UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage List in Azerbaijan

UNESCO's list of intangible cultural heritage from Azerbaijan includes 15 examples. 13 of them were included in the "Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humatiy", and 2 (the Chovgan horse-riding game played with the Karabakh horse and the traditional group dances of Nakhchivan – yalli, kochari, tanzera) were included in the "Intangible Cultural Heritage in Need of Urgent Protection". No examples from Azerbaijan were included in the "Register of Good Safeguarding Practices". The Azerbaijani mugham, the first sample from Azerbaijan to be added to the list of intangible cultural heritage of UNESCO, was included in the list in 2008.^[1]

The concept of intangible cultural heritage is regulated by the Convention on the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage, which was adopted at the 32nd session of UNESCO in Paris in 2003 and entered into force in 2006.^[2] The inclusion of new heritage elements in UNESCO's lists of intangible cultural heritage is determined by the Intergovernmental Committee for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage established by the convention.^[3] According to UNESCO, intangible cultural heritage includes holidays, festivals, performances, oral traditions, music and handicrafts.^[4]

UNESCO intangible cultural heritage samples selected from Azerbaijan are taken in the "Europe and North America" category. 10 of Azerbaijan's heritage examples are unique to Azerbaijan, and 5 are multinational. Countries with shared multi-ethnic heritage patterns are from West, Central and South Asia. Iran, Turkey and Kazakhstan are the countries with the most examples of shared heritage with Azerbaijan.

Some cultural artifacts are exclusive to certain Azerbaijani localities (Nakhchivan , Basqal, Lahic, Goychay, Shaki). Particularly, the Ismailli district is the one with the greatest amount of cultural treasures (Basqal pottery and Lahic copper art).

The first object, Azerbaijani mugham, was included into the list in 2008.^[5]

