To install click the Add extension button. That's it.

The source code for the WIKI 2 extension is being checked by specialists of the Mozilla Foundation, Google, and Apple. You could also do it yourself at any point in time.

4,5
Kelly Slayton
Congratulations on this excellent venture… what a great idea!
Alexander Grigorievskiy
I use WIKI 2 every day and almost forgot how the original Wikipedia looks like.
Live Statistics
English Articles
Improved in 24 Hours
Added in 24 Hours
Languages
Recent
Show all languages
What we do. Every page goes through several hundred of perfecting techniques; in live mode. Quite the same Wikipedia. Just better.
.
Leo
Newton
Brights
Milds

Tourist (Athlete album)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Tourist
Studio album by
Released31 January 2005
Studio
GenreSoft rock
Length46:15
LabelParlophone
Producer
Athlete chronology
Vehicles & Animals
(2003)
Tourist
(2005)
Beyond the Neighbourhood
(2007)
Singles from Tourist
  1. "Wires"
    Released: 17 January 2005
  2. "Half Light"
    Released: 25 April 2005
  3. "Tourist"
    Released: 15 August 2005
  4. "Twenty Four Hours"
    Released: 14 November 2005

Tourist is the second studio album by English rock band Athlete. It was released on 31 January 2005 through Parlophone. During the promotional cycle for their debut studio album Vehicles & Animals (2003), the band wrote material for its follow-up. Recording sessions were done at Helioscentric Studios in East Sussex, The Dairy in London, and Athlete's studio in London. Victor Van Vugt produced the majority of the tracks, while John Cornfield did the rest; Athlete is credited with producing all of them. The album is a soft rock release with elements of electronic music, taking influence from the works of Coldplay, Doves and the Flaming Lips.

Athlete embarked on a headlining tour of the United Kingdom, prior to the release of the album's lead single "Wires" in January 2005. Another UK tour occurred in March 2005, with additional dates being added to extended it into the next month. "Half Light" was the second single from the album in April 2005, prior to a stint in the United States. The band appeared at V Festival; the performance coincided with the release of the album's third single "Tourist" in August 2005. The band closed the year with a third UK tour, which saw the release of album's "Twenty Four Hours" was released as the fourth single at its conclusion in November 2005.

Tourist received mixed reviews from music critics, with some suggesting that Athlete had failed to sustain the unique style of their previous album, while others saw the new album as a logical progression from their old sound. It peaked at number one in the UK and Scotland, as well as charting in Ireland, Belgium and Australia. The album was certified platinum in the UK by the British Phonographic Industry a month after its release, while "Wires" was certified silver. "Wires" became the band's highest charting single at number four in the UK, and reaching number three in Scotland. "Half Light" peaked at number 16 in the UK, while the remaining singles sat outside the top 40.

YouTube Encyclopedic

  • 1/5
    Views:
    211 589
    277 721
    2 859
    1 152 923
    111 091
  • Athlete - Tourist
  • Athlete - Tourist (Official Music Video)
  • Athlete - Tourist
  • Athlete - Wires (Official Music Video)
  • Athlete Tourist

Transcription

Background and recording

Athlete released their debut studio album Vehicles & Animals in April 2003; it peaked at number 19 in the United Kingdom.[1][2] Out of the album's four singles, "El Salvador" charted the highest at number 31.[2] The band promoted the album with three tours of the UK, and appearances at the T in the Park, Move, One Big Sunday and V Festivals, between February 2003 and January 2004.[3] During this, the band were writing material for their next album, which they were expecting to take into a different musical direction.[4] For Vehicles & Animals the band members wrote material as a whole unit; whereas for the follow-up, they wrote separately.[5] They then showed one another the songs at their rehearsal space and worked on the ones they considered the best.[6] Victor Van Vugt spent two weeks with the band at their space, where they showed him all of the songs they had prepared and he gave them his feedback.[7]

Recording sessions for Tourist were held at Helioscentric Studios in East Sussex, The Dairy in London, and Athlete's studio in London.[8] Helioscentric is a converted barn; it reminded the band of the places where they used to make their early demos.[9] Vugt produced most of the songs, barring "Half Light", "Yesterday Threw Everything at Me" and "Twenty Four Hours", all of which were produced by John Cornfield; the band are credited as producer on all of them. Ian Davenport and Mark Duggan were assistant recording engineers on a majority of the tracks, while engineer Rick Simpson handled additional recording.[8] String parts were recorded at the Studio 1 room at Abbey Road Studios in London with a 24-piece orchestra.[8][10] In between sessions, Athlete played a one-off show in London and appeared at V Festival.[11] Michael H Brauer mixed the recordings in October 2004 with assistance from Pro Tools engineer Keith Gary at Quad Studios in New York City, before being mastered by Chris Athens at Sterling Sound, also in New York City.[8][12]

Composition

Tourist is a soft rock album with electronic elements that takes influence from the work of Coldplay (specifically, their 2002 album A Rush of Blood to the Head), Doves and the Flaming Lips (specifically, their 1999 album The Soft Bulletin).[13] Jean Baker of News24 considered it a "kind of concept album" that tackles "long distance love".[14] Keyboardist Tim Wanstall said the tracks intentionally had "less of the hook after hook", compared to those on Vehicles & Animals, allowing for vocalist Joel Pott's vocals to have more of a presence.[15] Alongside this, Pott wanted to be more open about his lyrics, stating that if "people want to hear my personal stories, that's fine with me [...] but this time I'm wearing my heart on my sleeve".[4] Wanstall said it was "very narrative in its basis, and very much about a band on the road, coming to terms with being away a lot from that home community".[16] The band would typically build a song from a chorus of verse section, written on either a guitar or a piano, adding electronic flourishes after demos had been made. Sometimes drummer Steven Roberts would suggest a part, prompting the rest of the members to re-work the track.[15] Adam Peters arranged and conducted the string accompaniments on "Chances", "Wires" and "Street Map", which were performed by the London Metropolitan Orchestra, led by David Juritz. Noel Robinson and the Nu Image Choir appeared as a gospel choir on "If I Found Out".[8]

Tourist opens with the string-enhanced ballad "Chances".[17] "Half Light" continues the electronic sounds heard on Vehicles & Animals, with a chorus in the vein of Britpop acts from 1995 and a flute-led breakbeat section.[17][18] "Trading Air" deals with unrequited love; its melody was compared to the one heard in "Parachutes" (2000) by Coldplay.[19][20] The lyrics were adapted by Pott from bassist Carey Willetts opting to tell an ex-partner, who had a fiancé, that he was still attracted to her. After six weeks of no contact, Willetts and the woman eventually eloped.[4] "Wires" is ballad that sees Pott singing to his ill child, having been influenced by the birth of his daughter Myla.[17][21][22] He said she suffered from a seizure, prompting her being taken to the ICU.[21] "If I Found Out" is a soft rock ballad revolving around the topic of one's inner spirit, channeling the work of Sugar Ray.[18][23] "Modern Mafia" recalled the band's earlier poppier material; "Twenty Four Hours" is done in the style of Elbow.[24][25] The closing track "I Love" is an amalgamation of the band's new sound and their older one.[26]

Release

On 21 October 2004, Tourist was announced for release in three months' time.[12] In January 2005, Athlete went on a headlining UK tour, leading up to the release of the album's lead single "Wires" on 17 January 2005.[27] The CD version included "Never Running Out", "Get It Back", and the radio edit and music video for "Wires", while the 7" vinyl edition featured "Transformer Man" and the radio edit of "Wires".[28][29] It was promoted with a signing session at the Virgin Megastore in London.[30] Tourist was released on 31 January 2005, which was promoted with a UK tour in March 2005.[31] A special edition was also released, which included the music video for "Wires", a making-of documentary on the album, and audio tracks recorded at Shepherd's Bush Empire in London.[32] The cover artwork, designed by Richard Andrews and Gerard Saint, consists of an airplane seat, a radio, studio equipment, gas pumps and railings. Baker said it was a metaphor for the songs' "tendency to tie things together, some of which may be their own, while others (like an aeroplane seat), are shared by many".[8][14] It recalled the art style that featured on singles from Pulp.[17]

Five extra shows, three in London, one in Blackpool and one in Reading, were added in April 2005 because of demand.[33][34][35] "Half Light" was released as the second single from the album on 25 April 2005; the 7" vinyl picture disc had a remix of "Half Light" as the B-side.[36][37] Two versions were released on CD: the first with "I've Got a Question", and the second with "Forest Fire", a radio session version of "Wires", and the music video for "Half Light".[38][39] In May 2005, they embarked on a tour of the United States.[15] Prior to a performance at V Festival, "Tourist" was released as the album's third single on 15 August 2005.[40][41] The CD version included a remix of "Tourist", while the 7" vinyl picture disc featured a radio session version of "Half Light".[42][43] The music video for "Tourist" was posted online the same day.[44] Following this, the band embarked on a UK tour in October and November 2005.[40] At the end of this trek, "Twenty Four Hours" was released as the fourth single from the album on 14 November 2005.[45] The CD version included "Stand in the Sun" and "Lay Your Head", while the 7" vinyl picture disc featured "Stand in the Sun" and "Before Tomorrow".[46][47]

"Half Light", "Tourist", "Wires" and "Twenty Four Hours" were included on Athlete's first compilation album Singles 01–10 in 2010.[48]

Critical reception

Professional ratings
Aggregate scores
SourceRating
Metacritic46/100[49]
Review scores
SourceRating
AllMusic[17]
Cross Rhythms[50]
Entertainment.ie[51]
E! OnlineB+[52]
LAS Magazine6.5/10[18]
Pitchfork3.6/10[53]
PopMatters3/10[54]
Stylus MagazineD[24]
Uncut[55]
Yahoo! Launch[19]

Tourist was met with mixed reviews from music critics. At Metacritic, the album received an average score of 46, based on 19 reviews.[49]

Andrew Lynch of Entertainment.ie found the eccentric nature of their debut "replaced by a mournful, big-ballad piano sound that's a little like Coldplay, a lot like Keane and a hell of a lot like Snow Patrol". He added that there was "great, sweeping songs with real lyrical and emotional depth".[51] Time Out writer Chris Parkin[56] and the staff at E! Online also noticed this shift, with the latter mentioning that the band "aims for an entirely more conventional" direction.[52] PopMatters Adrien Begrand thought it was a "desperate, depressing attempt to pander to the Keane/Snow Patrol crowd".[54] Matt Ashare of The Boston Phoenix noted that while Pott lacked Coldplay frontman Chris Martin's falsetto, he does have that band's "knack for mixing and matching simple guitar hooks with sullen piano chordings and yearning lyrics".[57] AllMusic reviewer Johnny Loftus said a lot of the album "seems like an amalgam of other things, whether it's the Coldplay-ness of their ballads or the distinct Super Furry Animals influence that's been with Athlete all along [...] Tourist settles for complacent".[17] LAS Magazine writer Josh Zanger thought the many comparisons were unjust "because, despite some general music similarities to any of these other groups, they have a unique sound". He added that the "direction of Tourist is both fun, emotional, experimental-ready and personally uplifting".[18]

Rolling Stone reviewer Christian Hoard, on the other hand, said the band "manage swooning song-poetry and Coldplay karaoke over electronics-tinged arrangements that sound very pro form[ula]",[58] which The Independent's Andy Gil[59] and Maurice O'Brien of Hot Press echoed, with the latter adding that there was "little real invention on show here".[60] Cross Rhythms writer Mike Rimmer was "not convinced that the shift into Coldplay territory is the most attractive move" as "most of the quirkiness that gave their first album its charm" had dissipated.[50] The staff at Uncut held a similar sentiment, as the band plays "through 11 torpid ballads, drained of all their earlier quirks, seemingly laboratory-designed for those who find Keane too edgy".[55] Nick Southall of Stylus Magazine said the "[s]trings swell, choruses rise slowly and predictably, melodies repeat and repeat again and never progress or develop".[24] Pitchfork contributor Adam Moerder was dismissive of the album, saying that the band "abuse the soft verse/loud chorus trick to no end". Though he mentioned their attempt at lyrical strength, "Athlete feel no pressure to experiment with their songwriting".[53] Yahoo! Launch's Anna Britten saw it as a "one-dimensional" release, with its "imagination stopping where Wayne Coyne’s begins".[19]

