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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

State of Zhoulai
州來
Unknown–529 BC
Zhoulai in the early 7th century BC. Borders are approximate.
Zhoulai in the early 7th century BC. Borders are approximate.
StatusClient / puppet state of Chu
(c. 620–529 BC)
CapitalZhoulai (present-day Fengtai County)[1]
Common languagesOld Chinese
GovernmentMonarchy
Historical eraSpring and Autumn period
• Established
Unknown
• Subjugated by Chu
c. 620 BC
• Conquered by Wu
529 BC
Succeeded by
Wu (state)
Today part ofChina

Zhoulai (Chinese: 州來) was a small state of the Spring and Autumn period that ruled a crucial part of the middle Huai River valley. Its capital, known by the same name, was located in modern-day Fengtai County in Huainan. Due to its strategic location, Zhoulai controlled the most important route from Hubei to the Yellow Sea.[2] This made it a target of the expansionist state of Chu, which subjugated Zhoulai in the late 7th century BC in order to gain access to the east.[3] While nominally allowed to maintain autonomy under its own dynasty, Zhoulai effectively became a puppet state under Chu military occupation and civil administration. It survived in this condition until 529 BC, when its capital city was conquered by Wu and its ruling family was formally deposed.[4]

YouTube Encyclopedic

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  • First Premier of the People's Republic of China: Zhou Enlai Interview (1965)
  • President Nixon's Toast to Premier Chou En-Lai
  • China before the cultural revolution 1964

Transcription

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enviar but also in the variety and quality of the product adequately staffed for them all-round beat forward who's been made industry treatment incline toxicology cra quoted users who could make quite a remarkable double you can see it but i can be achieved encontrar defeated website query wanting a crock development anyway a lot going on there yuki torii act for market replied right nothing but they didn't have at least are plentiful compatibility diligent to seek the supply of cotton but the growth of copper profession over the past three years through several provided by the blueprint possibility tentatively agreed to be output of quality sort of thing that i am you know that the production of chemical fibres it's also increased go up we are confident but in the parts of the third five-year plan or the fire causing for the people for further rock johnson pool with the palestinian people drive through deliveries national economy uniquely his wound up an all-round prop all-around broke will be conclusive front officer agricultural production next year past also made a quick break for the third ideapad it was uh... them national people's congress him polly i wonder if you could give me indication of the main point owner and real bad there to blue was congress uh... ended december thirty first if what you get breakfast but they're actual people outburst on behalf of the government i'd help make your point for the national people's congress october if applicable across properly ives a palm tree pollen react socialist obstruction sofas promotion international pressure views view and up uh... secondly who do you think it would be under present circumstances to have some exchange of savage when they'll be here around bangalore down throughout got delayed by if they're going to be peaceful uh... intervention in order for him to rule that vital american relations that we must start with microsoft and left with five issue effort by the american ambassador or often walks off we always put forward the follies coupons of principle is that if we can should be reached decline of the united states not peaceful coexistence on the picket after five and the other but the united states must withdraw all of you cough crosses by law and the taiwan strait one can be reached on teens end point of principle other questions itself rather heated gilded and a lot to do it the mir heckling your applied equally what i thought the fundamental problem for one thought popped up for anything going on for more than nine years out-of-state all along with you look weak a peaceful quiet the principal united faith follows another something the people is for people called it upon a time of course for it the united states refuse it doesn't disprove hypocrisy of the work of the u_s_ government if the question of the text which are not type of individuals melodramatic thoughtful at the present time either thoughtful we welcome the u_s_ government won't allow for calm alcohol what was going to find out artwork on file like that vicki their work questions up print the bloodbath battles u_s_ aircraft locking up at least uh... plan expected we welcome your anyway fifty-five recently for medical com and the circumstances indication united papers creation independent taiwan which seemed to removed the possibility perhaps for many years normalization of sino-american hopefully david keene area when you're out in his uh... without the right now here but i at the fact that product on attract extra peacock off claims represent china uh... cost alpha kappa connie cadre with that there should be from walk i won't we thought would be to create exetel com three full equality and ralph deep pockets uh... accepted me off u_s_ quality antiquarian pallav will be a folk rock politically humans rely on for the majority occupational under that magic they can't portion of the what's problematic contribute for you settle china's lawful speaking applications i can tell you frankly backed by all the what the impossible couldn't prove it at one o'clock panel event aquatic more lookup nothing whatsoever well with the united nations socket situation should arrive helpful uh... panel american confrontation we would not be a question of a few years it'll be a bit longer rachel of we don't know how many years during my about what it really came through the great copy an affidavit will cost out-of-state are built up so i won't be able to come to know what the staff and gives up the property uh... rapidly number of nations that uh... restoring balance sheet and the u_n_ increasing one more nations now maintain relations with china may be that there is a majority already uh... paper seating chart a new web do you expect to see you uh... chuan keat restored this year no doubt that is in the presentation like printout work with are all uh... why don't they aren't foul fifty countries africanized up at diplomatic relations with us and the number of perhaps eat bread equipment i think we'll be able to deal with various methods who obstruct the restoration of politics that's right united nations and prevent the expulsion of the catholic church big operations the fourth and i'm not trying to get expected here uh... thank you sino-american relations are judging from reports published abroad john bomb went for much more sophisticated nature then america next anticipated when it would be possible for you to comment on just what it meant in terms of china's technological and scientific engineering uh... development that's our goal or recruitment buried the concludes there so they're all thought that may but it turned out uh... connecting with uh... have come to the conclusion from the date that they collected technical level of data bawi exploded it's hot of the first nuclear test but the united states predominate contract look on this laptop with me uh... american express debt e bal more valuable with that or perhaps or from what i do may order of the proposed outfit light up at all that part tension and southeast especially in vietnam laos he's reaching a critical stage yeah wonderful circumstance child that would render edge these countries church teachings tended to north korea it is a with reading out of your family unit linked with the entire those final question uh... and it is precisely on the question affixed and in the water indochina but they did not have played market i think that's always answers below uh... everywhere trying to articulate it's very clear uh... if the united states should run rampant the indochina we will definitely not i'd really hot you're not a single hectic dot the korean war before going to walk away decreed outlawing indochina didn't know what will happen but there is no floppy therefore the exact date uh... mayo quite difficult without at a few uh... simply throughout published wud however the u_s_ government often doesn't believe the state uh... but always being the top of the statement dot one thing and what we actually going to end into it's another united states is always anxious to get tough inside information thinking that only ten and if i dont artistic exactly different understaffed throughout the for many years of the founder of the people of public a plan upto every word was spoken house we meet what we say i like them we don't practice double techniques three and one thing file to another afterthought the state where responsible for the chinese people responsible people of all were ultimately we hit it off while works of art i hope you have time for you cannot solve it would be simpson fallout uh... the china still in place that uh... so we can you should not participate in the next afro asian counsel or enough that we do india almost king any potential with regard to the what army acclimation conference we friendlier five albeit renewed needs to be prepared for a meeting protected if you happen to conference held out for april iraq at that meeting acting depend on conference unanimity atrophied she before it's an entire any question for the week ask for those questions with the majority of the property political cannot approval while football equipment could be reached there was the first time the proposal reaching agreement more unanimity and became common ground content of this office i think the battlefield public knowledge but they cannot be trusted these principles what once again fearful chicago territory meeting i have one hundred other questions but i think i will consumed all that pat buchanan three allotted man and i want much or right back what ended hand-painted narrowed it down

