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Bandy X. Lee

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Bandy Lee
Born27 May 1970[1]
New York City, U.S.
EducationYale University (MD, MDiv) Harvard University
Medical career
ProfessionForensic psychiatrist
InstitutionsYale School of Medicine (2003 - 2020); Harvard Medical School (2021 - )
Sub-specialtiesViolence prevention
Notable worksThe Dangerous Case of Donald Trump (editor, contributor) Violence: An Interdisciplinary Approach to Causes, Consequences, and Cures (author)
AwardsNational Research Service Award

Bandy Xenobia Lee is an American psychiatrist whose scholarly work includes the writing of a comprehensive textbook on violence.[2] She is a specialist in public health approaches to violence prevention who consulted with the World Health Organization[3] and initiated reforms at New York's Rikers Island Correctional Facility.[4] She helped draft the United Nations chapter on "Violence Against Children,"[5] leads a project group for the World Health Organization's Violence Prevention Alliance,[6] and has contributed to prison reform in the United States and around the world.[7] She taught at Yale School of Medicine and Yale Law School from 2003 through 2020.

In 2017, Lee organized a conference at Yale on the mental health of Donald Trump with the participation of other psychiatrists including Robert Jay Lifton and Judith Lewis Herman.[8] Following the conference, in March 2017, the American Psychiatric Association released a statement reaffirming the Goldwater rule that restricts comments related to the mental health of public figures without their consent or evaluation.[9] Lee characterized the statement as silencing concerns raised by psychiatrists about the Trump presidency.[10]

Lee reconvened the conference the following month,[11] and later in the year edited The Dangerous Case of Donald Trump, a collection of essays warning about the dangers of Trump's mental instability that became a New York Times bestseller.[12] It was reported that White House Chief of Staff John F. Kelly secretly consulted the book as a guide for dealing with Trump[13][14] Using this book as an "owner's manual,"[15][16] Kelly was able to intervene to block Trump from ordering the use of nuclear weapons.[17][18]

In 2017 and 2018, Lee met with over fifty U.S. Congress members who considered the 25th Amendment[19][20][21] and in 2019 held an interdisciplinary conference at the National Press Club, which discussed impeachment and was broadcast in full by C-SPAN.[22][23]

In 2020, Yale University fired Lee from her voluntary medical faculty position for allegedly breaking the Goldwater rule in her speech regarding Alan Dershowitz and Trump.[24] Lee sued Yale for violating her academic freedom,[25] but the suit was dismissed in August 2022.[26] Lee subsequently filed for an appeal,[27] and on June 20, 2023, the appellate court upheld the previous ruling against her.[28] Lee warned against the silencing of intellectuals and criticized Yale's declaration of "no obligation to academic freedom" in her case.[29][30]

In August 2022, Mother Jones published an article titled "The Psychiatrist who Warned Us that Donald Trump would Unleash Violence was Absolutely Right."[31] It argues that the events of January 6th are Lee's "vindication."[32]

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Transcription

Early life and education

Bandy Lee was born and raised in the Bronx, New York. She is of Korean descent. Her mother was Inmyung Lee. As a teenager, Lee volunteered in Harlem as a tutor for homeless African-American children.[33] Her grandfather was Geun-Young Lee, a physician who treated patients in need of care after the Korean War,[34] who Lee says inspired her with a belief that practicing medicine also involves social responsibility.

