Trinoda necessitas ("three-knotted obligation" [1] in Latin) is a term used to refer to a "threefold tax" in Anglo-Saxon times. Subjects of an Anglo-Saxon king were required to yield three services: bridge-bote (repairing bridges and roads), burgh-bote (building and maintaining fortifications), and fyrd-bote (serving in the militia, known as the fyrd). Rulers very rarely exempted subjects from the trinoda necessitas, because these services were the lifeblood of an Anglo-Saxon kingdom.[2][3] After the Norman Conquest, exemptions from the trinoda necessitas became more common.[4]
The term "trinoda necessitas" was rarely used in Anglo-Saxon times: its only known use is in a grant of land near Pagham, Sussex from King Cædwalla of Wessex to Saint Wilfred.[5] The Wilfred grant used the term trimoda (Latin for "triple"); trinoda (Latin for "triple-knotted") was an error introduced by John Selden in 1610.[5][6]
Instead of the term "trinoda necessitas", it was common for Anglo-Saxon land grants to spell out the three obligations individually. For example, the land grant of Æthelberht of Kent to a thegn in 858 was free of obligation, except explicitly for military service, bridge repair, and fortification.[4]
See also
References
- ^ Souter, Alexander (1968). Oxford Latin Dictionary. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-198-64224-5.
- ^ Lapidge, Michael; John Blair; Simon Keynes; Donald Scragg (15 November 2000). The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 456–457. ISBN 0-631-22492-0.
- ^ Stenton, Frank M. (20 September 2001). Anglo-Saxon England: Reissue with a new cover (3 ed.). Oxford University Press, USA. p. 289. ISBN 0-19-280139-2.
- ^ a b Hollister, C. Warren (1962). Anglo-Saxon Military Institutions on the Eve of the Norman Conquest. Oxford University Press. p. 60.
- ^ a b Stevenson, W.H. (October 1914). "Trinoda Necessitas". The English Historical Review. 29 (66).
- ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 286–287.
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