The Palawano languages are spoken in the province of Palawan in the Philippines, by the Palawano people.
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Making a Palawano Badung
Transcription
Classification
There are three Palawano languages: the Quezon Palawano (PLC) which is also known as Central Palawano; Brooke's Point Palawano (PLW) and its dialect the Bugsuk Palawano or South Palawano and Southwest Palawano (PLV). The three Palawano languages share the island with several other Palawanic languages which are not part of the Palawano cluster, though they share a fair amount of vocabulary.[2]
Phonology
The following overview is based on Revel-MacDonald (1979).[3]
Consonants
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ŋ | |||
| Plosive | voiceless | p | t | k | ʔ | |
| voiced | b | d | ɡ | |||
| Fricative | s | h | ||||
| Lateral | l | |||||
| Rhotic | ɾ | |||||
| Approximant | w | j | ||||
Vowels
| Front | Back | |
|---|---|---|
| Close | i | u |
| Open | a | ɔ |
| Phoneme | Allophones |
|---|---|
| /i/ | [i], [ɪ], [e], [ɛ] |
| /u/ | [u], [ʊ], [o] |
| /ɔ/ | [ɔ], [ə], [ä] |
Grammar
Verb conjugations are similar to other Filipino dialects with prefixes and suffixes indicating tense, object or actor focus, as well as intention (i.e. commands). These prefixes and suffixes can be used to create various parts of speech from the same root word. For example, biyag, meaning 'life', can be manipulated to mean 'to live' (megbiyag), 'full of food' (mebiyag), 'to raise to life' (ipebiyag), 'living' as an adjective (biyagen), or 'living' as a present tense verb form (pebibiyag).
Palawano creates a diminutive prefix by copying the first CV of the base together with the final base consonant: kusiŋ ('cat'): kuŋ-kusiŋ ('kitten'), bajuʔ ('clothing'): bäʔ-bajuʔ ('child's clothing'), libun ('woman'): lin-libun ('girl'), kunit ('yellow'): kut-kunit ('yellow flycatcher' (bird)), siak ('tears'): sik-siak ('crocodile tears/false tears').[4]
Pronouns
The following set of pronouns are the pronouns found in the Southwest Palawano language.[5] Note: the direct/nominative case is divided between full and short forms.
| Direct/Nominative | Indirect/Genitive | Oblique | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1st person singular | ako (ko) | ko | daken/dag |
| 2nd person singular | ikew (ke) | mo | dimo |
| 3rd person singular | ya (ye) | ye | kenye |
| 1st person dual | kite (te) | te | kite |
| 1st person plural inclusive | kiteyo (teyo) | teyo | kiteyo |
| 1st person plural exclusive | kami (kay) | kay | damen |
| 2nd person plural | kemuyo (kaw) | muyo | dimuyo |
| 3rd person plural | diye | diye | kedye |
Vocabulary
There are many linguistic variations among Palawan family groups with words changing from one valley to the next (i.e. tabon for 'mountain' versus bukid). Tagalog is frequently used to supply words lacking in the local dialect for modern objects and actions which can cause confusion, especially among the younger generation, between Tagalog and Palawan. The more familiar a family or village is with the Tagalog lowland culture, the more common the language overlap. The Palawano language has also historically incorporated a great number of Malay words. There is also some Cebuano influence similar to what is exhibited in the other parts of Palawan.
Some Brooke's Point Palawan words are:[6]
- bibila` or ibeyba – friend
- maman – uncle (also a term of respect for an older man)
- minan – aunt (also a term of respect for an older woman)
- indu` – mother
- ama` – father
- isi` – get
- karut – sack
- tengeldew – midday
- mangelen – purchase/buy
- surung – go
- bukid or tabon – mountain
- manga`an – eat
- menunga – good
- kusing, demang, esing – cat
- pegingin – love (noun)
Phrases:
- Embe surungan mu la`? – friendly way of asking "Where are you going friend?", as a form of greeting.
- Dun bukid ti`, mengisi` ku et karut – means 'There, to the mountain, I will get a sack.'
- Endey mengagat – this is usually referring to the dog, as a way to say "don't bite"
- Embe tena'an mu? – Where are you going?