Lee received her M.D. from the Yale University School of Medicine in 1994 and a Master of Divinity (M.Div.) from Yale Divinity School in 1995.[35] Lee completed her medical internship at the Bellevue Hospital Center in New York. During her medical residency at the Massachusetts General Hospital, Lee was designated as the chief resident. She was then a research fellow at Harvard Medical School.[36] Upon completion, she was offered a faculty position at Harvard University but turned it down to return to Yale.[37]

Career

Lee studied the anthropology of violence in East Africa as a fellow of the National Institute of Mental Health[38] and co-authored academic papers on Côte d'Ivoire, Tanzania, and Rwanda. She is a specialist in violence prevention programs in prisons and in the community[35] and worked for several years in maximum security prisons in the United States [33] where she was instrumental in initiating reforms at New York's Rikers Island jail complex.[35] She has consulted with five different U.S. states on prison reform.[35]

Lee was director of research for the Center for the Study of Violence and with Kaveh Khoshnood, founded Yale University's Violence and Health Study Group.[38] She heads a project group of the Violence Prevention Alliance for the World Health Organization[35] that contributes to increasing the evidence base on interventions that work to prevent interpersonal violence in low- and middle-income countries.[39] She helped draft United Nations Secretary-General Kofi Annan's chapter on "Violence Against Children"[40] and is the author of the textbook, Violence: An Interdisciplinary Approach to Causes, Consequences, and Cures.[2]

Comments and work related to Donald Trump

Further information: Goldwater rule

In April 2017, Lee hosted a meeting at Yale University medical school to discuss the ethics of speaking about the dangers of Donald Trump.[41] The assembled psychiatrists decided they had a "duty to warn".[42] Following the conference, in an interview with Salon in May 2017, Lee stated that Trump suffered from mental impairments and due to his holding the office of president, the issues amount to a "state of emergency" and that "our survival as a species may be at stake",[43][44] She also discussed her views that link what she sees as increasing inequality in the United States to a deterioration in collective mental health.[44] Later in 2017, she was the editor of The Dangerous Case of Donald Trump, a book of essays alleging that Trump suffers from psychological problems that make him dangerous.[45] After the book's publication, she reported receiving thousands of threatening messages by letter, telephone, and on social media that included death threats.[33]

In December 2017, she met 12 members of the United States Congress (11 Democrats, 1 Republican) to give them her opinion on Trump's psychological dangers, in which she reportedly argued that he was "unraveling".[33] In a letter to the New England Journal of Medicine, Jeffrey Lieberman, past president of the APA, argued that Lee and her co-authors were guilty of a "misguided and dangerous morality".[46] Lee says that Lieberman was instrumental to shutting down what had by that time become "the number one topic of national discussion,"[47] at the same time as violating the Goldwater rule himself.[48][49]

Lee says that when meeting with lawmakers, she was adhering to the American Psychiatric Association's guideline, which precedes the Goldwater rule, and which urges psychiatrists "to serve society by advising and consulting with the executive, legislative, and judiciary branches of the government."[50] In an interview she also said, "whenever the Goldwater rule is mentioned, we should also refer to the Declaration of Geneva, established by the World Medical Association 25 years earlier, which mandates physicians to speak up if there are humanitarian reasons to do so. This Declaration was created in response to the experience of Nazism."[51]

Since that time, two investigative articles have claimed that the APA actions with regard to the Goldwater rule were taken to protect the APA's federal funding.[52][53] Lieberman was one of the beneficiaries.[52] Lee stated, "Americans had to learn to do without expertise, just as it has with the pandemic, and the results have been equally devastating."[54] She says [55] that mental health experts predicted the mismanagement of a pandemic that exceeded a half-million deaths, shortly following the end of the Trump presidency.[56]

In her Profile of a Nation,[57][58] published on October 1, 2020, Lee warned of a violent reaction after an election loss, stating, "he is truly someone who would do anything, no matter how terrible, no matter how destructive, to stay in power."[58] Bill Moyers, who interviewed her shortly after the January 6, 2021 Trump-incited U.S. Capitol attack, called her "the least surprised person in the country."[59] He had praised her 2017 book as "profound, illuminating and discomforting."[60] On January 9, 2021, Lee was among World Mental Health Coalition colleagues who called for quick removal of Trump from office,[61] and made recommendations regarding how to encourage his loyal followers to fall away from his influence.[62]