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List

Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity

№	Name (date)	Type	Country	Description	Image	Registration
№	Name (date)	Type	Country	Description	Image	UNESCO	National
1	Mugham (2008)	performing arts	Azerbaijan	Mugham is the classical musical and poetic art of Azerbaijanis.^[6] Until the 19th century, mugham art developed in the palaces of feudal lords, and later in literary and musical gatherings.^[7]^[8] The Azerbaijani mugham currently includes of seven primary mughams (Rast, Shur, Segah, Chahargah, Bayaty-Shiraz, Shushtar, Humayun, and Kurd-Ovshari), as well as percussion mughams (Heyraty, Arazbari, Samayi-Shams, Mansuriyya, Mani, Ovshari, Heydari, Kara (Mahur-Hindi, Orta Mahur, Bayaty-Qajar, Dughah). In Azerbaijan, a mugham trio made up of performers of the tar, kamancha, and gaval is typically used to accompany mugham performances. The tasnif can be done either before or after the mugham. Ghazals make up the majority of the texts for the classifications, while couplets, garayli, bayati, and other syllable-weighted poetry may also be utilized. The classifications cover topics such as love songs, societal issues, and Azerbaijani culture.^[9]^[10] Related topics: Sufism, religious experience etc. Biome: mountain, urban places Risk Factors: rapid socio-cultural changes		00039	FM0300000001
2	Ashiqs of Azerbaijan (2009)	1) traditional crafts 2) performing art 3) oral traditions and forms of expression	Azerbaijan	Ashik art is a continuation of the minstrels' history and is a synthesis of poetry, narrative, dance, and vocal instrumental music.^[11] In the past, ashiks wrote poems in the style of epics, fairy stories, lyrical and satirical songs about love, beautifications, master poems, mukhammas, dubeyt, and dodagdymez while performing in teahouses, caravanserais, and market squares.^[12] Ashiq music spread in Ganja (north-west, Tovuz, Gazakh), Karabakh and Nakhchivan regions of the Republic of Azerbaijan, as well as in Salyan, Tabriz, Garadag, Maragha, Khoy and Urmia regions of South Azerbaijan.^[13] Tariyel Mammadov mentions the names of 11 Ashiq schools: Goyche, Tovuz, Borchali, Ganja-Shamkir, Shirvan, Karabakh, Garadag, Tabriz, Urmiya, Childir and Darband^{[disambiguation needed]}.^[14] Related topics: Nomad, Storytelling etc. Risk Factors: Migration to cities from villages		00253	FM0100000001
3	Novruz (2009) (See also: Nowruz in Azerbaijan)	1) traditional crafts 2) performing arts 3) social practices, rituals and celebrations 4) oral traditions and forms of expression 5) knowledge and experiences of nature and the universe	Azerbaijan (including 11 countries)	The Nowruz celebration honors the beginning of a new year and the regeneration of the natural world. Kosa and Kekal are two of the holiday's most well-known heroes. During the celebrations held over the holidays, jugglers demonstrate their skills and various performances are given. People build bonfires in the streets in the nights and leap over them while chanting, "May my struggles and successes be poured into the fire, may it be burnt in the fire."^[15] On holidays, they prepare pilaf, shakerbura, baklava, and gogal at home. During the holiday, they also fight eggs and sprout malt. On the table is placed a festive khoncha decorated with candles. Everyone should spend the holiday at home with their family.^[16] Before the holiday, Wednesdays named after 4 elements are held. Related Topics: Celebrating the New Year, fertility ritual, etc.		01161	DB0102000001
4	Azerbaijani rug (2010)	1) traditional crafts 2)social practices, rituals and celebrations 3) oral traditions and forms of expression	Azerbaijan	Groups of carpets from Azerbaijan include those from Absheron, Ganja, Gazakh, Shirvan, Karabakh, Guba, and Tabriz.^[17] The Safavids' rise to power in the 16th century marked the beginning of carpet weaving's unmatched perfection and rise to industrial significance in Azerbaijan.^[18]^[19] The main region for the production of Caucasian carpets was Azerbaijan, and the ideas and weaving prowess of Azerbaijani weavers were felt all throughout the Caucasus.^[20] The intricate geometric designs found in Guba, Shirvan, and Gazakh carpets, which feature animal and human schematic figures positioned along the same axis in the center of polygonal or star-shaped medallions, are their defining feature. Karabakh carpets are distinguished by their numerous flower themes and various plant embellishments.^[21] Among the geometric shapes seen in Azerbaijani carpets are the swastika, which goes back to the historical beliefs of polytheism, and the octagonal star surrounded by rhombuses and squares. Later, under the influence of Tabriz culture, elements of the plant world appear in other schools.^[22] Related Topics: Azerbaijani mythology, natural dyes etc. Bioms: Agroecosystem		00389	SD0100000001