- Dut daya. – Up the hill
- Menungang Meriklem. – Good morning
Comparative wordlist
The following compares the Palawano languages with other Greater Central Philippine languages.
| English | one | two | three | four | person | house | dog | coconut | day | new | we (inclusive) | what | fire |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Central Palawano 1[7] | sengbat | dowa | telo | epat | taw | benwa | ido | niyog | eldew | bago | kiteyo | ono | apoy |
| Central Palawano 2[8] | sambat | duwa | talu | apat | ta'u | bənwa' | idəng | nyog | əldaw | ba'agu | kiteyo | ənu | apoy |
| Southwest Palawano 1[9] | isa' | dua | telo | epat | taaw | benwa | ideng | nyug | eldew | bago | kiteyo | eno | apoy |
| Southwest Palawano 2[10] | sɔmbat | dua | tɔlu | ɔpat | ta'o | bənua | idɔng | nyug | aldɔw | ba'go | kiteyo | ɔno | apuy |
| Tagalog | isa | dalawa | tatlo | apat | tao | bahay | aso | niyog | araw | bago | tayo | ano | apoy |
| Aklanon | isaea, sambilog | daywa | tatlo | ap-at | tawo | baeay | ayam | niyog | adlaw | bag-o | kita | ano | kaeayo |
| Hiligaynon | isa | duha/dua | tatlo | apat | tawo | balay | ido | lubi | adlaw | bag-o | kita | ano | kalayo |
Writing system
Latin alphabet
The spelling is controversial with multiple translators using separate spelling methods, some using Tagalog-based spelling while others use other systems.[citation needed]
Brooke's Point Palawano uses 23 letters: a, b, [k], d, e, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, ng, o, p, r, s, t, u, w, y, and ' (glottal stop). Borrowed: c, f, q, x, z.[11] The 'e' stands for schwa and "dy" makes a 'j' sound.
Ibalnan script
In the 20th century, the Tagbanwa script was adopted from the Tagbanwa people by the Palawan people further south in the island.[12] They call this alphabet Ibalnan and the vowel mark an ulit.[13]
References
- ^ "2010 Census of Population and Housing, Report No. 2A: Demographic and Housing Characteristics (Non-Sample Variables) - Philippines" (PDF). Philippine Statistics Authority. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
- ^ "Family: Palawanic". Retrieved 22 May 2020.
- ^ Revel-MacDonald, Nicole. 1979. Le Palawan (Philippines): phonologie, catégories, morphologie. (Langues et civilisations de l'Asie du sud-est et du monde insulindien, 4.) Paris: SELAF.
- ^
Blust, Robert (2013). "The Austronesian languages" (PDF).
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ Quakenbush, J. Stephen; Ruch, Edward (2008). "Pronoun Ordering and Marking in Kalamianic" (PDF). SIL Paper Presented at Tenth International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics. 17. 20 January 2006. Puerto Princesa City, Palawan, Philippines. Retrieved 23 May 2020.
- ^ "Palawano B Dictionary". Retrieved 26 May 2020.
- ^ Thiessen, H. Arnold (November 1974). "Palawano - Quezon Wordlist" (PDF). Collection of Unpublished Materials SIL International – Philippines.
- ^ Sutherland, C. (October 1974). "Expanded Philippine wordlist". SIL PHILIPPINES Wordlist.
- ^ Davis, Bill. "Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database: Language: S.W. Palawano". University of Auckland, NZ Austro-anstian Basic Vocabulary Database. Archived from the original on 16 October 2008. Retrieved 23 May 2020.
- ^ Sutherland, Craig; Thiessen, H. Arnold (October 1974). "Palawano - Mararango, Canduaga Word List" (PDF). Collection of Unpublished Materials SIL International – Philippines. Retrieved 23 May 2020.
- ^ "Palawano B Dictionary: Abakada". Retrieved 26 May 2020.
- ^ Miller, Christopher (2014). "A survey of indigenous scripts of Indonesia and the Philippines". The International Indigenous Development Research Conference 2014 Proceedings, Workshop on Indigenous Languages Tokyo, Japan - Academia.edu. Retrieved 21 May 2020.
- ^ "Palawano B Dictionary". Retrieved 26 May 2020.
External links
- Zorc, R. David. 1972. Palawano notes.
- Brooke's Point Palawano audio sample
- Brooke's Point Palawano dictionary
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This page was last edited on 10 April 2024, at 13:09