Commercial performance

Tourist topped the UK Albums Chart, selling 83,370 copies in its first week; it was certified platinum by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) a month after its release.[2][61][62] It ranked at number 32 on the UK year-end chart for 2005.[63] Alongside this, the album reached number one in Scotland,[64] number 18 in Ireland,[65] number 45 in the Flanders region of Belgium,[66] number 60 in Australia,[67] number 72 in Italy,[68] and number 99 in Switzerland.[69]

"Wires" became the highest charting single, reaching number four in the UK; it also peaked at number three in Scotland and number 73 in Ireland.[2][70][71] It won an Ivor Novello Award for Best Contemporary Song in 2006, and was certified silver by the BPI in 2014.[72][73] "Half Light" peaked at number 16 in the UK.[2] "Tourist" charted at number 43 in the UK and number 44 in Scotland.[2][74] "Twenty Four Hours" reached number 42 in the UK.[2]

Track listing

All tracks written by Athlete.[8]

Tourist track listing
No.TitleProducerLength
1."Chances"4:50
2."Half Light"
  • John Cornfield
  • Athlete
3:41
3."Tourist"
  • Vugt
  • Athlete
3:57
4."Trading Air"
  • Vugt
  • Athlete
4:27
5."Wires"
  • Vugt
  • Athlete
4:20
6."If I Found Out"
  • Vugt
  • Athlete
5:02
7."Yesterday Threw Everything at Me"
  • Cornfield
  • Athlete
3:45
8."Street Map"
  • Vugt
  • Athlete
4:38
9."Modern Mafia"
  • Vugt
  • Athlete
2:45
10."Twenty Four Hours"
  • Cornfield
  • Athlete
5:01
11."I Love"
  • Vugt
  • Athlete
3:49

Personnel

Personnel per booklet.[8] The band members are intentionally not mentioned in the liner notes.[75]

