Tokugawa clan

Tokugawa 徳川
Tokugawa clan mon
Home province	Mikawa
Parent house	Minamoto clan Nitta clan (claimed) Matsudaira clan
Titles	Various
Founder	Tokugawa Ieyasu
Final ruler	Tokugawa Yoshinobu
Current head	Iehiro Tokugawa
Founding year	1567
Ruled until	1867 (Abolition of the shogunate) 1871 (Abolition of the han system)
Cadet branches	Various, including Gosanke: Owari-Tokugawa family Kishū-Tokugawa family, with 3 cadet branches Gosankyō: Tayasu family Hitotsubashi family Shimizu family Mito-Tokugawa family Matsudo-Tokugawa family Tokugawa Yoshinobu family

The Tokugawa clan (Shinjitai: 徳川氏, Kyūjitai: 德川氏, Tokugawa-shi or Tokugawa-uji) is a Japanese dynasty which produced the Tokugawa shoguns who ruled Japan from 1603 to 1867 during the Edo period. It was formerly a powerful daimyō family. They nominally descended from Emperor Seiwa (850–880) and were a branch of the Minamoto clan (Seiwa Genji) through the Matsudaira clan. The early history of the clan remains a mystery.^[1] Nominally, the Matsudaira clan is said to be descended from the Nitta clan, a branch of the Minamoto clan, but in reality, the claim that the Tokugawas are descended from the Nitta clan has no credibility, and the likelihood of this claim is considered quite low or untrue.^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]

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History

Minamoto no Yoshishige (1135–1202), grandson of Minamoto no Yoshiie (1041–1108), was the first to take the name of Nitta. He sided with his cousin Minamoto no Yoritomo against the Taira clan (1180) and accompanied him to Kamakura. Nitta Yoshisue, 4th son of Yoshishige, settled at Tokugawa (Kozuke province) and took the name of that place. Their provincial history book did not mention Minamoto clan or Nitta clan.^[6]

The nominal originator of the Matsudaira clan was reportedly Matsudaira Chikauji, who was originally a poor Buddhist monk.^[1]^[7] He reportedly descended from Nitta Yoshisue in the 8th generation and witnessed the ruin of the Nitta in their war against the Ashikaga. He settled at Matsudaira (Mikawa province) and was adopted by his wife's family. Their provincial history book claimed that this original clan was Ariwara clan.^[6] Because this place is said to have been reclaimed by Ariwara Nobumori, one theory holds that Matsudaira clan was related to Ariwara no Narihira.^[8]

Matsudaira Nobumitsu (15th century), son of Chikauji, was in charge of Okazaki Castle, and strengthened the authority of his family in the Mikawa province. Nobumitsu's great-great-grandson Matsudaira Kiyoyasu made his clan strong, but was assassinated. In 1567, Matsudaira Motonobu—then known as Tokugawa Ieyasu (1542–1616)—grandson of Kiyoyasu, was recognized by Emperor Ōgimachi as a descendant of Seiwa Genji; he also started the family name Tokugawa.

The clan rose to power at the end of the Sengoku period. To the end of the Edo period they ruled Japan as shōguns. There were fifteen Tokugawa shōguns. Their dominance was so strong that some history books use the term "Tokugawa era" instead of "Edo period". Their principal family shrine is the Tōshō-gū in Nikkō, and their principal temples (bodaiji) are Kan'ei-ji and Zōjō-ji, both in Tokyo. Heirlooms of the clan are partly administered by the Tokugawa Memorial Foundation.

After the death of Ieyasu, in 1636, the heads of the gosanke (the three branches with fiefs in Owari, Kishū, and Mito) also bore the Tokugawa surname, so did the three additional branches, known as the gosankyō: the Tayasu (1731), Hitotsubashi (1735), and Shimizu (1758) family, after the ascension of Tokugawa Yoshimune. Once a shōgun died without a living heir, both the heads of gosanke (except Mito-Tokugawa family) and gosankyō had priority to succeed his position.^[9]^[10] Many daimyōs descended from cadet branches of the clan, however, retained the surname Matsudaira; examples include the Matsudaira of Fukui and Aizu. Members of the Tokugawa clan intermarried with prominent daimyo and the Imperial family.

