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Timeline of New Zealand history

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is a timeline of the history of New Zealand that includes only events deemed to be of principal importance – for less important events click the year heading or refer to List of years in New Zealand.

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Transcription

Prehistory (to 1000 CE)

  • 85 mya: Around this time New Zealand splits from the supercontinent Gondwana.[1]
  • 5 mya: New Zealand's climate cools as Australia drifts north. Animals that have adapted to warm temperate and subtropical conditions become extinct.
  • 26,500 BP: The Taupō volcano erupts extremely violently, covering much of the country with volcanic ash and causing the Waikato River to avulse from the Hauraki Plains to its current path through the Waikato to the Tasman Sea.
  • 18,000 BP: New Zealand's North and South islands are connected by a land bridge during the last ice age. Glaciers spread from the Southern Alps carving valleys and making fiords in the South Island. The land bridge is submerged around 9,700 BCE.[citation needed]
  • 181 CE: Lake Taupō erupts violently.[2][3]

Pre-colonial time (1000 to 1839)

1000 to 1600

  • c1280: Earliest archaeological sites provide evidence that initial settlement of New Zealand occurred around 1280 CE.[4]
  • ~1300: Most likely period of ongoing early settlement of New Zealand by Polynesian people (the Archaic Moa-Hunter Culture).[5]
  • ~1400: Rangitoto Island near Auckland is formed by a series of eruptions.[3]
  • 1400~1500: Development of the Classic Māori Material Culture including expansion of Māori settlement from coastal to inland areas, increase in horticulture and development of (hillforts)[citation needed]
  • ~1400~1450: Most likely extinction of the moa.[6][7]
  • 1576: Speculation exists[8][9] that around this time Spanish explorer Juan Fernández visited New Zealand[10] although this is not generally accepted by most reputable authorities.[11]

17th century

1601 onwards
  • Expansion and migration of Māori groups and formation of classic iwi. (many still existing today)
1642
  • 13 December: Dutch explorer Abel Tasman sights the South Island. He called it Staten Landt but the Dutch East India Company cartographer Joan Blaeu subsequently changed it to Nieuw Zeeland.[12]
  • 18 December: Abel Tasman's expedition sails around Farewell Spit and into Golden Bay. Dutch sailors sight local Māori.[13]
  • 19 December: Four of Tasman's crew are killed at Wharewharangi (Murderers) Bay by a Ngāti Tūmatakōkiri war party. Tasman's ships are approached by 11 waka as he leaves and his ships fire on them, hitting a Māori standing in one of the waka.[14] Tasman's ships depart without landing. The Dutch chart the west of the North Island.

18th century

1701–1730
1769
1772
1773
  • April: Cook's second expedition arrives in Queen Charlotte Sound
  • 18 December: A skirmish at Grass Cove in Queen Charlotte Sound results in the deaths of two Māori and nine members of Cook's expedition.
1777
  • Cook returns to New Zealand aboard the Resolution, accompanied by the Discovery captained by Charles Clerke.[23]
1788
1790
  • An epidemic of rewha-rewha (possibly influenza) kills 60% of the Māori population in the southern North Island.[23]
1791
1792
1793