5	The performance of tar and the mastery of its craftship (2012) (See also: Tar (Azerbaijani instrument))	1) ənənəvi sənətkarlıq 2) ifaçılıq sənətləri		Tar is the main musical instrument of Mugham triads in Azerbaijani folklore orchestras and ensembles, and played an important role in the formation of the cultural identity of Azerbaijanis. Tar has been popular in Azerbaijan since the 18th century.^[23] Azerbaijan tar was created in the 19th century by Mirza Sadiq and swiftly gained popularity in Iran, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia, and, after some time, Dagestan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, and Turkey.^[24] The bowl part of the tar is made of mulberry wood, the handle is made of walnut wood, and the head part is made of pear wood.The art of making tar is frequently passed down to family members who work as apprentices. There are currently numerous such masters in Baku and the country's surrounding areas.^[25] Bioms: pastures, mountains		00671	ST0803000001
6	The traditional art of making and wearing Kelaghayi and its symbolism (2014)	1) traditional crafts 2) social practices, rituals and celebrations 3) knowledge and experiences of nature and the universe		Kalagayi is a square-shaped headdress woven from silk thread belonging to women in Azerbaijan.^[26] The art of making kalaghayi, whose origins go back to traditions along the Great Silk Road, is being developed in the city of Shaki and Basgal. This process includes cloth weaving, painting, and decoration using wooden molds. Since the art of making kalagai is passed down within the family, each family has its own characteristics and ornaments. The color of pumpkins has a symbolic meaning and should be appropriate for weddings, funerals, daily activities and participation in events.^[27] Geographical indicators: yalkhi ispirak kelagayi, duvag kelagayi, Heirati kelagayi, 7-colors kelagayi, Abbasali kelagayi^[28]^[29] Related topics: illustration printing, natural dyes, etc. Bioms: Agroecosystem, Mountain,		00669	SD0302000001
7	Lahıc copper craft (2015) 1) traditional crafts 2) social practices, rituals and celebrations 3) knowledge and experiences of nature and the universe			Lahıc settlement has been famous for coppersmithing, tableware and weapon decoration for a long time.^[30] LLahij tableware spread in the Caucasus, Persia and Asia Minor.^[31] The development of coppersmithing in Lahij affected the structure of the settlement and the daily life of the residents, and led to the development of about 40 types of crafts and auxiliary fields in the 19th century. At the end of the 19th century, the import of cheap Russian products led to a decrease in the number of copper workshops. However, despite this, the traditions of this type of craftsmanship have survived to this day.^[32] Related Topics: Engraving, Furniture etc. Bioms:mountain, urban places		00675	ST0702000001
8	Lavash^[note 1] preparation and sharing culture (2016)	1) social practices, rituals and celebrations 2) oral traditions and forms of expression 3)knowledge and experiences of nature and the universe	Azerbaijan (Sharing with 4 countries)	Lavash is one of the most common types of bread in Azerbaijan.^[33] The word lavash is used in the sense of "thin bread".^[34] This type of bread is baked on a tava.^[35] When the bride comes home after the wedding in Sabirabad region, the mother-in-law throws lavash on the bride's shoulder: "Blessings come to this house with you, may your feet fall."^[36] After mourning in Novkhani, sometimes "kulche", lavash with halva is served.^[37] In Erzurum, taking into account the fact that lavash is also prepared in Azerbaijan, the expression "acem bread" (Turkish: acem ekmeği) is used.^[34] Related Topics: nomad, fertility ritual, commemoration of the dead, etc. Bioms: Agroecosystem, urban places		01181	ST0901000002
9	The tradition of making and sharing tradition of dolma, an indicator of cultural identity (2017)	1) social practices, rituals and celebrations 2) knowledge and experiences of nature and the universe	Azerbaijan	There are different types of Azerbaijani dolma according to the material in which the minced meat is wrapped (leaf stuffing, stuffed sorrel, cabbage roll, eggplant stuffing, plantain stuffing), as well as the characteristics of the prepared stuffing (false stuffing, wonderful stuffing, etc.). In Azerbaijan, dolma is divided into two groups: leaves and stuffing. Leaf stuffing is made by wrapping the filling in various vegetable leaves. Grape leaves, as well as mulberry leaves, plantains, pip (peanuts), zikh (sorrel, sorrel), quince, and cabbage leaves are used for this purpose. Stuffed dumplings are made by filling vegetables or fruits with stuffing. Tomato, sweet pepper, eggplant, apple, quince, borage, cucumber, onion, etc. are included in this dish. It refers to the types of stuffing. In addition, the stuffing of the dolman is cucurbita stuffing (made from cucurbita filled with filling), mushroom stuffing (stuffing is made from cheese and crumbled bread), quince stuffing (stuffing is made from meat, quince, chestnut, salt and herbs), cucumber stuffing, potato stuffing, onion stuffing although there are types, they are characteristic of certain regions.^[38]^[39] Geographical indications: lemon stuffed, dry stuffed, white egg stuffed, olive stuffed, kira stuffed, walnut filling, apple stuffed, fish stuffed, pip stuffed, guba stuffed^[28]^[40] Related topics: hospitality, gender distribution of work, etc. Bioms: agroecosystem, mountains, urban places		01188	ST0902040001
