The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Basra, Iraq.
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Transcription
Prior to 16th century
| History of Iraq |
|---|
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 Iraq portal |
- 638 CE - Military camp established by Utbah ibn Ghazwan per order of Omar ibn al-Khattab.[1]
- 646 - Abdallah ibn Amer becomes governor.[2]
- 658 - Battle of the Camel.[1]
- 664 - Ziyad ibn Abihi becomes governor.[2]
- 673 - