you'd prospectus you can respectfully outside want something else one this week motivates people in evangelical missionaries not you wanted you'd x it's just that what you want want not likely to boston after slips as well yes food uh... band are ice-t_ org housing q used places plot where untaxed scrap well out right hand because i have it articles here that question bani there were a practice uh... hercules i would say it except c_n_n_ and we've had asking after and play wilder's will also coming up malicious but people overestimate shack parting does get a second k actors and hear happy people it there's an issue an incident action yes mia tired oval three years ago explicitly mystique so obviously company units that must be and stop and so there was a negotiation holland their players still slide is restrictions as i think that is that our people song marxist company he help gives them and uh... and just the fact that counterparts classes are shelling changes dogpatch long-awaited down there when she decided experienced invalid stress solomonic dairy religion beginning to think that somewhere heart philosophies stepping away king partisans just g_d_p_ subordinate that were the ones we teach about religion and upholstered i was present at this point at action using dance and it is an eight dash students the faculty to better where bahut students from regards as we heard anywhere secretary weather coram usually itself stephanie and there's no idea yes that's the does it withstand what you'd like to see civil about you're luck by this word what i heard riyaz humidity i hoped that my future i think this is what you successes and how does place between the believed her on board flipper mt like not need to get this guy about base because their systems question believe it's a question is is that what did you see interesting it's it's a question about being able to ethics all of us and good squashes doesn't respect you know i don't think that group meeting do something shipping arms to go to try habitat positions what would it mean to to live in this tax how would it work it in baghdad everybody's willing to do that at best service problem this is an interesting parameter of hers where she alleges prints was please do and we were m first couple of years beyond ex parte course post pepsodent statistics just it was just being the bottle and uh... i wasn't at all at that point created follow-up witness going motions but operas that as a parent jerry just text just be looked at the end of the report uses about clinton's at prayer character h yes they had standard dot com but it was like but who who will not be interested endeavor irregular guard introduction in that you know figures that you know just as the readings in the next ten days who's going to be something to buchanan statistically she's miserable and building crystal to respond but you'd want it does not work for rutgers university was them uh... brother everhard goes when you go i'm sort of acquittal uh... pretty allude the bible milk author the group ingredient rebound on resident does work people uh... burgerville ltd here but if you had you heard about the cause of we'd like to see a correct all right mister pragmatic thirteen or meat damsel vivian naked i'd like to have passed i would just be me expect more away play happy the here twenty intelligence contracts the fashion seeing it yes let's keep up-to-date heat stabilizer recruits it k it i don't see any it nations this acquired mother uh... i i'm not going to take capitalizing just instead of just just looked at just greater secret i'd as a teacher as a scholar i think we're steering we've was so for example it what subscribe to creations it's not as important point that out and think about it then first of all about how they might actually be consistent with one another and says how babies are scholars agent different kinds of sources all those things interesting and i do if i were to say that for example leader you know where did he worried about that that's where my my sullivan sensibilities which rocked my unsolicited this is so we have to do its costs are not just startling text back respecting it some whitney even more than legalistic seventy-seven really terrible kept really care i think we need to know i think that's that reading you know that off knowing midwestern university chicago teaching scorecards teaching rounds magnet school your and then you know let's look at it i'm reading it on sundays like something you like and i don't you know that's a different kind of that we haven't touched last by people do that but my question when we haven't m this is what sort out what i saw it in terms of the image of the data artillery ever hope that that would be respectful tax saddam somebody westley you know that cost cost spots i want to go this along once once host click their b that statement really fun dateline that there always sorry change nightly sponsors i was involved uh... facilitation um... here anything on office issues which but she felt like this which okay so you don't understand devastated as well uh... care specifically ball no electricity as it were uh... westchester hickman and another couple of points if avalon's it'll will acceptability database i think it the appalachian it for me political it hypothesis recently okay he is the here we are all had we he he or thoughts it ladies he might designed to protect itself uh... anyway label well all right slowly displayed targeted substitute cuts in the uh... the bottle word this involves an generation and hit the road immovable who belinda you're looked at with britain's got brisbane brothers intraspecific government talking about so they've got another permission to do that you know horses don't precipitously becomes and what they have done is resembled a ford sold for many years considered anyway the backbone possible certain things we're going to this point that was it flipping through the midwest worldwide against her jast foxtons computers really interesting because it just it's the exact accident where gender really interesting en route to stop resign i'm and is therefore markets but no actually was much more seriously anyway just as that one of the exam are not people who think that um... uh... one eleven seconds really valuable about aboard just interesting is that peter's at all conceptual sophistication anger comes from uh... so notes for example when anti-choice out each person that really complex man's systems an alabama as students have had to do some religious interest for background happened much for your so dignified and because they're used to dealing with bearing abstract stuff in very complicated whites extensive counseling from the natural sciences when he actually feel more ideological lines mentioned really plotting if they're like you know it's just what it is that it's not tangible and not visual visible and got it everything about terrorism really interesting out the village they work on huge lee harvey tested most people look at a cost of that uh... acteristics degradate his hands on experience about on but i don't know that a lot of things will really happen like this wheeler sexual salim and that's really a m whether or not you realtor ac it is as usual tems excuse it's been talking about department determines it's a solution for buddhism uh... do you think that's just because the reason so far away they're not close to reality is not as good as poor as a reaction of the dissolution with christians in the people macbook it's uh... is part of a single units house but without me many especially helmsley's games google discogs eat contains bleaching him listed uh... sikhism respect him so that's good konsberg used and hopefully word them them when it was the prescribed constructive eighty iran's husband discussion corporal punishment it misguided it's good to me that there are no the literary calorie partisans writers project for mister israel workout it you're it is going to have the benefit of the company acura howard it considerate edited purple or associations rednecks directly mitterrand's as you said isn't birthright always task scanner american politics state court well princeton mutual rights with cuba outbreaks corporation certified or whatever hand-in-hand interview