10	Kamancha performance art and the mastery of its craftship (2017)	1) traditional crafts 2) performing arts	Azerbaijan Iran	Kamancha is the main element of Azerbaijani classical music and Azerbaijani folk music. The art of playing kamancha plays an important role in social and cultural gatherings. Sosial və mədəni yığıncaqlarda kamança ifa sənəti vacib yer tutur.^[41] According to the Encyclopædia Iranica, Azerbaijani musical art was performed in other regions of the Caucasus, especially among Armenians who mastered the mugham system and stringed musical instruments such as tar and kamanchah.^[42] Related topics: epic poetry, hospitality, etc. Bioms: agroecosystem, urban places		01286	ST0803000002
11	Dede Gorgud heritage, epic culture, tales and music (2018) tales and music (2018)	1) performing arts 2) social practices, rituals and celebrations 3) oral traditions and forms of expression	Azerbaijan Kazakhstan Turkey	The Dede Gorgud saga is about the wars "against the infidels" in the Caucasian lands captured by the Oghuz Bahadirs. Although its origin is Central Asia, it was formed in the territory of Azerbaijan, where the Oghuz are densely populated.^[43] The last form of the saga was written in the XV century in the territory of modern Azerbaijan.^[44] The epic is written in Azerbaijani in the Dresden manuscript and Anatolian Turkish in the Vatican copy.^[45] There are fantastic motifs of Azerbaijani fairy tales along the border.^[46] The theme of the Dede Gorgud saga has been used in Azerbaijani literature, theater and cinematography.^[45] In 2018, the third copy of the Dede Gorgud epic was written in the dialect of South Azerbaijan, especially Tabriz.^[47] It belongs to the XVII-XVIII centuries.^[48] Related Topics: nomad, Mythology of Azerbaijan etc. Bioms: agroecosystem, mountains		01399	FL0104010003
12	Pomegranate Festival, traditional pomegranate festival and culture (2020)	1) traditional crafts 2) art performing 3) social practices, rituals and celebrations 4) oral traditions and forms of expression 5) knowledge and experiences of nature and the universe	Azerbaijan	Pomegranate Day is a holiday that celebrates the traditional use and symbolic meaning of the pomegranate product in Goychay district every year in October–November. Pomegranate cultivation is not only a source of inspiration for culinary arts, but also for handicrafts, decorative arts, legends, storytelling and other creative fields. Both the pomegranate and the holiday itself serve a variety of cultural and social functions, from traditional food to poetry. Symbolically, the pomegranate is associated with long-lasting fertility and abundance, and is considered a source of energy. In Azerbaijani legends, pomegranate is a symbol of love and desire.^[49] Pomegranate holiday was celebrated in Moscow on the initiative of cultural autonomy of Moscow Azerbaijanis.^[50] Related Topics: Myths, storytelling etc. Bioms: agroecosystem, mountain		01511
13	Miniature(2020)	1) traditional crafts 2) knowledge and experiences of nature and the universe	Azerbaijan (Sharing with 3 countries)	In the middle of the 15th century, the "Turkmen" style of the Tabriz miniature school, which was widespread in the territory of the Qara Qoyunlu and later Aq qoyunlu states, appeared. Many miniature examples of this style appeared not only in Tabriz, but also in some medieval cities located in the territory of modern Azerbaijan, in Shamakhi, the capital of the Shirvanshah state (Shamakhi anthology manuscript, 1468, British Museum, London).^[51]^[52]^[53] In the Middle Ages, book illustration was a traditional art in Azerbaijan.^[54] The famous miniaturists of the 19th century, Avazali Mughani ("Kalila and Dimna", 1809), Mirza Aligulu ("Shahnameh", 1850), Najafgulu Shamakhili ("Yusuf and Zulaikha", 1887) continued this art. The book miniatures of artist Mir Mohsen Nawab have reached our time. The most famous of them are the 5 miniatures he painted in 1864 for "Bahr ul-hazan" ("Sea of Sorrow").^[55] Miniature art continued during the Soviet and independence periods.^[53]^[56] Related topics: dying technology, handwritings etc.		01598	SV0400000001