Early 19th century; 1801 to 1839

1806
  • First Pākehā (European) women arrive in New Zealand.
1807 or 1808
  • Ngāpuhi fight Ngāti Whātua, Te-Uri-o-Hau and Te Roroa iwi at the battle of Moremonui on the west coast of Northland, the first battle in which Maori used muskets.
1809
  • Ngati Uru attack and burn the ship Boyd, killing all but four of its crew and passengers. Whalers wrongly blame Te Puna chief Te Pahi and in a revenge attack kill 60 of his followers.
1814
1815
  • February: Thomas Holloway King is the first Pākehā child born in New Zealand, at Rangihoua.
1819
  • Raids on Taranaki and Te Whanganui-a-tara regions by Ngāpuhi and Ngāti Toa people led by chiefs Patuone, Nene, Moetara, Tuwhare, and Te Rauparaha.
  • 17 August: the country's second mission station is established, at Kerikeri, when Rev Marsden, John Butler, Francis Hall and William Hall mark out the site which was previously visited by Marsden in 1815.
  • 25 September: Rev Marsden plants 100 vines, the first grapes grown in New Zealand.
  • 4 November: Chiefs Hongi Hika and Rewa sell 13,000 acres (5260 hectares) at Kerikeri to the Church Missionary Society for 48 felling axes.
1820
  • 3 May: At Kerikeri, Reverend John Butler uses a plough for the first time in the country.
  • Hongi Hika visits England, meets King George IV and secures supply of muskets.
1821
  • Continuation of musket wars by Hongi Hika and Te Morenga on southern iwi throughout the decade.
1822
  • Ngāti Toa begin migration south to Cook Strait region, led by Te Rauparaha.
1823
1824
1825
  • The battle of Te Ika-a-ranganui between Ngāpuhi and hapu against Ngatiwhatua, resident occupiers of the land fought upon.
1827
1831
1832
  • 19 April: stonemason William Parrott begins work on the missionaries' Stone Store at Kerikeri.
  • James Busby appointed British Resident.
1833
1834
1835
1837
1838
1839
  • William Hobson instructed to establish British rule in New Zealand, as a dependency of New South Wales.
  • Colonel William Wakefield of the New Zealand Company arrives on the Tory to purchase land for a settlement.

Colony and self-government (1840 to 1946)

1840s

1840
1841
1842
  • Main body of settlers arrive at Nelson.
  • 10 September: Governor Hobson dies in Auckland.
1843
1844
1845
1846
1848

1850s

1850
1852
1853
1854
1855
1856
1857
1858
1859

1860s

1860
1861
1862
  • The country's first electric telegraph line opens, between Christchurch and Lyttelton.
  • First gold shipment from Dunedin to London.
1863
1864
1865
  • Capital and seat of government transferred from Auckland to Wellington
  • New Zealand Exhibition held in Dunedin
  • Native Land Court established.
  • Government launches the first of what would become 3,000,000 acres of land-confiscations from Māori in Waikato, Taranaki, Bay of Plenty, and Hawke's Bay.
  • Māori resistance continues.
  • Auckland streets lit by gas for first time.
1866
1867
1868
  • Māori resistance continues through campaigns of Te Kooti Arikirangi and Titokowaru.
  • New Zealand's first sheep breed, the Corriedale, is developed.
1869

1870s

1870
1871
1872
  • Te Kooti retreats to the King Country and Māori armed resistance ceases.
  • Telegraph communication links Auckland, Wellington and southern provinces.
1873
1874
  • First New Zealand steam engine built at Invercargill.
1875
1876
  • Abolition of the provinces and establishment of local government by counties and boroughs.
  • New Zealand-Australia telegraph cable established.
1877
  • Education Act passed, establishing national system of primary education, "free, secular, and compulsory".
1878
1879

1880s

1881
1882
  • First shipment of frozen meat leaves Port Chalmers for England on the Dunedin.
  • "State" visit of King Tawhiao to Auckland – civic reception, banquet & fireworks display.
1883
  • Te Kooti pardoned, Te Whiti and other prisoners released.
  • Direct steamer link established between New Zealand and Britain.
1884
  • King Tawhiao visits England with petition to the Queen, appealing to the Treaty of Waitangi, and is refused access.
  • First overseas tour by a New Zealand rugby team, to New South Wales.
  • Construction of King Country section of North Island main trunk railway begins.
  • 22 June: 1884 New Zealand general election.
  • 1 August International Industrial Exhibition opened in Wellington.
  • 9 September total Eclipse of the Sun observed at Wellington.
  • November Russian Invasion Scare.
1885
1886
1887
1888
  • 12 August: Reefton becomes first town in the Southern Hemisphere to have a public supply of electricity after the commissioning of the Reefton Power Station.
1889

1890s

1890
1891
1892
  • First Kotahitanga Māori Parliament meets.
1893
1894
  • Compulsory arbitration of industrial disputes and reform of employment laws.
  • Advances to Settlers Act.
  • Clark, Fyfe and Graham become the first people to climb Mt Cook.
  • Wreck of SS Wairarapa.
1896
1897
  • First of series of colonial and later imperial conferences held in London.
  • Āpirana Ngata and others form the Te Aute College Students' Association. [1]
1898
  • Old Age Pensions Act.
  • First cars imported to New Zealand.
1899

1900s

1900
  • Māori Councils Act passed.
  • Public Health Act passed setting up Department of Public Health in 1901.
1901
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
  • "Red" Federation of Labour formed.
  • SS Penguin wrecked in Cook Strait, 75 people die.
  • Compulsory military training introduced.
  • Stamp–vending machine invented and manufactured in New Zealand.

