ISO 31-11

ISO 31-11:1992 was the part of international standard ISO 31 that defines mathematical signs and symbols for use in physical sciences and technology. It was superseded in 2009 by ISO 80000-2:2009 and subsequently revised in 2019 as ISO-80000-2:2019.^[1]

Its definitions include the following:^[2]

Mathematical logic

Sets

Sign	Example	Meaning and verbal equivalent	Remarks
∈	x ∈ A	x belongs to A; x is an element of the set A
∉	x ∉ A	x does not belong to A; x is not an element of the set A	The negation stroke can also be vertical.
∋	A ∋ x	the set A contains x (as an element)	same meaning as x ∈ A
∌	A ∌ x	the set A does not contain x (as an element)	same meaning as x ∉ A
{ }	{x1, x2, ..., xn}	set with elements x1, x2, ..., xn	also {xi | i ∈ I}, where I denotes a set of indices
{ | }	{x ∈ A | p(x)}	set of those elements of A for which the proposition p(x) is true	Example: {x ∈ ℝ | x > 5} The ∈A can be dropped where this set is clear from the context.
card	card(A)	number of elements in A; cardinal of A
∖	A ∖ B	difference between A and B; A minus B	The set of elements which belong to A but not to B. A ∖ B = { x | x ∈ A ∧ x ∉ B } A − B can also be used.
∅		the empty set
ℕ		the set of natural numbers; the set of positive integers and zero	ℕ = {0, 1, 2, 3, ...} Exclusion of zero is denoted by an asterisk: ℕ* = {1, 2, 3, ...} ℕk = {0, 1, 2, 3, ..., k − 1}
ℤ		the set of integers	ℤ = {..., −3, −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, 3, ...} ℤ* = ℤ ∖ {0} = {..., −3, −2, −1, 1, 2, 3, ...}
ℚ		the set of rational numbers	ℚ* = ℚ ∖ {0}
ℝ		the set of real numbers	ℝ* = ℝ ∖ {0}
ℂ		the set of complex numbers	ℂ* = ℂ ∖ {0}
[,]	[a,b]	closed interval in ℝ from a (included) to b (included)	[a,b] = {x ∈ ℝ | a ≤ x ≤ b}
],] (,]	]a,b] (a,b]	left half-open interval in ℝ from a (excluded) to b (included)	]a,b] = {x ∈ ℝ | a < x ≤ b}
[,[ [,)	[a,b[ [a,b)	right half-open interval in ℝ from a (included) to b (excluded)	[a,b[ = {x ∈ ℝ | a ≤ x < b}
],[ (,)	]a,b[ (a,b)	open interval in ℝ from a (excluded) to b (excluded)	]a,b[ = {x ∈ ℝ | a < x < b}
⊆	B ⊆ A	B is included in A; B is a subset of A	Every element of B belongs to A. ⊂ is also used.
⊂	B ⊂ A	B is properly included in A; B is a proper subset of A	Every element of B belongs to A, but B is not equal to A. If ⊂ is used for "included", then ⊊ should be used for "properly included".
⊈	C ⊈ A	C is not included in A; C is not a subset of A	⊄ is also used.
⊇	A ⊇ B	A includes B (as subset)	A contains every element of B. ⊃ is also used. B ⊆ A means the same as A ⊇ B.
⊃	A ⊃ B.	A includes B properly.	A contains every element of B, but A is not equal to B. If ⊃ is used for "includes", then ⊋ should be used for "includes properly".
⊉	A ⊉ C	A does not include C (as subset)	⊅ is also used. A ⊉ C means the same as C ⊈ A.
∪	A ∪ B	union of A and B	The set of elements which belong to A or to B or to both A and B. A ∪ B = { x | x ∈ A ∨ x ∈ B }
⋃	${\displaystyle \bigcup _{i=1}^{n}A_{i}}$	union of a collection of sets	${\displaystyle \bigcup _{i=1}^{n}A_{i}=A_{1}\cup A_{2}\cup \ldots \cup A_{n}}$, the set of elements belonging to at least one of the sets A1, ..., An. ${\displaystyle \bigcup {}_{i=1}^{n}}$ and ${\displaystyle \bigcup _{i\in I}}$, ${\displaystyle \bigcup {}_{i\in I}}$ are also used, where I denotes a set of indices.
∩	A ∩ B	intersection of A and B	The set of elements which belong to both A and B. A ∩ B = { x | x ∈ A ∧ x ∈ B }
⋂	${\displaystyle \bigcap _{i=1}^{n}A_{i}}$	intersection of a collection of sets	${\displaystyle \bigcap _{i=1}^{n}A_{i}=A_{1}\cap A_{2}\cap \ldots \cap A_{n}}$, the set of elements belonging to all sets A1, ..., An. ${\displaystyle \bigcap {}_{i=1}^{n}}$ and ${\displaystyle \bigcap _{i\in I}}$, ${\displaystyle \bigcap {}_{i\in I}}$ are also used, where I denotes a set of indices.
∁	∁AB	complement of subset B of A	The set of those elements of A which do not belong to the subset B. The symbol A is often omitted if the set A is clear from context. Also ∁AB = A ∖ B.
(,)	(a, b)	ordered pair a, b; couple a, b	(a, b) = (c, d) if and only if a = c and b = d. ⟨a, b⟩ is also used.
(,...,)	(a1, a2, ..., an)	ordered n-tuple	⟨a1, a2, ..., an⟩ is also used.
×	A × B	cartesian product of A and B	The set of ordered pairs (a, b) such that a ∈ A and b ∈ B. A × B = { (a, b) | a ∈ A ∧ b ∈ B } A × A × ⋯ × A is denoted by An, where n is the number of factors in the product.
Δ	ΔA	set of pairs (a, a) ∈ A × A where a ∈ A; diagonal of the set A × A	ΔA = { (a, a) | a ∈ A } idA is also used.

