Velar ejective stop

Velar ejective stop

kʼ

IPA Number 109 + 401

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Entity (decimal) kʼ

Unicode (hex) U+006B U+02BC

X-SAMPA k_>

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The velar ejective is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨kʼ⟩.

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Transcription

Features

Features of the velar ejective:

Its manner of articulation is occlusive, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Since the consonant is also oral, with no nasal outlet, the airflow is blocked entirely, and the consonant is a plosive.
Its place of articulation is velar, which means it is articulated with the back of the tongue (the dorsum) at the soft palate.
Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords.
It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
The airstream mechanism is ejective (glottalic egressive), which means the air is forced out by pumping the glottis upward.

Occurrence

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Abkhaz		акы/aky	[akʼə]	'one'
Adyghe	Temirgoy	шкӏэ/šč̣ǎ	[ʃkʼa]^ⓘ	'calf'
Adyghe	Shapsug	кӏьэ/č̣yė	[kʲʼa]^ⓘ	'tail'	Palatalized. Corresponds to [t͡ʃʼ] in other dialects.
Archi^[1]		кIан/k'an	[kʼan]	'bottom'
Armenian	Yerevan dialect^[2]	կեղծ/kekhts	[kʼɛʁt͡sʼ]	'false'	Some speakers. Corresponds to tenuis [k⁼] in most speakers and other Eastern dialects.
Armenian	Tbilisi dialect	կարմիր/karmir	[kʼɑɹmiɹ]	'red'
Avar		кӀул/ḳul	[kʼuɫ]	'key'
Chechen		кӀант/khant/ࢰآنت	[kʼənt]	'boy'
English^[3]^[4]	Non-local Dublin^[5]	back	[bækʼ]	'back'	Allophone of /k/ for some speakers.^[5]
	Northern English^[6]^[7]^[8]				Pre-pausal allophone of /k/ for some speakers;^[7] may be somewhat palatalised. See English phonology
	Southern English^[5]^[6]^[7]
	Scottish^[9]				Occasional word-final allophone of /k/.^[9]
Georgian		კაბა/kʼaba	[kʼɑbɑ]	'dress'
Haida		ttsanskkaagid	[tsʼanskʼaːkit]	'beams'
Hausa		ƙoƙari	[kʼòːkʼɐ̄ɾī]	'effort'
Kabardian	Baslaney	кӏьапсэ/kl'apsè	[kʲʼaːpsa]^ⓘ	'rope'	Palatalized. Corresponds to [t͡ʃʼ] in other dialects.
Kʼicheʼ		k'ak'	[kʼaːkʼ]	'new'
Lak		кӀлла/ⱪalla/ࢰالّا	[kʼalːa]	'rootless, foreign'^[10]
Lezgian		кIир/k'ir	[kʼir]	'fang'
Navajo		k'os	[kʼòs]	'cloud'
Ossetian	Iron	къона/khona	[ˈkʼonä]	'hearth'
Ossetian	Digoron	дзæкъолæ/dzækholæ	[d͡zəˈkʼoɫə]	'bag'
Quechua		k'aspi	[kʼaspi]	'stick'
Sotho		^{[example needed]}
Yeyi		^{[example needed]}			Contrasts /kʼ kʲʼ ᵑkʼ/.

Notes

^ "The Archi Language Tutorial" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-04-02. Retrieved 2021-05-01.
^ Dum-Tragut (2009:17–18)
^ Wells & Colson (1971:3)
^ "Ejectives in English | Linguism | Linguistics, Pronunciation and Phonetics". 21 August 2008. Retrieved 11 February 2015.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Glossary". Retrieved 11 February 2015.
^ ^a ^b Cruttenden (2008:167)
^ ^a ^b ^c Wells (1982:261)
^ Gimson (1970:34)
^ ^a ^b McCarthy & Stuart-Smith (2013)
^ лакско-русский словарь Link

References

Cruttenden, Alan, ed. (2008), Gimson's Pronunciation of English (7th ed.), London: Hodder, ISBN 978-0340958773
Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009), Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company
Gimson, Alfred C. (1970), An Introduction to the pronunciation of English, London: Edward Arnold
Wells, John C.; Colson, Greta (1971), Practical Phonetics, London: Pitman, ISBN 0-273-43949-9
Wells, John C. (1982), Accents of English I: An Introduction, Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-29719-2

External links

List of languages with [kʼ] on PHOIBLE

International Phonetic Alphabet (chart)

IPA topics

IPA	International Phonetic Association History of the alphabet Extensions for disordered speech (extIPA) Voice Quality Symbols (VoQS) Journal of the IPA (JIPA)
Special topics	Cursive forms Case variants Obsolete and nonstandard symbols Naming conventions Sinological extensions World Orthography IPA chart for English dialects
Encodings	ASCII encodings SAMPA X-SAMPA Kirshenbaum TIPA Phonetic symbols in Unicode IPA number IPA Braille