1910s

1910
1911
1912
1913
  • Waterfront strikes in Auckland and Wellington.
1914
1915
  • New Zealand forces take part in Gallipoli campaign.
  • Reform and Liberal parties form National War Cabinet.
  • Britain announces its intention to purchase all New Zealand meat exports during war.
  • 25 April: First landings at Gaba Tepe and Cape Helles on the Gallipoli Peninsula.
  • 27 April: Counterattack launched by Turkish forces under the command of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk.
  • 20 December: Final withdraw of all troops from Anzac Cove.
1916
  • New Zealand troops transfer from Western Front.
  • Conscription introduced.
  • Labour Party formed.
  • Lake Coleridge electricity supply scheme opened.
  • 10 June: Passing of the Military Services Bill introduces conscription.
  • July: Battle of Romani defaults Turkish force advancing towards the Suez Canal.
1917
1918
1919

1920s

1920
1921
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926
  • National public broadcasting begins under auspices of Radio Broadcasting Co. Ltd.
1927
1928
1929
  • Economic depression worsens.
  • Severe earthquake in the MurchisonKaramea district results in 17 deaths.
  • First health stamps issued.

1930s

1930
  • Unemployment Board set up to provide relief work.
1931
1932
  • Compulsory arbitration of industrial disputes abolished.
  • Unemployed riots in Auckland, Dunedin and Christchurch.
  • Reductions in old-age and other pensions.
  • Distinctive New Zealand coins first issued, see New Zealand pound.
1933
1934
  • Reserve Bank and Mortgage Corporation established.
  • First trans-Tasman airmail.
1935
1936
1937
  • April: Federation of Labour unifies trade union movement.
  • RNZAF set up as separate branch of armed forces.
  • March: Free Milk in schools introduced.
1938
  • Social Security Act establishes revised pensions structure and the basis of a national health service.
  • Import and exchange controls are introduced.
  • 15 October: General election, Labour re-elected.
1939

1940 to 1946

1940
1941
  • 20 May – 1 June: New Zealand forces suffer heavy losses in the Battle of Crete.
  • 8 December: New Zealand declares war on Japan following the attack on Pearl Harbor.
  • Māori War Effort Organisation set up.
  • Pharmaceutical and general practitioner medical benefits introduced.
1942
  • Economic stabilisation.
  • Fears of a Japanese Invasion prompts precautions such as air raid drills. Membership of the Home Guard became compulsory for men aged between 35 and 50. The threat is eased after the Battle of the Coral Sea.
  • New Zealand troops in First and Second Battles of El Alamein.
  • Food rationing introduced.
  • Mobilisation of women for essential work.
  • 12 June: First 5 ships of American troops from the 37th US Army Division land in Auckland.
  • 14 June: First American Marines from the 1st Corps Division land in Wellington.
1943
1944
  • Australia-New Zealand Agreement provides for co-operation in the South Pacific.
  • NZ Troops suffer heavy losses during The Italian Campaign
  • March: Meat rationing begins,
1945
1946

Full independence (1947 to date)

1947 to 1949

1947
1948
1949
  • 1 January: New Zealanders become "British Subjects and New Zealand Citizens"
  • Referendum agrees to compulsory military training.
  • New Zealand gets first four navy frigates.
  • 30 November: General election: National Government elected.

