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Various science fiction elements from early history to present
This is a timeline of science fiction as a literary tradition. While the date of the start of science fiction is debated, this list includes a range of Ancient, Medieval, and Renaissance-era precursors and proto-science fiction as well, as long as these examples include typical science fiction themes and topoi such as
travel to outer space and encounter with alien life-forms.
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Transcription
2nd century
Year
Event
Historical events
A True Story was written by Lucian of Samosata, contains a number of SF elements, like travel in space, alien life forms, interplanetary colonization and war, artificial atmosphere, telescopes, and artificial life forms.
161: Marcus Aurelius becomes emperor of the Roman Empire. He is often ranked by historians as one of the greatest Roman emperors.
180–181: Commodus becomes Roman Emperor.
10th century
Year
Event
Historical events
One Thousand and One Nights has several proto-science fiction stories.[1] One example is "The Adventures of Bulukiya", where the protagonist Bulukiya travels across the cosmos to different worlds much larger than his own world.[2] In "Abu al-Husn and His Slave-Girl Tawaddud", the heroine Tawaddud tells of the mansions of the Moon, and the benevolent and sinister aspects of the planets.[3]
989: Peace and Truce of God formed, the first movement of the Catholic Church using spiritual means to limit private war, and the first movement in medieval Europe to control society through non-violent means.
The Tale of the Bamboo Cutter is considered proto-science fiction.[1] In the story, an old man finds a beautiful baby girl. When she grew to be a young woman, she told her adoptive parents she was not of this world and must return to her people on the Moon.
938: Ngô Quyền won the battle of Bach Dang against Chinese Southern Han army; this event marked the independence of Vietnam after 1000 years under Chinese rule.
An anonymous French account of the exploits of Alexander the Great, Vraye ystoire du bon roy Alixandre (The True History of the Good King Alexander) has fanciful stories about him going underwater in a submarine and being carried aloft in a cage, carried by huge Griffins.
1643: Louis XIV is crowned King of France. He reigned over the Kingdom of France until his death in 1715, making his reign the longest of any monarch in history at 72 years and 110 days.
Savinien de Cyrano de Bergerac's Histoire Comique par Monsieur de Cyrano Bergerac, Contenant les Estats et Empires de la Lune (Cyrano Bergerac's Comical History, containing the States & Empires of the Moon) is published posthumously.[8]
Jonathan Swift publishes Gulliver's Travels or Travels into Several Remote Nations of the World. In Four Parts. By Lemuel Gulliver, First a Surgeon, and then a Captain of Several Ships
1754–1763: The French and Indian War, the North American chapter of the Seven Years' War, is fought in colonial North America, mostly by the French and their allies against the English and their allies.
1756–1763: The Seven Years' War is fought among European powers in various theaters around the world.
1805: The Battle of Trafalgar eliminates the French and Spanish naval fleets and allows for British dominance of the seas, a major factor for the success of the British Empire later in the century.
James William Barlow publishes the book The Immortals' Great Quest. Translated from an Unpublished Manuscript in the Library of a Continental University (i.e. written by) by James William Barlow. London: Smith, Elder & Co.[21]
Arthur Conan Doyle publishes The Lost World, which gives the name to the Lost World subgenre of science fiction. Ironically, it is also one of the last Lost World novels to be published.[22]
The film Destination Moon, directed by Irving Pichel, is released. It is one of the first science fiction, as opposed to horror, films to be produced.[33]
Fifteen new science fiction magazines are established during 1950.[33]
Visions of Tomorrow, a short-lived science fiction journal, is founded. While it remains in publication for only one year, it is the first English-language periodical to publish one of Stanisław Lem's short stories.[37]
Donald A. Wollheim, editor of Ace Books, leaves to establish DAW Books. He uses the opportunity to include topics that were forbidden at Ace, including sex.[43]
President Richard Nixonvisits China, an important step in formally normalizing relations between the United States and China.
Watergate scandal: Five men arrested for the burglary of the Democratic National Committee headquarters at the Watergate office complex in Washington, D.C.
The United States is affected by the Arab Oil Embargo; gasoline prices skyrocket as supplies of gasoline and heating oil are in short supply. In response, daylight saving time is started in January (nearly four months earlier than usual), and the national speed limit is lowered to 55 mph.
Bill Gates founds Microsoft, which will eventually dominate the home computer operating system market.
The Apollo–Soyuz Test Project begins, where an American Apollo spacecraft and a Soviet Soyuz spacecraft dock in orbit, marking the first such link-up between spacecraft from the two nations.
Sony's Betamax becomes the first commercially successful home video recording unit.
The first home personal computer, the Commodore PET, is released for retail sale.
