| Walverden Water | |
|---|---|
 Walverden Water and the Leeds Road bridge. | |
| Location | |
| Country | England |
| Physical characteristics | |
| Source | |
| • location | Walverden Reservoir, southeast of Nelson, Lancashire. |
| • elevation | 173.7 m (570 ft)[1] |
| Mouth | |
• location | Pendle Water, west of Nelson. |
• elevation | 114 m (375 ft)[2] |
| Length | 2.6 mi (4.2 km) |
| Basin size | 5.04 square miles (1,304.23 ha) |
Walverden Water is a minor river in Lancashire, England. It is approximately 2.6 miles (4.2 km) long and has a catchment area of 5.04 square miles (1,304.23 ha).[a][4]
Course
Beginning at Walverden Reservoir, which is fed by Catlow Brook (from the Coldwell Reservoirs near Boulsworth Hill) and its tributaries, the river heads northwest into the town of Nelson. It flows under Scholefield Mill, where it is presumably still met by Clough Head Beck,[b] and continues on through Walverden Park. Shortly afterwards it enters a series of culverts as it passes through the town centre and under the East Lancashire railway line viaduct and the A56 Leeds Road bridge, emerging at Bradley Road and collecting Bradley Syke. It turns to the north and then west and is again culverted, before entering a tunnel under the Leeds and Liverpool Canal and junction 13 of the M65 motorway, emerging next to Nelson and Colne College and shortly after flowing into Pendle Water.[5]
History
The name possibly originates from a contraction of the Old English words wælla (stream) and fyrhþ (frith),[c] with denu (valley).[6] Water (OE wæter) is a common name for a stream, most often found in southern Scotland.[7][8]
Walverden Water anciently formed the boundary between the manor of Ightenhill and the manor of Colne, also dividing what was then the township of Marsden in two, with Great Marsden to the northeast and Little Marsden on the southwest side. The lord of Clitheroe had a mill on the river in 1311, thought to have been sited near the confluence with Clough Head Beck,[b] and there is also evidence of an ancient fulling mill close to the reservoir.[d] Duchy of Lancaster records show that Richard Towneley of Towneley Hall was prevented from operating a corn mill called Walveden Mill in 1482 (as was his son John in 1495) as it caused a loss to the king's mills at Burnley and Colne.[2]
The first Ordnance Survey map of the area, published in 1848, shows a corn mill with a pond at what was still the small village of Bradley (today the centre of town). Also a little further north, a sluice appears to feed a mill race to a small pond, across the canal at Hodge Bank, the only cotton mill visible, located next to Reedyford House.[e][9] By the time Nelson developed into a mill town water-power had given way to the steam engine, however these still required a good supply of water. Walverden Mill (built before 1850), Victoria Mill (1857) and Vale Street Shed (1867) were constructed at sites next to the river in the decades that followed.[10]
Although the act that authorised the creation of a compensation reservoir passed in 1866, construction was delayed as all the tenders exceeded the budget of £3196.[f] It was competed by 1869, under the direct management of the local board with a capacity of 250,000 imp gal (1.1 million L).[12] Consequently, several more cotton mills were built along the river, including: Brook Street Mills (by 1884), Bradley Shed (by 1890), Clover Mill (by 1909), Marsden Mill (by 1909), Scholefield Mill (by 1910) and the Valley Mills (first three built between 1895–1910, No.4 in 1930). As was the Premier Dye Works, which operated from before 1909 until 1963, with the river also vital for its water supply.[10]
In 2010 United Utilities was fined after a blockage caused sewage to leak into the river through a storm overflow for four days in June, causing "a significant amount of pollution that had a serious impact on water quality".[13] A year-long, Environment Agency led flood-alleviation scheme in the town-centre, completed in 2011, included raising the existing flood walls, the removal of an old weir and sluice and repairs to the walls and culverts with some of the underground sections opened up.[14]
References
`Walfreden` is the earliest referenced name for the stream dating back to the late 1400`s when the Towneley`s built a mill at the village of Bradley on `Walfreden` water. `Walfred` is a medieval Norse and Germanic name meaning `Ruler of Peace`
Notes
- ^ Measured using mapping website and using the 1890s course where is it no longer visible above ground.[3]
- ^ a b Scholefield Mill now stands at the location of the confluence with Clough Head Beck as recorded in the 1890s.[3]
- ^ Although the word frith is associated with peace and safety, an earlier meaning of a hunting reserve may be more relevant here as the chases, later royal forest of Pendle and Trawden are located directly west and east. See also:frith
- ^ A building called Walk Mill, an old name for a fulling mill, still existed in the 1890s, located on the northeast bank next to the reservoir dam.[3]
- ^ The motorway now runs over the site of both Reedyford House and Hodge Bank Mill.
- ^ Compensation reservoirs regulate the water level of a river, augmenting the flow-rate during dry periods and also reducing the risk of flood.[11]
Citations
- ^ "Walverden Reservoir, Burnley - area information, map, walks and more". OS GetOutside. Retrieved 28 November 2017.
- ^ a b Farrer, William; Brownbill, John, eds. (1911), The Victoria History of the County of Lancaster Vol 6, Victoria County History - Constable & Co, pp. 536–541, OCLC 270761418, retrieved 25 November 2017
- ^ a b c Lancashire and Furness (Map) (1st ed.). 1:2,500. County Series. Ordnance Survey. 1893.
- ^ "Walverden Water". Catchment Data Explorer. Environment Agency. Retrieved 12 November 2017.
- ^ "103" (Map). Blackburn & Burnley (C2 ed.). 1:50,000. Landranger. Ordnance Survey. 2006. ISBN 978-0-319-22829-6.
- ^ Ekwall, Eilert (1922). The place-names of Lancashire. Manchester University Press. p. 86. OCLC 82106091.
- ^ Ekwall, p20.
- ^ Cara Giaimo, "Mapping the U.K.'s Many, Many Names for Streams", atlasobscura.com, retrieved 30 November 2017
- ^ Lancashire and Furness (Map) (1st ed.). 1 : 10,560. County Series. Ordnance Survey. 1848.
- ^ a b Taylor, Simon (2010), Pendle Textile Mills (PDF), English Heritage, retrieved 25 November 2017
- ^ Gray, N. F. (2008), Drinking Water Quality: Problems and Solutions (2nd ed.), Cambridge University Press, pp. 87–88, ISBN 978-0521702539, retrieved 28 November 2017
- ^ Bates, Joe (1926), Nelson Water Supply, Coulton & Co, p. 20, retrieved 27 November 2017
- ^ Jon Livesey (9 July 2010). "Water firm fined over Nelson sewage spill". Lancashire Telegraph. Retrieved 25 November 2017.
- ^ Jon Livesey (13 June 2011). "£2million scheme to protect Nelson homes from flood risk". Lancashire Telegraph. Retrieved 25 November 2017.
53°50′35″N 2°12′54″W / 53.843°N 2.215°W
This page was last edited on 5 May 2023, at 06:47