1950s

1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
  • New Zealand troops sent to Malaya.
  • Roxburgh and Whakamaru power stations in operation.
1957
1958
1959

1960s

1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
  • NAFTA agreement negotiated with Australia.
  • Benmore Dam commissioned.
  • Inter-Island HVDC commissioned, connecting the North and South Island power grids.
  • Support for United States in Vietnam; New Zealand combat force sent, protest movement begins.
  • Cook Islands becomes self-governing.
  • 1 April: TEAL renamed Air New Zealand.
  • Air New Zealand introduces the Douglas DC-8 jet aircraft on international routes.
1966
1967
  • Referendum extends hotel closing hours to 10pm.
  • 10 July: Decimal currency introduced; New Zealand dollar replaces the pound at a rate of £1 to $2 (one shilling to 10 cents; one penny to 56 cent)
  • Lord Arthur Porritt becomes first New Zealand-born Governor-General.
  • Denny Hulme becomes New Zealand's first (and currently only) Formula 1 World Champion.
1968
1969
  • Vote extended to 20-year-olds.
  • First output from Glenbrook Steel Mill.
  • Television networked nationwide.
  • Breath and blood tests introduced for suspected drunk drivers.
  • 29 November: General election, National wins fourth election in a row.

1970s

1970
  • US Vice President Spiro Agnew Visits New Zealand to prop up the NZ Governments support for the Vietnam War and is met by an anti-war protest in Auckland which turns violent.
  • Natural gas network commissioned, supplying gas from Kapuni to Auckland, Hamilton, New Plymouth, Whanganui, Palmerston North and Wellington.
1971
1972
1973
  • Naval frigate dispatched in protest against French nuclear testing in the Pacific.
  • New Zealand's population reaches three million.
  • Oil price hike means worst terms of trade in 30 years.
  • Colour TV introduced.
1974
1975
1976
  • New Zealand's national day 6 February renamed from New Zealand Day to Waitangi Day
  • Matrimonial Property Act passed.
  • Pacific Islands "overstayers" deported.
  • EEC import quotas for New Zealand butter set until 1980.
  • Introduction of metric system of weights and measures.
  • Subscriber toll dialling introduced.
  • Lyttelton–Wellington steamer ferry service ends.
1977
1978
1979

1980s

1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
  • Anti-nuclear policy leads to refusal of a visit by the American warship, the USS Buchanan.
  • 10 July: Greenpeace vessel Rainbow Warrior bombed and sunk by French DGSE agents in Auckland harbour.
  • 4 March: New Zealand dollar floated.
  • First case of locally contracted AIDS is reported.
  • Waitangi Tribunal given power to hear grievances arising since 1840.
  • 20 November: Archbishop Paul Reeves appointed Governor General.
1986
1987
1988
  • Number of unemployed exceeds 100,000.
  • Bastion Point land returned to Māori ownership.
  • Combined Council of Trade Unions formed. Royal Commission on Social Policy issues April Report.
  • Gibbs Report on hospital services and Picot Report on education published.
  • State Sector Act passed.
  • Cyclone Bola strikes northern North Island.
  • Electrification of the central section of the North Island Main Trunk railway completed.
  • New Zealand Post closes 432 post offices.
  • Fisheries quota package announced for Māori iwi.
1989
  • Prime Minister David Lange suggests formal withdrawal from ANZUS.
  • Jim Anderton founds NewLabour Party.
  • Lange resigns and Geoffrey Palmer becomes 33rd Prime Minister.
  • First annual balance of payments surplus since 1973.
  • Reserve Bank Act sets bank's role as one of maintaining price stability.
  • First school board elections under Tomorrow's Schools reforms.
  • First elections under revised local government structure.
  • Sunday trading begins.
  • The final Remnants of capital punishment are abolished
  • 26 November: Third TV channel begins.
  • Māori Fisheries Act passed.