The Atari 2600 becomes the first successful home video game system, popularizing the use of microprocessor-based hardware and cartridges containing game code
The Iran hostage crisis begins. In the aftermath, a second energy crisis develops, tripling the price of oil and sending U. S. gasoline prices over $1 per gallon for the first time.
Oklahoma City bombing kills 168 and wounds 800. The bombing is the worst domestic terrorist incident in U.S. history, and the investigation results in the arrests of Timothy McVeigh and Terry Nichols.
The world prepares for the possible effects of the Y2K bug in computers, which was feared to cause computers to become inoperable and wreak havoc. The problem isn't as large as theorized, preparations are successful, and disaster is averted.
Space Shuttle Columbia disintegrates upon re-entry to the Earth's atmosphere, killing all seven astronauts and resulting in a 29-month suspension of the Space Shuttle program.
Hurricane Katrina devastates the Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama coastlines killing at least 1,836 people and causing $81 billion in damage, making it the costliest natural disaster in U.S. history. Weeks later, Hurricane Rita causes $10 billion damage along the Louisiana and Texas coastlines. In October, Hurricane Wilma kills 35 and causes $20 billion in damage in Florida.
A South Korean student shoots and kills 32 other students and professors in the Virginia Tech massacre before killing himself. It stands as the worst mass shooting in U.S. history until 2012 and spurs a series of debates on gun control and journalism ethics.
The Supreme Court strikes down the Defense of Marriage Act, which banned the federal recognition of same-sex marriages and refused to recognize the legal standing of proponents of Proposition 8, which resulted in the re-legalization of same-sex marriage in California.
Film producer Harvey Weinstein is accused of sexual harassment in a New York Times expose, marking the beginning of the Me Too movement against sexual harassment and sexual assault.
^ abRichardson, Matthew (2001). The Halstead Treasury of Ancient Science Fiction. Rushcutters Bay, New South Wales: Halstead Press. ISBN1-875684-64-6. (cf."Once Upon a Time". Emerald City (85). September 2002. Retrieved 2008-09-17.)
^Dr. Abu Shadi Al-Roubi (1982), "Ibn al-Nafis as a philosopher", Symposium on Ibn al-Nafis, Second International Conference on Islamic Medicine: Islamic Medical Organization, Kuwait (cf."Islamset-Muslim Scientists-Ibn Al Nafis as a Philosopher". Encyclopedia of Islamic World. Archived from the original on February 6, 2008.
^ abStableford, Brian (2003). "Science fiction before the genre". In Edward James and Farah Mendlesohn (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to Science Fiction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 15. ISBN978-0-521-01657-5.
^ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzaaabJames, Edward; Mendlesohn, Farah (2003). Edward James and Farah Mendlesohn (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to Science Fiction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. xx. ISBN978-0-521-01657-5.
^ abStableford, Brian (2003). "Science fiction before the genre". In Edward James and Farah Mendlesohn (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to Science Fiction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 16. ISBN978-0-521-01657-5.
^Roberts, Adam (2016). The History of Science Fiction, Second Edition. London: Springer Nature. p. 63. ISBN978-1-137-56959-2.
^ abcStableford, Brian (2003). "Science fiction before the genre". In Edward James and Farah Mendlesohn (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to Science Fiction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 17. ISBN978-0-521-01657-5.
^ abcdeClute, John (1995). Science Fiction: the Illustrated Encyclopedia. London: Dorling Kindersley. p. 36. ISBN0-7894-0185-1.
^ abWillis, Martin (2006). Mesmerists, Monsters, and Machines: Science Fiction and the Cultures of Science in the Nineteenth Century. Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press. pp. 29–30.
^ abStableford, Brian (2003). "Science fiction before the genre". In Edward James and Farah Mendlesohn (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to Science Fiction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 18. ISBN978-0-521-01657-5.
^ abcdefgClute, John (1995). Science Fiction: the Illustrated Encyclopedia. London: Dorling Kindersley. p. 37. ISBN0-7894-0185-1.
^ abcStableford, Brian (2003). "Science fiction before the genre". In Edward James and Farah Mendlesohn (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to Science Fiction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 20. ISBN978-0-521-01657-5.
^ abClute, John (1995). Science Fiction: the Illustrated Encyclopedia. London: Dorling Kindersley. p. 42. ISBN0-7894-0185-1.
^Abbott, Jon (2009). Irwin Allen Television Productions, 1964–1970: A Critical History of Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea, Lost in Space, The Time Tunnel and the Land of the Giants. Jefferson: Mcfarland. p. 113. ISBN978-0786444915.
^Edwards, Benj (December 9, 2008). "The computer mouse turns 40". San Francisco: Macworld. Archived from the original on January 2, 2014. Retrieved March 30, 2020.