On January 17, 2021, Lee and Jeffrey D. Sachs authored an opinion, One Group Who Knew All Along How Dangerous Trump Was: Mental Health Experts,[63] in which they proposed changes to the Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution in order to "address dangerous psychological disorders, and taking steps to reduce the powers of the presidency so that the nation is not vulnerable to the whims of one mentally unbalanced individual", as well as, changes to the restraining standards imposed on members of the American Psychiatric Association in such circumstances.[64]

Termination from Yale University

On January 2, 2020, Richard Painter asked Lee on Twitter about Alan Dershowitz's response to Virginia Giuffre, who sued him for sexual assault by saying that he had a "perfect" sex life. Lee tweeted back, "Alan Dershowitz’s employing the odd use of 'perfect'—not even a synonym—might be dismissed as ordinary influence in most contexts. However, given the severity and spread of 'shared psychosis' among just about all of Donald Trump’s followers, a different scenario is more likely... Which scenario? That he has wholly taken on Trump’s symptoms by contagion. There is even proof: his bravado toward his opponent with a question about his own sex life—in a way that is irrelevant to the actual lawsuit—shows the same grandiosity and delusional-level impunity."[65][66]

Dershowitz publicly objected to Lee's characterization, writing, "Dr. Bandy Lee has never met me, never examined me, never seen my medical records, and never spoken to anyone close to me. Yet she is prepared to offer a diagnosis of 'psychosis' which she attributes to my being one of President Trump's 'followers.' ...Indeed, Dr. Lee went even further, diagnosing 'the severity and spread of "shared psychosis" among just about all of Donald Trump's followers.' ...She is literally claiming that we are mentally ill and our views should be considered symptoms of our illness, rather than as legitimate ideas."[67] According to Lee, Dershowitz also e-mailed officials at Yale, stating, "This constitutes a serious violation of the ethics rules of the American Psychiatric Association. I am formally asking that association to discipline Dr. Lee."[68]

According to Lee, John Krystal, chair of the psychiatry department at Yale, immediately called her to a meeting.[69] This was in stark contrast to his affirmation of her free speech rights less than two years earlier.[70] She requested an investigation but did not hear back until her termination letter on May 17, 2020.[71] After multiple inquiries, Krystal in a September 4, 2020, letter gave as an explanation for Lee's termination: "your repeated violations of the APA's Goldwater Rule and your inappropriate transfer of the duty to warn from the treatment setting to national politics."[72] It may also have been a response to a letter by Gregory Scholtz, the president of the American Association of University Professors (AAUP), also dated September 4, 2020: "The interest of our Association in the case of Dr. Lee arises from its longstanding commitment to basic tenets of academic freedom and due process.... Under the 1940 Statement, 'College and university teachers are citizens, members of a learned profession, and officers of an educational institution.  When they speak or write as citizens, they should be free from institutional censorship or discipline.... [e]xtramural utterances rarely bear upon the faculty member’s fitness for continuing service.'"[73] In March 2021, Lee sued Yale University over the termination, claiming breach of contract, breach of good faith and wrongful termination.[24] She has also continued to deny that she has broken the Goldwater rule,[74][75][76] stating that "danger" is not a diagnosis: "While an in-person interview can be quite useful, it is not strictly required to assess danger."[77]

In response to the news,[78] Laurence Tribe of Harvard Law School tweeted, "This is a disgusting way for any university to act. Dr. Bandy Lee should never have been fired."[79] Jeffrey Sachs of Columbia University stated, "Yale blundered badly by siding with the APA's gag rule rather than the right—indeed responsibility—of its faculty to speak out against a dangerous president."[80] Cornel West, who himself said he was recently denied tenure at Harvard because of his speech,[81] stated, "I wholeheartedly stand in solidarity with Bandy Lee, a brilliant and wonderful sister and professor!"[80] A letter signed by prominent colleagues asked Krystal, "[Since] contributors to this book which Dr. Lee edited include many scholars and international exemplars of psychiatric ethics, we wonder if they too would be terminated were they to be members of your department."[82] Several op-eds on academic freedom and the Goldwater Rule were published by prominent public intellectuals,[83][84][85][86][87] and at least two petitions were in motion for Lee's reinstatement.[88] Yale University has since come under fire for its stance on academic freedom,[89][90][91] while Lee has received other faculty invitations.[92]