1990s

1990
1991
1992
  • Government and Māori interests negotiate Sealord fisheries deal.
  • Public health system reforms.
  • State housing commercialised.
  • New Zealand gets seat on United Nations Security Council.
  • Student Loan system is started / Tertiary Fees raised
1993
1994
  • Government commits 250 soldiers to front-line duty in Bosnia.
  • Government proposes $1 billion cap in plan for final settlement of Treaty of Waitangi claims.
  • New Zealand's first casino opens in Christchurch.
  • David Bain is convicted of murdering five members of his family.
  • First fast-ferry service begins operation across Cook Strait.
1995
1996
  • Imported pests Mediterranean fruit flies and white-spotted tussock moths cause disruption to export trade and to Aucklanders.
  • Kahurangi National Park, the 13th National Park, is opened in north-west Nelson.
  • Waitangi Tribunal recommends generous settlement of Taranaki land claims.
  • First legal sports betting at TAB.
  • The commercial radio stations and networks owned by Radio New Zealand are sold to Clear Channel creating The Radio Network.
  • $170 million Ngāi Tahu settlement proposed, $40 million Whakatohea settlement announced.
  • 12 October: First MMP election brings National/New Zealand First coalition government.
1997
  • America's Cup damaged in an attack by a Māori activist.
  • TV4 begins daily broadcasts.
  • Customs Service cracks down on imported Japanese used cars following claims of odometer fraud.
  • Auckland's Sky Tower is opened.
  • Compulsory superannuation is rejected by a margin of more than nine to one in New Zealand's first postal referendum.
  • Jim Bolger resigns as prime minister after losing the support of the National Party caucus and is replaced by New Zealand's first woman prime minister, Jenny Shipley.
1998
  • Auckland city businesses hit by a power cut lasting several weeks. The crisis of over a month results in an inquiry into Mercury Energy.
  • The women's rugby team, the Black Ferns, become the world champions.
  • The National – New Zealand First coalition Government is dissolved leaving the Jenny Shipley led National Party as a minority government.
  • Several cases of tuberculosis discovered in South Auckland in the worst outbreak for a decade.
  • The Hikoi of Hope marches to Parliament, calling for more support for the poor.
  • The government announces plans to lease 28 new fighter aircraft but says no to a new naval frigate.
  • Prime TV launched
1999

2000s

2000
  • January: The name suppression of American billionaire Peter Lewis, who was arrested and convicted of drug possession charges, causes controversy.
  • Knighthoods are Abolished
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
  • Labour enacts its election promise to remove interest on loans to students living in New Zealand.[44]
  • Five cent coins are dropped from circulation and existing 10-cent, 20-cent and 50-cent coins are replaced with smaller coins.[45]
  • The government announces a NZ$11.5 billion surplus, the largest in the country's history and second only to Denmark in the Western World.[46]
  • South Island population reaches 1 million[47]
2007
2008
2009
  • Knighthoods, Abolished by the previous government, are restored.
  • 6 March: David Bain retrial begins, resulting in not guilty verdicts on all five murder charges on 5 June.[58]
  • 28 April: First confirmed New Zealand case in the 2009 swine flu pandemic.[59]

2010s

2010
2011
2012
  • 5 November: Royal Commission into the Pike River mine disaster reports.
2013
2014
2015
  • February: New Zealand joins the fight against ISIS by sending troops to Iraq to train Iraqi Soldiers against the Islamic Terror Group.
  • 25 October: The All Blacks Win the Rugby World Cup, the only team to ever win the tournament twice in a row.
2016
  • 14 November: A magnitude 7.8 earthquake strikes near the town of Kaikoura in the South Island.
  • 5 December: John Key announces he will stand down as prime minister and leader of the National Party on 12 December.
  • 12 December: Bill English becomes the 39th Prime Minister of New Zealand.
2017
2019
  • 15 March: Christchurch mosque shootings, 51 people are killed during an attack on two mosques.
  •  December 2019: Whakaari / White Island eruption. 47 people were on the island at the time. Twenty-two people died, either in the explosion or from injuries sustained, including two whose bodies were never found and were later declared dead. A further 25 people suffered injuries, with the majority needing intensive care for severe burns.