Miscellaneous signs and symbols

Sign		Example	Meaning and verbal equivalent	Remarks
HTML	TeX
≝	${\displaystyle {\stackrel {\mathrm {def} }{=}}}$	${\displaystyle a\ {\stackrel {\mathrm {def} }{=}}\ b}$	a is by definition equal to b [2]	:= is also used
=	${\displaystyle =}$	a = b	a equals b	≡ may be used to emphasize that a particular equality is an identity.
≠	${\displaystyle \neq }$	a ≠ b	a is not equal to b	${\displaystyle a\not \equiv b}$ may be used to emphasize that a is not identically equal to b.
≙	${\displaystyle {\stackrel {\wedge }{=}}}$	${\displaystyle a\ {\stackrel {\wedge }{=}}\ b}$	a corresponds to b	On a 1:106 map: ${\displaystyle 1{\text{ cm }}{\stackrel {\wedge }{=}}\ 10{\text{ km}}}$.
≈	${\displaystyle \approx }$	a ≈ b	a is approximately equal to b	The symbol ≃ is reserved for "is asymptotically equal to".
∼ ∝	${\displaystyle {\begin{matrix}\sim \\\propto \end{matrix}}}$	a ∼ b a ∝ b	a is proportional to b
<	${\displaystyle <}$	a < b	a is less than b
>	${\displaystyle >}$	a > b	a is greater than b
≤	${\displaystyle \leq }$	a ≤ b	a is less than or equal to b	The symbol ≦ is also used.
≥	${\displaystyle \geq }$	a ≥ b	a is greater than or equal to b	The symbol ≧ is also used.
≪	${\displaystyle \ll }$	a ≪ b	a is much less than b
≫	${\displaystyle \gg }$	a ≫ b	a is much greater than b
∞	${\displaystyle \infty }$		infinity
() [] {} ⟨⟩	${\displaystyle {\begin{matrix}()\\{[]}\\\{\}\\\langle \rangle \end{matrix}}}$	${\displaystyle {\begin{matrix}{(a+b)c}\\{[a+b]c}\\{\{a+b\}c}\\{\langle a+b\rangle c}\end{matrix}}}$	ac + bc, parentheses ac + bc, square brackets ac + bc, braces ac + bc, angle brackets	In ordinary algebra, the sequence of ${\displaystyle (),[],\{\},\langle \rangle }$ in order of nesting is not standardized. Special uses are made of ${\displaystyle (),[],\{\},\langle \rangle }$ in particular fields.
∥	${\displaystyle \|}$	AB ∥ CD	the line AB is parallel to the line CD
⊥	${\displaystyle \perp }$	AB ⊥ CD	the line AB is perpendicular to the line CD[3]

Operations

Functions

Exponential and logarithmic functions

Circular and hyperbolic functions

Complex numbers

Matrices

Coordinate systems

Vectors and tensors

Example	Meaning and verbal equivalent	Remarks
a ${\displaystyle {\vec {a}}}$	vector a	Instead of italic boldface, vectors can also be indicated by an arrow above the letter symbol. Any vector a can be multiplied by a scalar k, i.e. ka.

Special functions

See also

• Mathematical symbols
• Mathematical notation

References and notes

This page was last edited on 12 March 2024, at 00:58