To install click the Add extension button. That's it.

The source code for the WIKI 2 extension is being checked by specialists of the Mozilla Foundation, Google, and Apple. You could also do it yourself at any point in time.

How to transfigure the Wikipedia

Would you like Wikipedia to always look as professional and up-to-date? We have created a browser extension. It will enhance any encyclopedic page you visit with the magic of the WIKI 2 technology.

Try it — you can delete it anytime.

Install in 5 seconds
4,5
Kelly Slayton
Congratulations on this excellent venture… what a great idea!
Alexander Grigorievskiy
I use WIKI 2 every day and almost forgot how the original Wikipedia looks like.
What we do. Every page goes through several hundred of perfecting techniques; in live mode. Quite the same Wikipedia. Just better.
Great Wikipedia has got greater.
.
Leo
Newton
Brights
Milds

Peptide hormone

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Illustration showing the binding of a peptide hormone to the cell

Peptide hormones are hormones whose molecules are peptides. Peptide hormones have shorter amino acid chain lengths than protein hormones. These hormones have an effect on the endocrine system of animals, including humans.[1] Most hormones can be classified as either amino acid–based hormones (amine, peptide, or protein) or steroid hormones. The former are water-soluble and act on the surface of target cells via second messengers; the latter, being lipid-soluble, move through the plasma membranes of target cells (both cytoplasmic and nuclear) to act within their nuclei.

Like all peptides, peptide hormones are synthesized in cells from amino acids according to mRNA transcripts, which are synthesized from DNA templates inside the cell nucleus. Preprohormones, peptide hormone precursors, are then processed in several stages, typically in the endoplasmic reticulum, including removal of the N-terminal signal sequence and sometimes glycosylation, resulting in prohormones. The prohormones are then packaged into membrane-bound secretory vesicles, which can be secreted from the cell by exocytosis in response to specific stimuli (e.g. an increase in Ca2+ and cAMP concentration in cytoplasm).[2]

These prohormones often contain superfluous amino acid residues that were needed to direct folding of the hormone molecule into its active configuration but have no function once the hormone folds. Specific endopeptidases in the cell cleave the prohormone just before it is released into the bloodstream, generating the mature hormone form of the molecule. Mature peptide hormones then travel through the blood to all of the cells of the body, where they interact with specific receptors on the surfaces of their target cells.

Some neurotransmitters are secreted and released in a similar fashion to peptide hormones, and some "neuropeptides" may be used as neurotransmitters in the nervous system in addition to acting as hormones when released into the blood.

When a peptide hormone binds to a receptor on the surface of the cell, a second messenger appears in the cytoplasm, which triggers signal transduction leading to the cellular responses.[3]

Some peptides (angiotensin II, basic fibroblast growth factor-2, parathyroid hormone-related protein) also interact with intracellular receptors located in the cytoplasm or nucleus by an intracrine mechanism.[4]

YouTube Encyclopedic

  • 1/3
    Views:
    1 055 605
    402 495
    174 894
  • Endocrinology | Receptor Pathways
  • Mechanisms of Hormone Action
  • Mechanism of STEROID HORMONE action

Transcription

Partial list of peptide hormones in humans

  1. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
  2. Aadropin
  3. Aamylin
  4. Aangiotensin
  5. Aatrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
  6. Calcitonin
  7. Cholecystokinin (CCK)
  8. Gastrin
  9. Ghrelin
  10. Glucagon
  11. Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP)
  12. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1)
  13. Growth hormone
  14. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
  15. Insulin
  16. Leptin
  17. Luteinizing hormone (LH)
  18. Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)
  19. Oxytocin
  20. Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
  21. Prolactin
  22. Renin
  23. Somatostatin
  24. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
  25. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
  26. Vasopressin, also called arginine vasopressin (AVP) or anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)
  27. Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)
  28. Somatotropin (GH1)
  29. Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone 1 (GNRH1)
  30. Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone 2 (GNRH2)
  31. Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone (GHRH)
  32. Parathyroid Hormone Like Hormone (PTHLH)
  33. Corticotropin Releasing Hormone (CRH)
  34. Anti-Müllerian Hormone (AMH)
  35. Chorionic Somatomammotropin Hormone 1 (CSH1)
  36. Chorionic Somatomammotropin Hormone 2 (CSH2)
  37. Pro-Melanin Concentrating Hormone (PMCH)
  38. Resistin (RETN)

References

  1. ^ Siddle K, Hutton JC (1991). Peptide Hormone Secretion/Peptide Hormone Action: A Practical Approach. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-963073-9.
  2. ^ Hutton JC (1991). Peptide Hormone Secretion: A Practical Approach. Hull University Press. ISBN 0-19-963068-2.
  3. ^ Wermuth CG (2003). The Practice of Medicinal Chemistry. Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-744481-5.
  4. ^ Kraemer WJ, Rogol AD (2005). The Endocrine System in Sports and Exercise. Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 1-4051-3017-2.
This page was last edited on 20 January 2024, at 21:45
Basis of this page is in Wikipedia. Text is available under the CC BY-SA 3.0 Unported License. Non-text media are available under their specified licenses. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. WIKI 2 is an independent company and has no affiliation with Wikimedia Foundation.
Contact WIKI 2
Introduction
Terms of Service
Privacy Policy