Yale University's motion to dismiss Lee's lawsuit was granted on August 30, 2022.[26] According to Lee, after Yale's first motion to dismiss was denied, the judge ruling in her favor "was promptly replaced without cause or explanation."[93] Lee has repeatedly warned that "[t]he muzzling of intellectuals and journalists ... is the first sign of tyranny."[58] On September 15, 2022, the junior federal judge who ruled in Yale University's favor was promoted to appellate court, surpassing senior judges.[94] On June 20, 2023, the same appellate court upheld the previous ruling against Lee.[28] In the process, Yale renounced on court record all obligation to academic freedom, which the Foundation for Individual Rights and Expression stated was "a giant leap backward for faculty rights and a stain on Yale's legacy."[95]

Selected publications

  • "Detecting depressive disorder with a 19-item local instrument in Tanzania." International Journal of Social Psychiatry, Vol. 54 (2008), pp. 21–33. (With S.F. Kaaya, J.K. Mbwambo, M.C. Smith-Fawzi, & M.T. Leshabari)
  • "Preventing gender-based violence engendered by conflict: The case of Côte d’Ivoire." Social Science and Medicine, Vol. 146 (2015), pp. 341–347. (With M. Blay-Tofey)
  • "A reflection on the madness in prisons", Stanford Law and Policy Review, Vol. 26 (2015), pp. 253–268. (With M. Prabhu)
  • "Health system re-design following sexual violence during the genocide in Rwanda." International Journal of Public Health, Vol. 61 (2016), pp. 959–960. (With G. Uwizeye & T. Kroll)
  • "Transforming our world: Implementing the 2030 agenda through sustainable development goal indicators." Journal of Public Health Policy, Vol. 37 (2016), pp. 13–31. (With F. Kjaerulf, S. Turner, L. Cohen, P.D. Donnelly, R. Muggah, R. Davis et al.)
  • "Global research priorities for interpersonal violence prevention: A modified Delphi study." Bulletin of the World Health Organization, Vol. 95 (2017), pp. 36–48. (With C.R. Mikton, M. Tanaka, M. Tomlinson, D.L. Streiner, L. Tonmyr, J. Fisher et al.)
  • The Dangerous Case of Donald Trump: 27 Psychiatrists and Mental Health Experts Assess a President. Thomas Dunne Books, 2017. (Editor) ISBN 978-1250179456
  • Violent States and Creative States: From the Global to the Individual. Vol. 1: Structural Violence and Creative Structures. Jessica Kingsley Publishers, 2018. (With J. Adlam & T. Kluttig) ISBN 978-1785925641
  • Violent States and Creative States: From the Global to the Individual. Vol. 2: Human Violence and Creative Humanity. Jessica Kingsley Publishers, 2018. (With J. Adlam & T. Kluttig) ISBN 978-1785925658
  • Violence: An Interdisciplinary Approach to Causes, Consequences, and Cures. Wiley-Blackwell, 2019. ISBN 978-1119240693
  • The Dangerous Case of Donald Trump: 37 Psychiatrists and Mental Health Experts Assess a President. Thomas Dunne Books, 2019. (Editor) ISBN 978-1250212863
  • "Government political structure and gender differences in violent death: A longitudinal analysis of forty-three countries, 1960–2008." Aggression and Violent Behavior, Vol. 46 (2019), pp. 174–179. (With M. Blay-Tofey, P. Marotta, K.K. Schuder & J. Gilligan)
  • "Government political structure and violent death rates: A longitudinal analysis of forty-three countries, 1960–2008." Aggression and Violent Behavior, Vol. 47 (2019), pp. 262–267. (With P. Marotta, M. Blay-Tofey, K.K. Schuder, C.H. Kim, G. Lee & J. Gilligan)
  • "Addressing the elephant in the room: Stories of ethical activism in the age of Trump." Journal of Humanistic Psychology, Vol. 60 (2020), pp. 459–462. (With H. West & S. Wruble)
  • "How we each emerged from isolation, found each other and a common voice." Journal of Humanistic Psychology, Vol. 60 (2020), pp. 463–476. (With L.L. Glass & E.B. Fisher).
  • Profile of a Nation: Trump's Mind, America's Soul. World Mental Health Coalition, 2020. ISBN 978-1735553740
  • Psychopathy Checklist-Revised | Second Edition, Hare, R. D., https://www.pearsonassessments.com/store/usassessments/en/Store/Professional-Assessments/Personality-%26-Biopsychosocial/Hare-Psychopathy-Checklist-Revised-%7C-Second-Edition/p/100000336.html
  • Silence versus bearing witness: Psychiatrists' responsibility to society. Forensic Science International: Mind and Law, Vol. 2 (2021), 100069.
  • Societal disorder as a precursor to dangerous minds in politics.  International Journal of Forensic Psychotherapy, Vol. 4 (2022), pp. 184-191.
  • Dangerous leadership and a culture of violence: Shared psychosis in the age of Donald Trump.  Cultura & Psyché, Vol. 4 (2023), pp. 109-120.
  • Power and abuse of power. Encyclopedia of Heroism Studies.  Springer International, 2023. (With G. Lee)