Charts and certifications

References

Citations

  1. ^ "Band on the Run!". NME. 18 February 2003. Archived from the original on 1 January 2022. Retrieved 31 December 2021.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g "Athlete / full Official Chart History". Official Charts Company. Archived from the original on 19 October 2021. Retrieved 1 January 2022.
  3. ^ Citations regarding touring for Vehicles & Animals:
  4. ^ a b c Loundras, Alexia (14 January 2005). "Athlete: Young hopefuls going for gold". The Independent. Archived from the original on 30 January 2010. Retrieved 5 January 2022.
  5. ^ Athlete 2005, event occurs at 0:24–39
  6. ^ Athlete 2005, event occurs at 1:02–10
  7. ^ Athlete 2005, event occurs at 1:18–25, 3:03–11
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h Athlete (2005). Tourist (booklet). Parlophone. 7243-563704-0-1.
  9. ^ Athlete 2005, event occurs at 1:50–2:11
  10. ^ Athlete 2005, event occurs at 4:35–7
  11. ^ "Training Day!". NME. 12 June 2004. Archived from the original on 3 January 2022. Retrieved 3 January 2022.
  12. ^ a b "Athlete's 'Tourist' Trap!". NME. 21 October 2004. Archived from the original on 3 January 2022. Retrieved 3 January 2022.
  13. ^ Citations regarding Tourist's style and music comparisons:
  14. ^ a b Barker, Jean (29 March 2006). "Athlete - Tourist". News24. Archived from the original on 25 December 2021. Retrieved 5 January 2022.
  15. ^ a b c "Fly to El Salvador?". Mammoth Press. 17 January 2005. Archived from the original on 12 June 2007. Retrieved 3 January 2022.
  16. ^ Atkinson, Mike (29 September 2007). "Interview: Tim Wanstall of Athlete". Nottingham Post. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 23 May 2022 – via Mike Atkinson.
  17. ^ a b c d e f Loftus, Johnny. "Tourist – Athlete". AllMusic. Archived from the original on 25 December 2021. Retrieved 25 December 2021.
  18. ^ a b c d Zanger, Josh. "Athlete Tourist". LAS Magazine. Archived from the original on 19 November 2005. Retrieved 25 December 2021.
  19. ^ a b c Britten, Anna (3 February 2005). "Athlete – 'Tourist'". Yahoo! Launch. Archived from the original on 6 April 2005. Retrieved 25 December 2021.
  20. ^ Murphy, John. "Athlete - Tourist (Parlophone)". musicOMH. Archived from the original on 25 March 2006. Retrieved 5 January 2022.
  21. ^ a b "Athlete Hit Number One". Cross Rhythms. 7 February 2005. Archived from the original on 4 January 2022. Retrieved 4 January 2022.
  22. ^ Murphy, John. "Athlete - Tourist (Parlophone)". musicOMH. Archived from the original on 25 March 2006. Retrieved 4 January 2022.
  23. ^ Wood, Mikael (23 June 2005). "Athlete". Dallas Observer. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 1 January 2022.
  24. ^ a b c Southall, Nick (17 February 2005). "Athlete – Tourist". Stylus Magazine. Archived from the original on 27 February 2005. Retrieved 25 December 2021.
  25. ^ McDonald, Alan (14 November 2005). "Bunch of 45s". Playlouder. Archived from the original on 29 March 2007. Retrieved 4 January 2022.
  26. ^ Davies, Lucy. "Review of Athlete - Tourist". BBC Music. Archived from the original on 16 March 2021. Retrieved 5 January 2022.
  27. ^ "'Tourist' Industry!". NME. 9 November 2004. Archived from the original on 3 January 2022. Retrieved 3 January 2022.
  28. ^ Athlete (2005). "Wires" (sleeve). Parlophone. CDATHS007/07243-870483-0-0.
  29. ^ Athlete (2005). "Wires" (sleeve). Parlophone. 07243-870483-7-9/ATH007.
  30. ^ "Sprint to the Virgin Megastore!". NME. 13 January 2005. Archived from the original on 3 January 2022. Retrieved 3 January 2022.
  31. ^ "Another Spring Round UK!". NME. 7 December 2004. Archived from the original on 3 January 2022. Retrieved 3 January 2022.
  32. ^ Holden, Tim (6 November 2006). "Athlete - Tourist Special Edition". Cross Rhythms. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 4 January 2022.
  33. ^ "What a Run!". NME. 24 January 2005. Archived from the original on 3 January 2022. Retrieved 3 January 2022.
  34. ^ "'Tourist' Industry Increases!". NME. 28 January 2005. Archived from the original on 3 January 2022. Retrieved 3 January 2022.
  35. ^ "'Tourist' Industry Just Keeps Growing!". NME. 8 February 2005. Archived from the original on 3 January 2022. Retrieved 3 January 2022.
  36. ^ "Half Light - Athlete". AllMusic. Archived from the original on 3 January 2022. Retrieved 3 January 2022.
  37. ^ Athlete (2005). "Half Light" (sleeve). Parlophone. ATH008/07243-872495-7-8.
  38. ^ Athlete (2005). "Half Light" (sleeve). Parlophone. CDATH008/07243-872495-2-3.
  39. ^ Athlete (2005). "Half Light" (sleeve). Parlophone. CDATHS008/07243-872495-0-9.
  40. ^ a b "City Sprint!". NME. 30 April 2005. Archived from the original on 3 January 2022. Retrieved 3 January 2022.
  41. ^ "Tourist - Athlete / Release Info". AllMusic. Archived from the original on 3 January 2022. Retrieved 3 January 2022.
