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Yury of Zvenigorod

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Yury Dmitrievich (26 November 1374 in Pereslavl-Zalessky – 5 June 1434 in Galich), also known as George II of Moscow, Yury of Zvenigorod and Jurij Zwenihorodski, was the second son of Dmitri Donskoi. He was the Duke of Zvenigorod and Galich from 1389 until his death. During the reign of his brother Vasily I, he took part in the campaigns against Torzhok (1392), Zhukotin (1414), and Novgorod (1417). He was the chief orchestrator of the Muscovite Civil War against his nephew, Vasily II, in the course of which he twice took Moscow, in 1433 and 1434.[1]

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  • TEDxYouth@Vorobyovy-Gory - Dmitriy Vibe - Is the Space dangerous?

Transcription

So is space dangerous? The concept of space has been changing substantively throughout the history of mankind. In the earliest days of our civilization it was confined to a small area which man inhabited and about which they could get knowledge at first hand They received information about the rest of the world from word of mouth of people who travelled and having come back told about their experiences. And to those amounts of new adequate and valuable information were added myths, stories about centaurs, mysterious countries inhabited by Amazons, dog-headed people, and about fantastical danger which was posed on those travellers. People who lived in that time had no alternative but to believe in them as they did not have an opportunity to verify this information by themselves. Since then interest in the outside world and surroundings has not waned but has risen and the area which we could consider our home has extended. And it is no wonder that the mass media consider it necessary to give reports on space discoveries and astronomical observations. Usually it is credible and adequate information but as in elder times nonsense is still being added to this credible information. To some extent it has always been so, in all epochs and in the 50s and in the 60s, but for the most part that nonsense was neutral and used to attract attention, but recently this nonsense, this modern mythology and modern centaurs have took on an adverse format, the format of prophecies of doomsday and existential risks. And in the end it all comes down to the statement that we will die in the foreseeable future. It has been ten years now since an example of such information appeared on the Internet. As the report goes a Dutch astrophysicist presumes that only 6 years are left till the explosion of the Sun. This is information from 2002, it would seem that it must be clear that this prediction was proved wrong but still it exists. There are analogous reports from 2005 and 2010 and newspapers keep publishing it. One pleasant fact is that an explosion of the sun will always be delayed for 6 years. In February new reports on the approaching gigantic Kleopatra asteroid were published. It had been orbiting the Sun and then abruptly turned and flew towards the Earth. There is completely new information about Supermoon that took journalists aback. It took place on March 19 and threatened the Earth with innumerable catastrophes. It would seem to be a joke, just ravings, which from time to time appear and go away. it would be possible not to pay attention to them, if in all these messages scientists were not mentioned. It is not the way that someone just said it but scientists believe it to be so. They might be Brazilian, Georgian, American or Polish astronomers. All these astronomers agree only on the fact that the mortal danger and external s are inevitable. Scientists have always predicted a Doomsday. And when a person who is well-grounded in such issues starts to analyse the situation and information flow they find out a number of sad facts. The content of scientific news in the media is not verified, there are no science editors, no crosscheck. So it will be broadcast, published and found on the Internet the way someone wrote it. If a journalist has written something wrong, they are not accountable for it. They can write about any nonsense and if they want to lend this nonsense an air of credibility, they can refer to anyone who they regard as experts in such issues. It all depends on the work ethic of any particular journalist. If they have poor work ethic, they would easily make up words, names and merits of the person they talked to. There will be no problem with it. For example, not so long ago a piece about a terrifying planet Nibiru was broadcast on Channel TVC. This planet revolves around the Sun and is moving towards the centre of the solar system, threatening us with innumerable disasters. Who are those people whom the mass media, in this particular case Channel TVC, believe to be experts in the planetary motion? They are chairman of the Society for Studies of Atlantis Problems,yes, we have such a society in this country, for some reason , a professor of Power Engineering University, a fantasy writer Zacharij Osidchin, a writer of an unidentified genre Dmitrij Zima, in the bottom it is also added “a researcher”, but a researcher studying what, they did not take pains to clarify it. All these people stood together and unanimously stated that Nibiru is really approaching and we will die soon. And when a real astronomer joins this company, if you haven’t recognized me this is me, then it is not quite clear why they invited him, what the purpose of his being there was, as without him everything was still fine and coherent. In such a mixture the borderline between real science and mythology becomes indiscernible. This is a classification heading of a books web store there ufology can be found in the section of natural sciences. If you go to a bookshop, in the science section you will find books about astrology. We could consider it a joke if there were not people who believe in this nonsense, take it seriously, develop complexes about it, sink into depression. But what shall we do? What shall a person who is not clued up in the problem do? What shall one do with the flow of negative information they are to face? Actually, it is enough to keep in mind a couple of simple rules. First of all, there is only one source of credible information it is an article written by a professional scientist and published in a professional journal. If news about this discovery was written by a journalist with good work ethic, there will be a reference to the article with no fail. If you are reading an article and there is no source reference, this is a reason for being cautious. We should not pay attention to the words like scientists believe or according to expert Ivanov. It is a strong possibility that the journalist has made up these words. And finally, it might be of the greatest importance today, if you get a piece of information information that scientists predicted a Doomsday in 2012, or 2013 or in any other year, as a specialist, I guarantee that this is a lie. Not once doomsday events were predicted by journalists mentioning scientists in their reports. But our being here proves that none of these predictions has come true. So we can be sure that we will survive 2012 despite a great number of dismal predictions which can be found on the Internet. Well, can be found on the Internet but sometimes creep into the mass media that have at least a shadow of reputation Here are some predictions for 2012 among them we see dreadful solar flares, planetary alignment, dreadful mortal radiation, and again, the planet Nibiru. In other words the same set of boogeyman stories which tale-tellers have told since the ancient times to frighten their fellow countrymen. But the modern times have very important differences. Due to the existence of the Internet anyone can verify all these rumors, they just have to be ready to make an effort. For example, on the Internet they can find data of solar activity which has been under control since the 18th century and make sure that there is no abnormality about it. Here is a diagram of the solar activity since 1900 and no substantial changes can be found about it. If it is not enough, there are a lot of observatories, which publish data of the solar activity on a real time basis. are welcome to look them up, and read, make sure that there is nothing dreadful happening to the Sun. There are some amusing facts about the planetary alignment. First of all, this is a planetary arrangement as it was on April 14 in 2011. Here you can see that, really, the major planets of the solar system form almost a straight line so the planet alignment is happening right now. Do you feel anything? I don’t So we can state that the planetary alignment has neither bad nor good influence upon earthmen. And anyone who will find a free program and will construct such a picture will make sure this is true. There are even more amusing facts about 2012. The planetary alignment which was predicted to happen on December, 21 2012 just will not take place. This is the arrangement of planets on December 21 but It does not look like a planetary alignment, besides that it does not influence our life it simply won’t happen Download a free program planetarium and receive evidence of that. A terrible event will happen in December, 2012. The sun will line up with the centre of the Galaxy but the centre of the Galaxy is found in the constellation of Sagittarius And the constellation of Sagittarius is a zodiacal one It means that the Sun can be found in this constellation every year and it means that the Earth, The Sun and the centre of the Galaxy line up twice a year. For some reason, untill now dreadful cataclysms have not occurred And I venture to say that it won’t happen in December as well And as to Nibiru which is the most popular image in this kind of mythology I will not comment upon all the nonsense that was written about this planet. It is suffice to say that numerous photos that ostensibly were made, were made in different directions. People publishing information about this planet do not pay attention to this fact. However, it means that Niberu is not just approaching the Earth but is leaping throughout the solar system as a frog, today it is seen here tomorrow it will be seen there. Here we come across an absolute violation of the gravitational law. But there is an important point about this law, unlike other human laws this one cannot be breached You will ask and what about the Maya calendar? What about those dreadful predictions that on December 21 in 2012 the Maya calendar ends and something terrifying starts? But our calendar ends on December 31 every year as well but we do not feel frightened about it and quite the opposite we celebrate it with festivities and fireworks. I will finish wishing one simple thing. If you have come across a piece of worrying and interesting information, please, do not forget about one simple rule, do not forget to think and then the picture of your life will be not so dreadful as journalists paint it.