See also

References

  1. ^ Bandy X. Lee at Library of Congress
  2. ^ a b Lee, Bandy X. (February 19, 2019). "Violence: An Interdisciplinary Approach to Causes, Consequences, and Cures". Wiley.com. Archived from the original on June 6, 2019.
  3. ^ "Interview With Yale Forensic Psychiatrist Bandy Lee". Psychology Today. Retrieved 2021-04-17.
  4. ^ Schwirtz, Michael (2014-03-19). "Rikers Island Struggles With a Surge in Violence and Mental Illness". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2021-04-17.
  5. ^ "Annan welcomes study on violence against children that calls for urgent global action". UN News. 2006-10-11. Retrieved 2021-04-17.
  6. ^ "Violence Prevention Alliance". www.who.int. Retrieved 2021-04-17.
  7. ^ Lin, Serena (May 13, 2020). "Profile: Dr. Bandy Lee and the psychiatric case against Donald Trump". yaledailynews.com. Retrieved 2021-04-17.
  8. ^ "Transcript of the Duty to Warn Conference" (PDF).
  9. ^ "APA Reaffirms Support for Goldwater Rule". www.psychiatry.org. Retrieved 2021-04-17.
  10. ^ Lee, Bandy X. (October 11, 2019). "Mental health experts see Trump is dangerous, but our professional gatekeepers protect him". USA Today. Retrieved January 30, 2020.
  11. ^ Sharman, Joe (April 25, 2017). "Psychiatrist issues urgent warning over Trump's mental health". The Independent. Retrieved February 2, 2020.
  12. ^ Lee, Bandy X.; Glass, Leonard L. (January 10, 2018). "We're Psychiatrists. It's Our Duty to Question the President's Mental State". Politico Magazine. Retrieved January 21, 2020.
  13. ^ "Trump chief of staff used book on president's mental health as guide". the Guardian. 2022-09-15. Retrieved 2022-09-30.
  14. ^ Petrizzo, Zachary (2022-09-16). "John Kelly Reportedly Bought a Book on Trump's Mental Health". The Daily Beast. Retrieved 2022-09-30.
  15. ^ "'That's Hitler, Bannon thought': 2022 in books about Trump and US politics". the Guardian. 2022-12-11. Retrieved 2022-12-12.
  16. ^ "The Divider review: riveting narrative of Trump's plot against America". the Guardian. 2022-09-16. Retrieved 2022-09-30.
  17. ^ "Trump discussed using a nuclear weapon on North Korea in 2017 and blaming it on someone else, book says". NBC News. 12 January 2023. Retrieved 2023-01-20.
  18. ^ "Report: Donald Trump Wanted to Nuke North Korea and Then Blame It on Another Country". Vanity Fair. 2023-01-12. Retrieved 2023-01-20.
  19. ^ Begley, Sharon (2017-08-16). "Democrats in Congress to explore creating an expert panel on Trump's mental health". STAT. Retrieved 2022-11-11.
  20. ^ "Washington's growing obsession: The 25th Amendment". POLITICO. 3 January 2018. Retrieved 2022-11-11.
  21. ^ "Top Psychiatrist SOUNDS ALARM on Trump's Deteriorating Mental Fitness…". Evergreen Podcasts. Retrieved 2022-11-11.
  22. ^ "[The Dangerous Case of Donald Trump] | C-SPAN.org". www.c-span.org. Retrieved 2022-11-11.
