GOST 16876-71 (Russian: ГОСТ 16876-71) is a romanization system (for transliteration of Russian Cyrillic alphabet texts into the Latin alphabet) devised by the National Administration for Geodesy and Cartography of the Soviet Union. It is based on the scientific transliteration system used in linguistics. GOST was an international standard so it included provision for a number of the languages of the Soviet Union. The standard was revised twice in 1973 and 1980 with minor changes.
GOST 16876-71 contains two tables of a transliteration:
- Table 1: one Cyrillic char to one Latin char, some with diacritics
- Table 2: one Cyrillic char to one or many Latin char, but without diacritics
In 1978, COMECON adopted GOST 16876-71 with minor modifications as its official transliteration standard, under the name of SEV 1362-78 (Russian: СЭВ 1362-78).
GOST 16876-71 was used by the United Nations to develop its romanization system for geographical names,[1] which was adopted for official use by the United Nations at the Fifth United Nations Conference on the Standardization of Geographical Names in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, in 1987. UN system relies on diacritics to compensate for non-Russian Cyrillic alphabets.
In 2002, the Russian Federation along with a number of CIS countries abandoned the use of GOST 16876 in favor of ISO 9:1995, which was adopted as GOST 7.79-2000.
Russian
| Cyrillic | GOST 16876-71 table 1 | GOST 16876-71 table 2 | GOST 7.79-2000, system A;
ISO (1995) |
GOST 7.79-2000, system B | UN 1987 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| А а | a | ||||
| Б б | b | ||||
| В в | v | ||||
| Г г | g | ||||
| Д д | d | ||||
| Е е | e | e (je)* | e | e | e |
| Ё ё | ë | jo | ë | yo | ë |
| Ж ж | ž | zh | ž | zh | ž |
| З з | z | ||||
| И и | i | ||||
| Й й | j | jj | j | j | j |
| К к | k | ||||
| Л л | l | ||||
| М м | m | ||||
| Н н | n | ||||
| О о | o | ||||
| П п | p | ||||
| Р р | r | ||||
| С с | s | ||||
| Т т | t | ||||
| У у | u | ||||
| Ф ф | f | ||||
| Х х | h (ch)* | kh | h | kh | h |
| Ц ц | c | c | c | cz, c† | c |
| Ч ч | č | ch | č | ch | č |
| Ш ш | š | sh | š | sh | š |
| Щ щ | ŝ (šč)* | shh | ŝ | shh | šč |
| Ъ ъ | ʺ | ʺ | ʺ | ʺ | ʺ |
| Ы ы | y | y | y | y' | y |
| Ь ь | ʹ | ʹ | ʹ | ʹ | ʹ |
| Э э | è | eh | è | e' | è |
| Ю ю | û (ju)* | ju | û | yu | ju |
| Я я | â (ja)* | ja | â | ya | ja |
| Cyrillic | GOST 16876-71 table 1 | GOST 16876-71 table 2 | GOST 7.79-2000, system A;
ISO (1995) |
GOST 7.79-2000, system B; ISO (1995) | UN 1987 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre-1918 letters | |||||||||
| І і | ì | ih | ì | i, i'‡ | ĭ | ||||
| Ѳ ѳ | - | - | f̀ | fh | ḟ | ||||
| Ѣ ѣ | - | - | ě | ye | ě | ||||
| Ѵ ѵ | - | - | ỳ | yh | ẏ | ||||
- Notes
- * In parentheses the acceptable additional variants are shown.
- † It is recommended to use c before i, e, y, and j, and cz in all other cases.
- ‡ Cyrillic і in Ukrainian and Belarusian is always transliterated as Latin i, as well as in Old Russian and Old Bulgarian texts where it is usually used before vowels. In the rare case where it falls before a consonant (for example, in the word міръ) it is transliterated with an apostrophe i'.
The letters і, ѳ, ѣ, ѵ are found in texts from before the Russian orthographic reform of 1918.
Ukrainian
During 1995—2009 the Ukrainian Derzhstandart tried to introduce the new system of transliteration instead of the Soviet one, though none of the draft projects were accepted officially.[2][3]
| Cyrillic | г | ґ | є | и | і | ї | й | х | ʼ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GOST 16876-71 table 1 | g | – | ê, je | i | ì | ì | j | h, ch | * |
| GOST 16876-71 table 2 | g | – | je | i | ih | ji | jj | kh | ʺ |
| Derzhstandart (project 2008) | h | g | ê, je* | y | i | ï, ji* | j | x | ʼ |
Note: * System B (without diacritics)
See also
References
- ^ United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names (2007). Technical reference manual for the standardization of geographical names (PDF). New York: United Nations. pp. 44–45. ISBN 978-92-1-161500-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-06-28. Retrieved 6 April 2011.
- ^ Ukrainian Latin alphabet as a basis for representing the official language in international partnerships (in Ukrainian)
- ^ One of the projects of the new Ukrainian transliteration standard (2008) (in Ukrainian)
External links
Official documents
- GOST 16876—71 (in Russian)
- GOST 16876—71 (1981), scan
- GOST 7.79—2000 (in Russian)
- United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names (2007). Technical reference manual for the standardization of geographical names (PDF). New York: United Nations. pp. 44–45. ISBN 978-92-1-161500-5. Retrieved 6 April 2011.
- Report on the Current Status of United Nations Romanization Systems for Geographical Names, compiled by the UNGEGN Working Group on Romanization Systems; Version 2.2, January 2003.
This page was last edited on 2 October 2023, at 16:32