  42. ^ Athlete (2005). "Tourist" (sleeve). Parlophone. CDATH009/07243-869797-0-4.
  43. ^ Athlete (2005). "Tourist" (sleeve). Parlophone. ATH009/07243-869797-7-3.
  44. ^ "Athlete - Tourist". musicOMH. Archived from the original on 25 March 2006. Retrieved 4 January 2022.
  45. ^ "Twenty Four Hours - Athlete / Release Info". AllMusic. Archived from the original on 3 January 2022. Retrieved 3 January 2022.
  46. ^ Athlete (2005). "Twenty Four Hours" (sleeve). Parlophone. CDATH 010.
  47. ^ Athlete (2005). "Twenty Four Hours" (sleeve). Parlophone. ATH010.
  48. ^ Athlete (2010). Singles 01–10 (sleeve). EMI. 50999 906880 2 7.
  49. ^ a b "Critic Reviews for Tourist". Metacritic. Archived from the original on 25 December 2021. Retrieved 25 December 2021.
  50. ^ a b Rimmer, Mike (4 February 2005). "Athlete - Tourist". Cross Rhythms. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 4 January 2022.
  51. ^ a b Lynch, Andrew (24 January 2005). "Athlete – Tourist". Entertainment.ie. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 13 October 2011.
  52. ^ a b "Music – Athlete 'Tourist'". E! Online. Archived from the original on 14 May 2005. Retrieved 25 December 2021.
  53. ^ a b Moerder, Adam (3 February 2005). "Athlete: Tourist". Pitchfork. Archived from the original on 26 August 2012. Retrieved 13 October 2011.
  54. ^ a b Begrand, Adrien (19 April 2005). "Athlete: Tourist". PopMatters. Archived from the original on 19 April 2005. Retrieved 13 October 2011.
  55. ^ a b "Athlete – Tourist". Uncut. 6 January 2005. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
  56. ^ Parkin 2005, p. 113
  57. ^ Ashare, Matt (16–22 September 2005). "Athlete Vehicles & Animals". The Boston Phoenix. Archived from the original on 21 November 2010. Retrieved 20 February 2023.
  58. ^ Hoard, Christian (5 May 2005). "Athlete: Tourist". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on 17 October 2007.
  59. ^ Gill 2005, p. 15
  60. ^ O'Brien, Maurice (24 January 2005). "Tourist". Hot Press. Archived from the original on 6 January 2022. Retrieved 4 January 2022.
  61. ^ a b "British  album  certifications – Athlete – Tourist". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 3 January 2022.
  62. ^ Sexton, Paul (10 February 2005). "Green Day Extends Euro Chart Reign". Billboard. Archived from the original on 4 January 2022. Retrieved 4 January 2022.
  63. ^ a b "End of Year Album Chart Top 100 – 2005". Official Charts Company. Archived from the original on 29 November 2019. Retrieved 24 January 2021.
  64. ^ a b "Official Scottish Albums Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 24 January 2021.
  65. ^ a b "Irish-charts.com – Discography Athlete". Hung Medien. Retrieved 24 January 2021.
  66. ^ a b "Ultratop.be – Athlete – Tourist" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved 24 January 2021.
  67. ^ a b Ryan, Gavin (2011). Australia's Music Charts 1988–2010 (PDF ed.). Mt. Martha, VIC, Australia: Moonlight Publishing. p. 20.
  68. ^ a b "Italiancharts.com – Athlete – Tourist". Hung Medien. Retrieved 24 January 2021.
  69. ^ a b "Swisscharts.com – Athlete – Tourist". Hung Medien. Retrieved 24 January 2021.
  70. ^ Steffen Hung. "Discography Athlete". irish-charts.com. Archived from the original on 29 January 2021. Retrieved 9 January 2022.
  71. ^ "Official Scottish Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Archived from the original on 15 November 2020. Retrieved 9 January 2022.
  72. ^ "Athlete Interview". Caught in the Crossfire. Archived from the original on 6 November 2007. Retrieved 4 January 2022.
  73. ^ "Athlete Wires". British Phonographic Industry. Archived from the original on 3 January 2022. Retrieved 3 January 2022.
  74. ^ "Official Scottish Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Archived from the original on 5 November 2021. Retrieved 9 January 2022.
  75. ^ Berkmann, Marcus. "Standing still". The Spectator. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 1 January 2022.
  76. ^ "Official Albums Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 24 January 2021.

Sources

  • Athlete (2005). "Tourist – Behind the Scenes". Tourist (DVD-V). Parlophone. 07243-860857-0-2.
  • Gill, Andy (28 January 2005). "Rock & Pop: New Releases: Athlete Tourist Parlophone I8888". The Independent. ISSN 1741-9743.
  • Parkin, Chris (26 January 2005). "Athlete 'Tourist' Parlophone; Music: Preview". Time Out. ISSN 0049-3910.

External links

This page was last edited on 16 December 2023, at 19:19
Basis of this page is in Wikipedia. Text is available under the CC BY-SA 3.0 Unported License. Non-text media are available under their specified licenses. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. WIKI 2 is an independent company and has no affiliation with Wikimedia Foundation.