Turnover number

In chemistry, the term "turnover number" has two distinct meanings.

In enzymology, the turnover number ( $k cat$ ) is defined as the limiting number of chemical conversions of substrate molecules per second that a single active site will execute for a given enzyme concentration $[E T]$ for enzymes with two or more active sites.^[1] For enzymes with a single active site, $k cat$ is referred to as the catalytic constant.^[2] It can be calculated from the limiting reaction rate $V max$ and catalyst site concentration $e 0$ as follows:

k_{\mathrm {cat} }={\frac {V_{\max }}{e_{0}}}

(See Michaelis–Menten kinetics).

In other chemical fields, such as organometallic catalysis, turnover number (TON) has a different meaning: the number of moles of substrate that a mole of catalyst can convert before becoming inactivated:^[3]

\mathrm {TON} ={\frac {n_{\mathrm {product} }}{n_{\mathrm {cat} }}}

An ideal catalyst would have an infinite turnover number in this sense, because it would never be consumed. The term turnover frequency (TOF) is used to refer to the turnover per unit time, equivalent to the meaning of turnover number in enzymology.

\mathrm {TOF} ={\frac {\mathrm {TON} }{t}}

For most relevant industrial applications, the turnover frequency is in the range of 10⁻² – 10² s⁻¹ (10³ – 10⁷ s⁻¹ for enzymes).^[4] The enzyme catalase has the largest turnover frequency, with values up to 4×10⁷ s⁻¹ having been reported.^[5]

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Turnover number of diffusion-limited enzymes

Acetylcholinesterase is a serine hydrolase with a reported catalytic constant greater than 10⁴ s⁻¹. This implies that this enzyme reacts with acetylcholine at close to the diffusion-limited rate.^[6]

Carbonic anhydrase is one of the fastest enzymes, and its rate is typically limited by the diffusion rate of its substrates. Typical catalytic constants for the different forms of this enzyme range between 10⁴ s⁻¹ and 10⁶ s⁻¹.^[7]

References

^ Roskoski, Robert (2015). "Michaelis-Menten Kinetics". Reference Module in Biomedical Sciences. doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-801238-3.05143-6. ISBN 978-0-12-801238-3.
^ Cornish-Bowden, Athel (2012). Fundamentals of Enzyme Kinetics (4th ed.). Wiley-Blackwell, Weinheim. p. 33. ISBN 978-3-527-33074-4.
^ Bligaard, Thomas; Bullock, R. Morris; Campbell, Charles T.; Chen, Jingguang G.; Gates, Bruce C.; Gorte, Raymond J.; Jones, Christopher W.; Jones, William D.; Kitchin, John R.; Scott, Susannah L. (1 April 2016). "Toward Benchmarking in Catalysis Science: Best Practices, Challenges, and Opportunities". ACS Catalysis. 6 (4): 2590–2602. doi:10.1021/acscatal.6b00183.
^ "Introduction", Industrial Catalysis, Weinheim, FRG: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, p. 7, 2006-04-20, doi:10.1002/3527607684.ch1, ISBN 978-3-527-60768-6, retrieved 2022-06-03
^ Smejkal, Gary B.; Kakumanu, Srikanth (2019-07-03). "Enzymes and their turnover numbers". Expert Review of Proteomics. 16 (7): 543–544. doi:10.1080/14789450.2019.1630275. ISSN 1478-9450. PMID 31220960. S2CID 195188786.
^ Bazelyansky, Michael; Robey, Ellen; Kirsch, Jack F. (14 January 1986). "Fractional diffusion-limited component of reactions catalyzed by acetylcholinesterase". Biochemistry. 25 (1): 125–130. doi:10.1021/bi00349a019. PMID 3954986.
^ Lindskog, Sven (January 1997). "Structure and mechanism of carbonic anhydrase". Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 74 (1): 1–20. doi:10.1016/s0163-7258(96)00198-2. PMID 9336012.

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Turnover number of diffusion-limited enzymes

See also

References