On November 9, 1867, Tokugawa Yoshinobu, the 15th and the last shōgun of Tokugawa, tendered his resignation to Emperor Meiji. He formally stepped down ten days later, returning governing power to the Emperor,^[11] marking the end of the ruling power of the Tokugawa shogunate. In 1868, Tokugawa Iesato (1863–1940, from Tayasu family) was chosen as the heir to Yoshinobu as the head of Tokugawa clan.^[12] On July 7, 1884, Iesato became a prince, just like the heads of some of other notable Japanese noble families, known as Kazoku.^[13]

The 1946 Constitution of Japan abolished the kazoku and the noble titles, making Iesato's son, Iemasa Tokugawa, no longer a prince. Iemasa had a son Iehide, who died young, so he was succeeded by one of his grandsons, Tsunenari. Tsunenari is the second son of Toyoko (eldest daughter of Iemasa) and Ichirō Matsudaira (son of Tsuneo Matsudaira),^[14] and he is also a patrilineal descendant of Tokugawa Yorifusa, the youngest son of Tokugawa Ieyasu.^[15]

In 2007, Tsunenari published a book entitled Edo no idenshi (江戸の遺伝子), released in English in 2009 as The Edo Inheritance, which seeks to counter the common belief among Japanese that the Edo period was like a Dark Age, when Japan, cut off from the world, fell behind. On the contrary, he argues, the roughly 250 years of peace and relative prosperity saw great economic reforms, the growth of a sophisticated urban culture, and the development of the most urbanized society on the planet.^[16] Tsunenari formed the Tokugawa Memorial Foundation in 2003 to preserve and administer the historical objects, art, armor and documents that have been passed down in the Tokugawa family over the generations, display them for the general public and provide assistance to academic research on topics concerning historical Japan.

Simplified descent

Tokugawa clan

Shōgun

Prince
Tokugawa

(1543–1616)
Ieyasu⁽¹⁾
r. 1603–1605

(1579–1632)
Hidetada⁽²⁾
r. 1605–1623

(1602–1671)
Yorinobu
1st Daimyō of
Kishū

(1603–1661)
Yorifusa
1st Daimyō of
Mito

(1604–1651)
Iemitsu⁽³⁾
r. 1623–1651

(1627–1705)
Mitsusada
2nd Daimyō of
Kishū

(1622–1695)
Matsudaira
Yorishige
1st Daimyō of
Takamatsu

(1641–1680)
Ietsuna⁽⁴⁾
r. 1651–1680

(1644–1678)
Tsunashige
Daimyō of Kōfu

(1646–1709)
Tsunayoshi⁽⁵⁾
r. 1680–1709

(1684–1751)
Yoshimune⁽⁸⁾
r. 1716–1745

(1661–1687)
Matsudaira Yoritoshi [ja]

(1662–1712)
Ienobu⁽⁶⁾
r. 1709–1712

(1712–1761)
Ieshige⁽⁹⁾
r. 1745–1760

(1721–1765)
Munetada
1st Head of
Hitotsubashi family

(1680–1735)
Matsudaira Yoritoyo [ja]
3rd Daimyō of
Takamatsu

(1709–1716)
Ietsugu⁽⁷⁾
r. 1712–1716

(1737–1786)
Ieharu⁽¹⁰⁾
r. 1760–1786

(1751–1827)
Harusada [ja]
2nd Head of
Hitotsubashi family

(1705–1730)
Munetaka
4th Daimyō of
Mito

(1773–1841)
Ienari⁽¹¹⁾
r. 1786–1837

(1779–1848)
Narimasa
3rd Head of
Tayasu family

(1728–1766)
Munemoto
5th Daimyō of
Mito

(1793–1853)
Ieyoshi⁽¹²⁾
r. 1837–1853

(1801–1846)
Nariyuki [ja]
11th Daimyō of
Kishū

(1828–1876)
Yoshiyori
5th/8th Head of
Tayasu family

(1751–1805)
Harumori [ja]
6th Daimyō of
Mito

(1824–1858)
Iesada⁽¹³⁾
r. 1853–1858

(1846–1866)
Iemochi⁽¹⁴⁾
r. 1858–1866

(1863–1940)
Iesato⁽¹⁶⁾
(Pr.) 1884-1940

(1773–1816)
Harutoshi
7th Daimyō of
Mito

(1776–1832)
Matsudaira Yoshinari [ja]
9th Daimyō of
Takasu

(1884–1963)
Iemasa⁽¹⁷⁾
(Pr.) 1940-1947

(1800–1860)
Nariaki
9th Daimyō of
Mito

(1800–1862)
Matsudaira Yoshitatsu [ja]
10th Daimyō of
Takasu

(1837–1913)
Yoshinobu⁽¹⁵⁾
r. 1866–1867
(Pr.) 1902-1913

(1836–1893)
Matsudaira
Katamori
9th Daimyō of
Aizu

(1877–1949)
Tsuneo
Matsudaira

(1907–1992)
Ichirō Matsudaira [ja]

(b. 1940)
Tsunenari⁽¹⁸⁾

(b. 1965)
Iehiro

Notes

All Tokugawa shōguns share descent from Ieyasu, who is recognized as the dynasty's founder.

