To install click the Add extension button. That's it.

The source code for the WIKI 2 extension is being checked by specialists of the Mozilla Foundation, Google, and Apple. You could also do it yourself at any point in time.

How to transfigure the Wikipedia

Would you like Wikipedia to always look as professional and up-to-date? We have created a browser extension. It will enhance any encyclopedic page you visit with the magic of the WIKI 2 technology.

Try it — you can delete it anytime.

Install in 5 seconds
4,5
Kelly Slayton
Congratulations on this excellent venture… what a great idea!
Alexander Grigorievskiy
I use WIKI 2 every day and almost forgot how the original Wikipedia looks like.
Live Statistics
English Articles
Improved in 24 Hours
Added in 24 Hours
What we do. Every page goes through several hundred of perfecting techniques; in live mode. Quite the same Wikipedia. Just better.
Great Wikipedia has got greater.
.
Leo
Newton
Brights
Milds

Virola

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Virola
Canopy of Virola koschnyi
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Magnoliids
Order: Magnoliales
Family: Myristicaceae
Genus: Virola
Aubl. (1775)
Species[1]

71; see text

Virola is a genus of flowering plants in the nutmeg family, Myristicaceae. It includes medium-sized trees native to rainforests of the tropical Americas, ranging from southern Mexico to Bolivia and southern Brazil.[1] Species are known commonly as epená, patricá, or cumala. They have glossy, dark green leaves and clusters of tiny yellow flowers, and may emit a pungent odor.

YouTube Encyclopedic

  • 1/4
    Views:
    585
    4 276
    34 695
    218 172
  • Minha experiência com a Virola: A desconhecida bebida de poder da Amazônia Peruana
  • como hacer virolas ovaladas
  • 🤔Trazado y desarrollo - Codo 90 - GRADOS 4 PIEZAS 👍
  • #Desarrollo de una #virola cilíndrica cortada por un plano oblicuo - Parte 1

Transcription

Traditional use

Several species of this genus have been used to create hallucinogenic snuff powders.[2]

Chemical constituents

The tops of Virola oleifera have been shown to produce lignan-7-ols and verrucosin that have antifungal action regarding Cladosporium sphaerospermum in doses as low as 25 micrograms. Lignan-7-ols oleiferin-B and oleiferin-G worked for Cladosporium cladosporioides starting as low as 10 micrograms.[3]

Species

71 species are accepted.[1]

  • Virola aequatorialis Muriel & Balslev
  • Virola aguarunana D.Santam.
  • Virola albidiflora Ducke
  • Virola allenii D.Santam. & Aguilar
  • Virola alvaroperezii D.Santam.
  • Virola amistadensis D.Santam.
  • Virola bicuhyba (Schott) Warb.
  • Virola bombuscaroensis D.Santam.
  • Virola caducifolia W.A.Rodrigues
  • Virola calimensis D.Santam.
  • Virola calophylla (Spruce) Warb.[4]
  • Virola calophylloidea Markgr.
  • Virola carinata (Spruce ex Benth.) Warb.
  • Virola chrysocarpa D.Santam. & Aguilar
  • Virola coelhoi W.A.Rodrigues
  • Virola cogolloi D.Santam.
  • Virola crebrinervia Ducke
  • Virola cumala D.Santam.
  • Virola cuspidata (Benth.) Warb.
  • Virola decorticans Ducke
  • Virola divergens Ducke
  • Virola dixonii Little
  • Virola duckei A.C.Sm.
  • Virola elongata (Benth.) Warb.
  • Virola flexuosa A.C.Sm.
  • Virola fosteri D.Santam.
  • Virola gardneri (A.DC.) Warb.
  • Virola guatemalensis (Hemsl.) Warb.
  • Virola guggenheimii W.A.Rodrigues
  • Virola koschnyi Warb.
  • Virola kwatae Sabatier
  • Virola laevigata Standl.
  • Virola lieneana Paula & E.P.Heringer
  • Virola loretensis A.C.Sm.
  • Virola macrocarpa A.C.Sm.
  • Virola malmei A.C.Sm.
  • Virola marleneae W.A.Rodrigues
  • Virola megacarpa A.H.Gentry
  • Virola michelii Heckel
  • Virola micrantha A.C.Sm.
  • Virola minutiflora Ducke
  • Virola mollissima (Poepp. ex A.DC.) Warb.
  • Virola montana D.Santam.
  • Virola multicostata Ducke
  • Virola multiflora (Standl.) A.C.Sm.
  • Virola multinervia Ducke
  • Virola nobilis A.C.Sm.
  • Virola obovata Ducke
  • Virola officinalis Warb.
  • Virola otobifolia D.Santam.
  • Virola parkeri D.Santam. & Lagom.
  • Virola parvifolia Ducke
  • Virola pavonis (A.DC.) A.C.Sm.
  • Virola peruviana (A.DC.) Warb.
  • Virola polyneura W.A.Rodrigues
  • Virola reidii Little
  • Virola rugulosa (Spruce) Warb.
  • Virola sanguinea D.Santam.
  • Virola schultesii A.C.Sm.
  • Virola sebifera Aubl.
  • Virola sessilis (A.DC.) Warb.
  • Virola steyermarkii W.A.Rodrigues
  • Virola subsessilis (Benth.) Warb.
  • Virola surinamensis (Rol. ex Rottb.) Warb.
  • Virola theiodora (Spruce ex Benth.) Warb. (synonym Virola rufula Warb.)
  • Virola tuckerae D.Santam. & Lagom.
  • Virola urbaniana Warb.
  • Virola venosa (Benth.) Warb.
  • Virola villosa (Benth.) Warb.
  • Virola weberbaueri Markgr.
  • Virola yasuniana D.Santam.

Gallery

  • Virola elongata fruit
    Virola elongata fruit
  • Virola elongata seeds
    Virola elongata seeds
  • Virola carinata embryo
    Virola carinata embryo
  • Virola sebifera
    Virola sebifera
  • Virola surinamensis
    Virola surinamensis

Legal status

United States

Louisiana

Except for ornamental purposes, growing, selling or possessing Virola spp. is prohibited by Louisiana State Act 159.

See also

References

Notes

  1. ^ a b c Virola Aubl. Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 9 March 2024.
  2. ^ Torres, C. M., et al. (1991). "Snuff powders from pre-Hispanic San Pedro de Atacama: Chemical and contextual analysis". Current Anthropology, 640–649. Archived 2016-03-09 at the Wayback Machine
  3. ^ Sartorelli, P.; Young, M.C.M.; Kato, M.J., "Antifungal lignans from the arils of Virola oleifera"[permanent dead link]. Phytochemistry-Oxford. Oxford : Elsevier Science Ltd. March 1998. v. 47 (6) p. 1003–1006.
  4. ^ "Virola calophylla". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2008-04-29.

General references

External links

This page was last edited on 10 March 2024, at 02:07
Basis of this page is in Wikipedia. Text is available under the CC BY-SA 3.0 Unported License. Non-text media are available under their specified licenses. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. WIKI 2 is an independent company and has no affiliation with Wikimedia Foundation.
Contact WIKI 2
Introduction
Terms of Service
Privacy Policy