2020s

2020
2021
2022
2023


See also

References

  1. ^ "New Zealand breaks away from Gondwana". Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. 2 March 2009. Retrieved 2 June 2010.
  2. ^ "Volcanic Zone". Destination Lake Taupo. Archived from the original on 28 May 2010. Retrieved 2 June 2010.
  3. ^ a b "Historic volcanic activity – Eruptions in early history". Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. 2 March 2009. Retrieved 3 June 2010.
  4. ^ Lowe, David J. (2008). "Polynesian settlement of New Zealand and the impacts of volcanism on early Maori society: an update" (PDF). University of Waikato. Retrieved 29 April 2010.
  5. ^ Wilmshurst, Janet M.; Anderson, Atholl; Higham, Thomas F. G.; Worthy, Trevor H. (3 June 2008). "Dating the late prehistoric dispersal of Polynesians to New Zealand using the commensal Pacific rat". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 105 (22): 7676–7680. Bibcode:2008PNAS..105.7676W. doi:10.1073/pnas.0801507105. PMC 2409139. PMID 18523023.
  6. ^ Woodhouse, Graeme. "TerraNature – New Zealand Ecology – Extinct birds". Terranature.org. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  7. ^ Woodhouse, Graeme. "TerraNature – New Zealand ecology – Flightless birds, Moa, the fastest extinction of a megafauna and the world's tallest bird". Terranature.org. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  8. ^ "Famous tree sparks debate on discovery of New Zealand". 20 September 2001. Archived from the original on 7 November 2002.
  9. ^ Museum of New Zealand – Te Papa ref B.024210
  10. ^ The Vallard Atlas, produced in early 17th century by the French and held in a Los Angeles library vault contains the coast of the North Island
  11. ^ Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand; Vol 27, 1894. p. 617 "A statement exists that, as far back as 1576, Juan Fernandez., a Spanish pilot, sailed W.S.W. from Chili for the space of a month, and that then he came upon a fertile and pleasant land, inhabited by light-complexioned people, who wore woven cloth, and who were exceedingly hospitable. From the course steered and the time occupied on the voyage it has been concluded that this fertile land was New Zealand."
  12. ^ "Tasman's achievement". Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. 4 March 2009. Retrieved 2 June 2010.
  13. ^ "Abel Tasman". Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. 4 March 2009. Retrieved 2 June 2010.
  14. ^ "The first meeting – Abel Tasman and Maori in Golden Bay NZ". Theprow.org.nz. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  15. ^ "Ngāi Tahu – The move south". Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. 4 March 2009. Retrieved 2 June 2010.
  16. ^ "European discovery of New Zealand – Cook's three voyages". Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. 4 May 2009. Retrieved 3 June 2010.
  17. ^ "New Zealand Maps & Charts". NZ Fine Prints Ltd. Retrieved 3 June 2010.
  18. ^ Wilson, John (4 March 2009). "European discovery of New Zealand – French explorers". Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 3 June 2010.
  19. ^ Michael King, The Penguin History of New Zealand, Penguin, Auckland, 2003, p. 110.
  20. ^ Taonga, New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu. "Surville, Jean François Marie de". Teara.govt.nz. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  21. ^ "Du Fresne Anchors". Archaehistoria. Retrieved 3 June 2010.
  22. ^ Taonga, New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu. "Marion du Fresne, Marc Joseph". Teara.govt.nz. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  23. ^ a b c McLauchlan, Gordon A Short History of New Zealand Penguin Group, 2005.
  24. ^ Michael King (2000). Moriori: a People Rediscovered (Revised edition). Published by Viking. ISBN 0-14-010391-0. Original edition 1989.
  25. ^ Dinah Holman, Newmarket Lost and Found, 2nd edition, The Bush Press of New Zealand, Auckland, 2010, p. 247.
  26. ^ A. G Butchers, Young New Zealand, Coulls Somerville Wilkie Ltd, Dunedin, 1929, pp. 124 – 126.
  27. ^ "Auckland's First Catholic School – And its Latest", Zealandia, Thursday, 26 January 1939, p. 5
  28. ^ E.R. Simmons, In Cruce Salus, A History of the Diocese of Auckland 1848 – 1980, Catholic Publication Centre, Auckland 1982, pp. 53 and 54.
  29. ^ a b c "Māori and the Vote". Elections New Zealand. Archived from the original on 16 May 2008. Retrieved 18 May 2008.
  30. ^ "Tensions ease – Māori King movement – 1860–94 – NZHistory, New Zealand history online". Nzhistory.net.nz. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  31. ^ "Key dates in New Zealand electoral reform". Elections New Zealand. Archived from the original on 13 October 2008. Retrieved 18 May 2008.
  32. ^ Staff Reporters (15 November 1990). "HOURS OF TERROR END". Otago Daily Times. p. 1.
  33. ^ (July 1991) 51b Hansard, Resource Management Bill Third Reading, 3018–3020.
  34. ^ "Mighty Auckland". The New Zealand Herald. 1 February 2003. Retrieved 17 June 2010.
  35. ^ "National accepts dismal result". Television New Zealand. 28 July 2002. Archived from the original on 13 June 2011. Retrieved 17 June 2010.
  36. ^ "New Zealand Demographics". queenstownproperty.com. 2009. Retrieved 17 June 2010.
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