Family matters

By his wife, Anastasia, the daughter of Yury of Smolensk, Yury had three sons — Vasily Kosoy, Dmitry Shemyaka, and Dmitry Krasny. The marriage to Anastasia made him the brother-in-law of Švitrigaila, Grand Duke of Lithuania.

The Nativity Cathedral built by Yury in Zvenigorod ca. 1405.

Inheritance and claims

At his father's death, Yury received in appanage the towns of Zvenigorod, Ruza, and Galich.

Upon his brother's death, Yury immediately asserted his claim to the throne of Muscovy against that of Vasily's son, Vasily II. He referenced the old house law of the House of Rurik, whereby the senior throne in the dynasty passed from brother to brother, rather than from father to son. He also interpreted in his favour the testament of Dmitry Donskoy, written at the time when Vasily had been unmarried and childless.[1]

Treaty with Vasily II

In 1430, Yury and his nephew decided that the issue would be settled in the Golden Horde. The Khan supported the claim of Vasily II, but allowed Yury to take the appanage of his deceased younger brother, Peter of Dmitrov. This decision did not fully satisfy Vasily, who took Dmitrov by force and expelled Yury's governor from the town in 1432. In response, Yury rallied his forces and advanced on Pereslavl-Zalessky. Vasily II was defeated on the bank of the Klyazma River and fled to Kostroma. After that, Yury entered Moscow in triumph and proclaimed himself Grand Duke.[1]

Instead of imprisoning his nephew, Yury allowed him to settle in Kolomna and rule the town as his appanage. This show of magnanimity cost him dearly, as scores of Muscovite boyars and noblemen fled to Vasily's court in Kolomna. This shift in momentum impelled Yury to conclude a treaty with Vasily, whereby the uncle renounced his claims to Moscow, promised to deny assistance to his sons, and exchanged Dmitrov for other territories. Vasily returned to Moscow, while Yury withdrew to Galich.[1]

Further conflicts

The following year, Kosoy and Shemyaka defeated Vasily II on the banks of the Kus River. The grand prince was informed that Yury's troops had been seen among his enemies and decided to punish him for this treachery. In winter 1434, he set Galich ablaze, but Yury had escaped northward to Belozersk. On 16 March, the armies of the uncle and the nephew clashed between Rostov and Pereslavl. Vasily's army was roundly defeated and he sought refuge in Nizhny Novgorod.

On 31 March 1434, on the Bright Week Wednesday, Yury again entered Moscow, where he captured Vasily's family and treasury. He was preparing a new campaign against Vasily when he died suddenly, on 5 July 1434, succeeded by his eldest son, Vasily Kosoy.[1]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e Соловьев, Сергей Михайлович. "2". История России с древнейших времен (in Russian). Vol. 4. Retrieved December 20, 2011.

External links

Regnal titles
Preceded by Grand Prince of Moscow
1433–1434
Succeeded by
Russian royalty
Preceded by
Daniil Dmitrievich
Heir to the Russian Throne
1389–1433
Succeeded by
This page was last edited on 1 March 2024, at 17:19
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