List of Intangible Cultural Heritage in Need of Urgent Safeguarding

№	Name (date)	Type	Country	Description	Image	Registration
№	Name (date)	Type	Country	Description	Image	UNESCO	National
14	Chovgan horse game played with the Karabakh horse (2013)	social experiences, rituals and holidays	Azerbaijan	Chowgan (or chovgan) is a national sport in Azerbaijan.^[57] Depicting the fragments of the chovgan game on a bowl found in Orangala indicates that this game existed in Beylagan (Beylagan district) in the 11th century. In Nizami Ganjavi's work "Khosrov and Shirin" and in the epic "Kitabi-Dada Gorgud", a blizzard is found. Starting from 1960, blizzard competitions were held in Azerbaijan first as a demonstration, and then officially.^[58] Related Topics: horse riding games, nomad etc. Bioms: agroecosystem,mountains Risk Factors: conflicts, declining youth interest, insufficient financial resources, loss of relevance, material shortages, rapid economic changes, repressive policies, rural-urban migration		00905	FO0101000002
15	Traditional group dances of Nakhchivan – yalli (kocheri, tanzera) (2018)	1) art performing 2) social experiences, rituals and holidays 3) oral traditions and forms of expression	Azerbaijan	Yalli is an Azerbaijani dance performed as a group.^[59] Azerbaijani researcher M.K.Allahverdiyev divides mane dances into two groups. The first group includes nomadic, "qazı-qazı", "çop-çoğu" and second group include "urfanı", "tənzərə", "dönə" .^[60] Nomadic dance reflects elements of pastoral play. In relation to totemism in nomadic choreography, animal movements and habits indicate the archaic nature of the dance.^[61] Since the tanzare dance is simpler in terms of choreography than the nosheri, it is played more often during entertainment (weddings, folk ceremonies). Trumpets and drums accompany the dance.^[62]^[61] Related topics: games, Mime artist və s. Bioms: agroecosystem, dry areas, mountains Risk Factors:conflicts, decline of performers, loss of importance, disuse, decline of repertoire, rural-to-urban migration, theatricalization		01190	FM0401000001 FM0401020006 FM0401020002

Register of Good Safeguarding Practices

No example from Azerbaijan is included in this UNESCO list.