  23. ^ Lee, Bandy X. "January 6". bandyxlee.substack.com. Retrieved 2022-12-05.
  24. ^ a b Hahamy, Madison; Horta, Beatriz (March 23, 2021). "Former professor says Yale fired her over tweet on Trump, Dershowitz". yaledailynews.com. Retrieved 2021-04-17.
  25. ^ Yu, Isaac (2021-11-09). "Bandy Lee lawyers file counter to Yale's motion to dismiss suit". Yale Daily News. Retrieved 2021-11-10.
  26. ^ a b Ruling on Motion to Dismiss, Lee v. Yale University, Civ. No. 3:21CV00389(SALM) (D. Conn. Aug. 30, 2022).
  27. ^ "Yale Lawsuit". Bandy X Lee. Retrieved 2022-11-12.
  28. ^ a b Lee v. Yale Univ.
  29. ^ Howell, Jordan (2023-06-26). "Yale shreds faculty rights to rid itself of professor who called Trump mentally unstable | The Foundation for Individual Rights and Expression". www.thefire.org. Retrieved 2024-03-31.
  30. ^ Lee, Bandy X. (2023-10-21). "Saving American Democracy through Truth". The Newsletter of Dr. Bandy X. Lee. Retrieved 2024-03-31.
  31. ^ Kendall, Joshua. "The psychiatrist who warned us that Donald Trump would unleash violence was absolutely right". Mother Jones. Retrieved 2022-09-30.
  32. ^ Kendall, Joshua. "The psychiatrist who warned us that Donald Trump would unleash violence was absolutely right". Mother Jones. Retrieved 2022-09-15.
  33. ^ a b c d Blakely, Rhys (18 January 2018). "Are Donald Trump's test results fake news?". The Times. Retrieved 21 January 2018.
  34. ^ Wright, Sarah (2021-04-05). "The doctor is in — and she specializes in violence prevention". The Berkshire Edge. Retrieved 2021-04-17.
  35. ^ a b c d e Bandy X. Lee, MD, M.Div. Archived 2018-01-18 at the Wayback Machine Yale School of Medicine: Psychiatry. Retrieved 21 January 2018.
  36. ^ "Not Found (404) < Yale School of Medicine". medicine.yale.edu. Archived from the original on 30 June 2020. Retrieved 14 January 2022.
  37. ^ Kendall, Joshua. "The psychiatrist who warned us that Donald Trump would unleash violence was absolutely right". Mother Jones. Retrieved 2022-08-18.
  38. ^ a b Bandy Lee, Yale University's Violence and Health Study Group Archived 2016-04-03 at the Wayback Machine Violence Prevention Alliance, World Health Organization. Retrieved 23 January 2018.
  39. ^ "Project groups". www.who.int. Retrieved 2021-04-17.
  40. ^ "UN Study on Violence Against Children | UN Special Representative of the Secretary-General on Violence Against Children". violenceagainstchildren.un.org. Retrieved 2021-04-17.
  41. ^ Morris, Alex (November 12, 2018). "What Happens When the Walls Finally Close in on Trump?". Rolling Stone. Retrieved January 21, 2020.
  42. ^ Sheehy, Gail (April 23, 2017). "At Yale, Psychiatrists Cite Their 'Duty to Warn' About an Unfit President". Intelligencer. Retrieved January 21, 2020.