Consonants

Pulmonic consonants

Place →	Labial					Coronal										Dorsal					Laryngeal
Manner ↓	Bilabial		Labiodental		Linguolabial		Dental		Alveolar		Postalveolar		Retroflex		Palatal		Velar		Uvular		Pharyngeal/epiglottal		Glottal
Nasal	m̥	m	ɱ̊	ɱ		n̼			n̥	n			ɳ̊	ɳ	ɲ̊	ɲ	ŋ̊	ŋ	ɴ̥	ɴ
Plosive	p	b	p̪	b̪	t̼	d̼			t	d			ʈ	ɖ	c	ɟ	k	ɡ	q	ɢ	ʡ		ʔ
Sibilant affricate									ts	dz	t̠ʃ	d̠ʒ	tʂ	dʐ	tɕ	dʑ
Non-sibilant affricate	pɸ	bβ	p̪f	b̪v			t̪θ	d̪ð	tɹ̝̊	dɹ̝	t̠ɹ̠̊˔	d̠ɹ̠˔			cç	ɟʝ	kx	ɡɣ	qχ	ɢʁ	ʡʜ	ʡʢ	ʔh
Sibilant fricative									s	z	ʃ	ʒ	ʂ	ʐ	ɕ	ʑ
Non-sibilant fricative	ɸ	β	f	v	θ̼	ð̼	θ	ð	θ̠	ð̠	ɹ̠̊˔	ɹ̠˔	ɻ̊˔	ɻ˔	ç	ʝ	x	ɣ	χ	ʁ	ħ	ʕ	h	ɦ
Approximant				ʋ						ɹ				ɻ		j		ɰ						ʔ̞
Tap/flap		ⱱ̟		ⱱ		ɾ̼			ɾ̥	ɾ			ɽ̊	ɽ						ɢ̆		ʡ̆
Trill	ʙ̥	ʙ							r̥	r			ɽ̊r̥	ɽr					ʀ̥	ʀ	ʜ	ʢ
Lateral affricate									tɬ	dɮ			tꞎ	d𝼅	c𝼆	ɟʎ̝	k𝼄	ɡʟ̝
Lateral fricative									ɬ	ɮ			ꞎ	𝼅	𝼆	ʎ̝	𝼄	ʟ̝
Lateral approximant										l				ɭ		ʎ		ʟ		ʟ̠
Lateral tap/flap									ɺ̥	ɺ			𝼈̥	𝼈		ʎ̆		ʟ̆

Symbols to the right in a cell are voiced, to the left are voiceless. Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.

Non-pulmonic consonants

		BL	LD	D	A	PA	RF	P	V	U	EG
Ejective	Stop	pʼ			tʼ		ʈʼ	cʼ	kʼ	qʼ	ʡʼ
	Affricate		p̪fʼ	t̪θʼ	tsʼ	t̠ʃʼ	tʂʼ		kxʼ	qχʼ
	Fricative	ɸʼ	fʼ	θʼ	sʼ	ʃʼ	ʂʼ	ɕʼ	xʼ	χʼ
	Lateral affricate				tɬʼ			c𝼆ʼ	k𝼄ʼ	q𝼄ʼ
	Lateral fricative				ɬʼ
Click (top: velar; bottom: uvular)	Tenuis	kʘ qʘ		kǀ qǀ	kǃ qǃ		k𝼊 q𝼊	kǂ qǂ
	Voiced	ɡʘ ɢʘ		ɡǀ ɢǀ	ɡǃ ɢǃ		ɡ𝼊 ɢ𝼊	ɡǂ ɢǂ
	Nasal	ŋʘ ɴʘ		ŋǀ ɴǀ	ŋǃ ɴǃ		ŋ𝼊 ɴ𝼊	ŋǂ ɴǂ	ʞ
	Tenuis lateral				kǁ qǁ
	Voiced lateral				ɡǁ ɢǁ
	Nasal lateral				ŋǁ ɴǁ
Implosive	Voiced	ɓ			ɗ		ᶑ	ʄ	ɠ	ʛ
Implosive	Voiceless	ɓ̥			ɗ̥		ᶑ̊	ʄ̊	ɠ̊	ʛ̥

Co-articulated consonants

Labial–alveolar

Labial–velar

Fricative/approximant

ɥ̊

Labial–palatal

Labial–velar

Sj-sound (variable)

Lateral approximant

Velarized alveolar

Labial–velar

Labial–alveolar

Other	Nasal labial–velar approximant [w̃] Nasal palatal approximant [j̃] Voiceless bidental fricative [h̪͆] Voiceless bilabially post-trilled dental stop [t̪ʙ̥] Voiceless nasal glottal approximant [h̃]