Symbol

The Tokugawa's clan symbol, known in Japanese as a "mon", the "triple hollyhock" (although commonly, but mistakenly identified as "hollyhock", the "aoi" actually belongs to the birthwort family and translates as "wild ginger"—Asarum), has been a readily recognized icon in Japan, symbolizing in equal parts the Tokugawa clan and the last shogunate.

The symbol derives from a mythical clan, the Kamo clan, which legendarily descended from Yatagarasu.^[17] Matsudaira village was located in Higashikamo District, Aichi Prefecture. Although Emperor Go-Yōzei offered a new symbol, Ieyasu continued to use the symbol, which was not related to Minamoto clan.^[18]

In jidaigeki, the symbol is often shown to locate the story in the Edo period. In works set in during the Meiji Restoration movement, the symbol is used to show the bearer's allegiance to the shogunate—as opposed to the royalists, whose cause is symbolized by the Imperial throne's chrysanthemum symbol. Compare with the red and white rose iconography of English Wars of the Roses, as imagined by Walter Scott earlier in the 19th century, in Anne of Geierstein (1829).

Family members

Retainers

Clans

Important retainers

References

^ ^a ^b 徳川家康展 (in Japanese). Aichi Prefectural Library. Archived from the original on 2005-04-19. Retrieved 2008-12-28.
^ 徳川氏 (in Japanese). Kotobank. Archived from the original on 29 June 2023. Retrieved 29 June 2023.
^ 徳川氏 (in Japanese). Japan Knowledge. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 23 March 2024.
^ 松平元康はなぜ徳川家康になったのか (in Japanese). The Nagoya Japanese Sword Museum Nagoya Touken world. Archived from the original on 23 March 2024. Retrieved 23 March 2024.
^ 徳川家康は源氏の英雄・源義家の子孫にあたるのか？ (in Japanese). Rekishijin. Archived from the original on 28 March 2023. Retrieved 23 March 2024.
^ ^a ^b 十四松平の城・寺・墓を訪ねて (in Japanese). Okazaki. 2000. Archived from the original on 2009-01-14. Retrieved 2008-12-27.
^ Ryōtarō Shiba (1962). "Ieyasu Tokugawa" (in Japanese). Shinchosha. Archived from the original on 2008-11-02. Retrieved 2008-12-29.
^ (in Japanese) Kazue Tanaka. 古代史の謎を解き明かす「モード・タ」. Google Books. via Bungeisha. 2000. 101.
^ Iwanami Nihonshi Jiten, Tokugawa Gosanke, Tokugawa Owari-ke, Tokugawa Kii-ke, and Tokugawa Mito-ke
^ Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). "Gosan-kyō" in Japan encyclopedia, p. 259; n.b., Louis-Frédéric is pseudonym of Louis-Frédéric Nussbaum, see Deutsche Nationalbibliothek Authority File.
^ Takano Kiyoshi 高野澄 (1997). Tokugawa Yoshinobu: kindai Nihon no enshutsusha 德川慶喜 : 近代日本の演出者. (Tokyo: Nihon Hōsō Shuppan Kyōkai 日本放送出版協会), p. 256.
^ Ravina, Mark (2017). To Stand with the Nations of the World: Japan's Meiji Restoration in World History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195327717.
^ "叙任". 官報. Vol. 18840708. 1884-07-08. p. 2. Archived from the original on 2022-01-20. Retrieved 2018-07-24.[コマ番号2]。授公爵　従三位徳川家達
^ Satō, Tomoyasu (1987). 門閥 — 旧華族階層の復権. Rippu Shobo Publishing Co., Ltd. pp. 100, 105. ISBN 978-4651700328.
^ 会津松平氏（御家門）, archived from the original on 2019-03-02, retrieved 2019-09-09
^ "The Edo Inheritance by Tokugawa Tsunenari Archived 2012-02-19 at the Wayback Machine". International House of Japan. Retrieved 25 May 2009.
^ 賀茂別雷神社 (in Japanese). Kyoto sightseeing taxi. Archived from the original on 2009-01-12. Retrieved 2008-12-30.
^ (in Japanese) Ryu Miura. 戦国武将・闇に消されたミステリー. Google Books. via PHP Kenkyusho. 2005. 283.