Nominations

Ongoing Nominations

№	Name (date)	Type	Country	Description	Image	Registration
№	Name (date)	Type	Country	Description	Image	UNESCO	National
1	Wrestling culture: traditional zoorkhaneh games, sports and wrestling (2022)	1) art performing 2) social experiences, rituals and holidays	Azerbaijan	In the second half of the 18th century, all Azerbaijani khanates had wrestlers whom ordinary people called expensive.^[63] The games performed by the wrestlers include hand shows (chest game, picking up certain objects from the ground with teeth, etc.), yekba played with puduk stones, and elements of dancing on a string.^[64] After Iran, Azerbaijan is the second place where violence is spread.^[65] In Azerbaijan, zorkhana is a series of complex games ("sino game" or "sword fighting", "mil game", "foot button", "kebbada" or "fiddle", "sangi-stone throwing", "wheel", or "tanduvr", "wrestling" or "wrestling"). One of the oldest zoorkhaneh in Azerbaijan is the XV century Icherisheher zoorkhaneh in Baku.^[66] From the 19th century, prisons were built in the cities of Ganja, Shusha, Sheki, Nakhchivan, and Shirvan. Over time, the zorkhana lost its status as a school where military methods were taught, and took on a ceremonial character.^[67] In the national wrestling of Azerbaijan, holding onto the legs and pants is widespread, and the tricks of the stick, hook, mill, and throw are allowed. To warm up for the fight, the wrestlers greet each other and go to opposite sides of the mat with dance steps. At the same time, they make hand movements: one hand first goes up, then down, the other first goes down, then up, and then the movements are reversed. After the referee's whistle, the fight begins and the competitors greet each other in the center of the mat. The battle is carried out to the accompaniment of trumpets and drums.^[68]		^[69]^[70]	DA0104000004 FO0105000003 FO0105000002 FO0105000005 FO0105000006 FO0105000004
2	Tea culture, a symbol of identity, hospitality and social connection (2022) (See also: Tea culture in Azerbaijan)	1) social experiences, rituals and holidays 2) 5) knowledge and experiences of nature and the universe	Azerbaijan Turkey	Azerbaijan is considered a traditionally tea-drinking country in the Caucasus.^[71] ƏIt is a tradition to bring tea to the table before the main meal. Jam, sugar or sweets are served with the tea.^[72] Tea is considered a symbol of hospitality and respect for the guest.^[72] There is always a teahouse in any residence in Azerbaijan. There people discuss the happenings, read newspapers and play backgammon.^[73]^[74]			DB0201000001
3	Oral traditions of Molla Nasraddin anecdots^[note 2](2022)	1) performing art 2) social practices, rituals and celebrations 3) oral traditions and forms of expression	Azerbaijan (sharing with 6b countries)	Molla Nasreddin's anecdotes have been known in Azerbaijan for many years and have been written down since the 19th century.^[75] "Molla Nəsrəddin" satirical magazine was published by Azerbaijani writers in 1906-1932.^[76] According to tradition in Azerbaijan, the person who mentions Molla Nasreddin's name must tell his seven anecdotes, and those who listen to him must continue to do so.^[77]			FL0108020001
4	Traditional silk production for sericulture and weaving (2022) (See also: Silk industry in Azerbaijan)	1) traditional crafts 2) knowledge and experiences of nature and the universe	Azerbaijan (sharing with 6b countries)	The silk industry has existed in Azerbaijan since ancient times. Shirvan was the most important center of silk production in Azerbaijan. The population of Shamakhi, Basgal, Ganja, Sheki and Shusha engaged in silk farming.^[78]^[79]^[80]			DA0104000012 SD0700000001
5	Balaban^[note 3] the art of performance and the mastery of its craftship(2023)	1)traditional crafts 2) performing arts	Azerbaijan Turkey	Balaban is used both in ashiq music and mugham art.^[81]^[82] According to musicologist Gubad Gasimov, a wind musical instrument made of bone, which can be considered the prototype of the modern balaban, was discovered in Mingachevir territory of the 1st century BC.^[81] Among the music sent into space by the Voyager 1 ship in 1977, the Azerbaijani mugham performed by the balaban was also included.^[83]^[84]			ST0802000004
6	Art of pearl damascening(2023)	1) traditional crafts 2) knowledge and experiences of nature and the universe	Azerbaijan Turkey	The method of "carving" is used in art of inlay. The inlayt method is used to decorate musical instruments in professions such as saz and tar. Musical instruments such as tar, saz, kamancha, tambourine, drum, dagger receipts, and various household equipment made by Azerbaijani craftsmen are exhibited in local and foreign museums.^[85]^[86]^[87]			DA0104000054

Reserved Nominations

№	Name (date)	Type	Country	Description	Image	Registration
№	Name (date)	Type	Country	Description	Image	UNESCO	National
7	Cultural Environment of Nij (2012)	social practices, rituals and celebrations	Azerbaijan	Udins, Azerbaijanis and Lezgis live in Nij.^[88] There are three churches (Church of Saint Elisæus, St. Mary Mother Church, Tsilin Church) and a mosque. The Nic Udins have a separate dialect and traditionally celebrate Easter and Kala Akhsibay.^[89]^[90]		^[69]
8	Cultural environment of Gyrmyzy Gasaba (2012)	social practices, rituals and celebrations	Azerbaijan	Gyrmyzy Gasaba is the last remaining shtetl in the world. Juhuri language is spoken here.^[91]^[92] QThe mountain Jewish community of the Red Settlement has traditionally been engaged in agriculture, gardening and carpet making for 300 years. The examples of carpet weaving, which is one of the main indicators of the economic activity of the Mountain Jews, are woven on the basis of wool and belong to the Guba school of carpet weaving.^[93]^[94]		^[69]