  43. ^ Kalmbacher, Colin (January 21, 2020). "Interview: Law Professor Richard Painter, Psychiatrist Bandy Lee Explain Views on Trump's Trial". lawandcrime.com. Retrieved January 21, 2020.
  44. ^ a b DeVega, Chauncey (May 25, 2017). "Psychiatrist Bandy Lee: "We have an obligation to speak about Donald Trump's mental health issues... Our survival as a species may be at stake". Salon. Archived from the original on November 6, 2017. Retrieved January 23, 2018.
  45. ^ Sword, Rosemary K.M.; Zimbardo, Philip (28 September 2017). ""The Dangerous Case of Donald Trump": A new book delves into the president's mental health". Psychology Today. Retrieved 21 January 2018.
  46. ^ Lieberman, J. A. (December 27, 2017). "Correspondence: Psychiatrists Diagnosing the President — Moral Imperative or Ethical Violation?". New England Journal of Medicine. 378 (5): 483–484. doi:10.1056/NEJMc1716751. PMID 29281477.
  47. ^ "Trumpism Did Not End With Donald Trump". HillReporter.com. 2021-02-22. Archived from the original on 2021-04-21. Retrieved 2021-04-17.
  48. ^ "Psychiatrist's new warning that Trump's mental state 'is a national and international security risk'". CBC Radio. 2018-01-12. Retrieved 2023-01-20.
  49. ^ Lee, Dr. Bandy (2021-02-21). "Op Ed: Trumpism Did Not End with Donald Trump". MeidasTouch. Retrieved 2023-01-20.
  50. ^ "Petition to the Judiciary Committee". World Mental Health Coalition. Retrieved 2020-01-21.
  51. ^ Porter, Tom (December 5, 2019). "350 health professionals sign letter to Congress claiming Trump's mental health is deteriorating dangerously amid impeachment proceedings". Business Insider. Retrieved December 6, 2019.
  52. ^ a b Kendall, Joshua (April 25, 2020). "Muzzled by Psychiatry in a Time of Crisis". Mad In America. Retrieved November 22, 2020.
  53. ^ Fingar, Courtney (September 22, 2020). "The silencing of psychiatry: is the Goldwater rule doing more harm than good ahead of the US 2020 election?". New Statesman. Retrieved November 22, 2020.
  54. ^ "The Mental Health Pandemic that Did Not Need to Be". Bioethics.net. Retrieved November 22, 2020.
  55. ^ Lee, Bandy X. (September 29, 2020). "The Trump Mental Health Pandemic". Medium. Retrieved November 22, 2020.
  56. ^ "Half a million dead in US, confirming virus's tragic reach". The Associated Press. 2021-02-22. Retrieved 2021-03-30.
  57. ^ The ‘Shared Psychosis’ of Donald Trump and His Loyalists, Scientific American, January 11, 2021
  58. ^ a b c Lee, Bandy X. (2020-10-01). Profile of a Nation: Trump's Mind, America's Soul.
  59. ^ "Is it possible that Trump's fixation on reversing the election drove him nuts?". BillMoyers.com. Retrieved 2021-03-30.
  60. ^ Lee, Bandy X. (2017-10-01). The Dangerous Case of Donald Trump: 27 Psychiatrists and Mental Health Experts Assess a President. St. Martin's Publishing. ISBN 978-1250179456.
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