History

As very little is recorded of Zhoulai in contemporary historical records, both its foundation date as well as its ruling family are unknown.[4] The whole Huai River valley, including the later location of Zhoulai, were originally occupied by the indigenous Huaiyi peoples. These tribes formed a confederation in c. 944 BC that was led by the eastern state of Xu and opposed the Zhou dynasty.[5] Hanmo Zhang considers it likely that Zhoulai was founded in the 8th century BC,[6] during which the aforementioned confederation broke apart.

In the early 7th century BC, Zhoulai occupied a territory that stretched from Bozhou in the north[7] to Shouchun (central Anhui) in the south.[6] In the west and north it bordered on several competing Zhou states, such as Chen and Cai, to its south were Liu (), Liao, and the Shu states,[8][9] and in the east were Zhongli[10] as well as the remaining rump state of Xu.[11]

Zhoulai's situation became critical from 623 BC onwards, when Chu advanced from the Upper Huai River into the former's direct vicinity. While contemporary historical chronicles report that Chu conquered many of the local polities during this time, nothing is recorded of Zhoulai's fate. Blakeley considers it likely, however, that it was subjugated between 620–600 BC.[3] Instead of fully extinguishing it, Chu formally made Zhoulai one of its vassal states. In fact, however, Zhoulai appears to have become little more than a puppet state, as its capital was from then on regarded as a Chu city and military base.[4]

Beginning in 584 BC, the state of Wu challenged Chu's hegemony in the Huai valley and Huainan (south of the Huai). In the following decades, Zhoulai was repeatedly attacked by Wu forces,[3] causing Chu to strengthen the puppet state's fortifications in 537 BC.[12] Five years later, Zhoulai was forced by Chu to cede its northern territories to the state of , which had by then relocated to Bozhou.[7] In 529 BC, the powerless puppet state was eventually conquered by Wu, which extinguished Zhoulai by deposing its ruling dynasty.[4] Afterwards, Zhoulai becamer part of the fief of Prince Ji Zha, brother of King Zhufan of Wu.[13]

The city of Zhoulai remained under Wu's direct control until 493 BC, when its staunch ally Cai came under Chu attack. Wu allowed Cai to move east and resettle in Zhoulai, and Cai was reduced to Wu's client state.[14] From then on, Zhoulai was known as Xiacai (lit. "Lower Cai").[1] After the state of Yue destroyed Wu in 473 BC, Chu recaptured Zhoulai from Cai in 447 BC.[14]

References

  1. ^ a b "Chinese History – The Feudal State of Cai 蔡". Ulrich Theobald. Retrieved 28 February 2016.
  2. ^ Cook & Major (1999), pp. 16, 17.
  3. ^ a b c Cook & Major (1999), p. 16.
  4. ^ a b c d Zuo Qiuming. "Book 10 – Duke Zhao. Thirteenth year". Zuo Zhuan (in Chinese and English). Retrieved 26 January 2016.
  5. ^ Shaughnessy (1999), p. 324.
  6. ^ a b Zhang (2012), pp. 272, 273.
  7. ^ a b Zuo Qiuming. "Book 10 – Duke Zhao. Ninth year". Zuo Zhuan (in Chinese and English). Retrieved 26 January 2016.
  8. ^ Cook & Major (1999), pp. 16, 182.
  9. ^ "Chinese History – Yi 夷". Ulrich Theobald. Retrieved 29 February 2016.
  10. ^ Kan, Zhou & Qian (2009), p. 37.
  11. ^ Zuo Qiuming. "Book 3 – Duke Zhuang. Twenty-sixth year". Zuo Zhuan (in Chinese and English). Retrieved 26 January 2016.
  12. ^ Zuo Qiuming. "Book 3 – Duke Zhuang. Fourth year". Zuo Zhuan (in Chinese and English). Retrieved 26 January 2016.
  13. ^ Ma et al. (2016), p. 46.
  14. ^ a b Cook & Major (1999), p. 17.

Works cited

This page was last edited on 28 November 2022, at 13:27
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