Intangible cultural heritage cooperation

	Registered intangible cultural heritage						Nominations					Sample and total number of nominations
Name of Countries	Novruz	Lavash	Kamancheh	Dede Qorkut	Miniature (illuminated manuscript)	Total number	Tea Culture	Molla Nasreddin	Silk industry in Azerbaijan	Balaban	Inlay	Sample and total number of nominations
Afghanistan	Y					1			Y			2
India	Y					1						1
Iran	Y	Y	Y		Y	4			Y			5
Iraq	Y					1						1
Kazakhstan	Y	Y		Y		3		Y				4
Kyrgyzstan	Y	Y				2		Y				3
Uzbekistan	Y				Y	2		Y	Y			4
Pakistan	Y					1						1
Tajikistan	Y					1		Y	Y			3
Turkey	Y	Y		Y	Y	4	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	9
Turkmenistan	Y					1		Y	Y			3

Notes

^ Lavash is the name given to this asset by UNESCO for Azerbaijan. katyrma, jupka, and yufka for other nations.
^ Molla Nasreddin is the name of this heritage for Azerbaijan nominated by UNESCO. For other countries: Nasreddin Hodja/Molla Ependi/ Apendi/Afendi Kozhanasyr.
^ In the UNESCO nomination, the name of this heritage for Azerbaijan is balaban. For Turkey, the name of this heritage is mey.

References

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^ Azerbaijani folk songs and classifications/Azərbaycan xalq mahnı və təsnifləri. Gafar Namazaliyev/ Qafar Namazəliyev, 1985.
^ C. F. Albright. ʿĀŠEQ (англ.) // Encyclopædia Iranica. — 2011. — Vol. II. — P. 741–742
^ К. А. Касимов. Народы Азербайджанской Советской Социалистической Республики. Азербайджанцы. Народное творчество / Под редакцией Б. А. Гарданова, А. Н. Гулиева, С. Т. Еремяна, Л. И. Лаврова, Г. А. Нерсесова, Г. С. Читая. — Народы Кавказа: Этнографические очерки: Издательство Академии наук СССР, 1962. — Т. 2. — С. 160. — 684 с.
^ Jean During. Azerbaijan 2. Musical categories. // Nеw Grоvе Ditiсtiоnаrу оf Мusiс аnd Мusiсiаns / Stanley Sadie, John Tyrrell. — 2. — Oxford University Press, 2001. — 2500 с. — ISBN 0-19-517067-9, 9780195170672.
^ Mammadov, Tariyel. "Azerbaijani folk-professional music: The art of love. Baku, "Music World"". Archived from the original on 14 January 2022. Retrieved 20 July 2022.
^ Euronews (23 March 2011). "Novruz in Azerbaijan/Новруз в Азербайджане". Archived from the original on 9 July 2022. Retrieved 20 July 2022.
^ Rafael Huseynov. Azerbaijani Novruz. — magazine "İRS", 2004. — № 3. — С. 16.
^ Latif Kerimov. Azerbaijani carpet. Volume III. VI. Tabriz type. A) Tabriz group. B.: "Ganjlik", 1983.
^ Siawosh AZADI; Latif KERIMOV; Werner ZOLLINGER. Azerbaijani-Caucasian Rugs. — Switzerland Ulmke Collection, 2001. — p. 135. — ISBN 3-925813-10-1 / 9783925813108] English: From the 15th century and especially from the second half of the 16th century, the Afshan, Lachak-turundj, Goelbendlik and other carpet compositions which were developed in southern Azerbaijan were adopted by the weavers in the towns of northern Azerbaijan (Garabagh, Baku, Shirvan). The floral pattern on which these designs were based were soon transformed into geometric patterns which reflected the local technical and artistic preferences. English: According to historical sources, the six Caspian districts of Azerbaijan produced 18,000 rugs and carpet fabrics in 1843. Carpets from Shirvan and Guba were sold in Baku and those from Kazak and Ganja in Tabriz and Istanbul.
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{{|en|The art music of Azerbaijan is connected with the Irano-Arabo-Turkish art of the maqām, of which the great theoreticians were notably Ṣafī-al-dīn Ormavī (d. 693/1294) and ʿAbd-al-Qāder b. Ḡaybī Marāḡī (d. 838/1435), who were originally from Urmia and Marāḡa in Azerbaijan.}}

This page was last edited on 6 October 2023, at 15:26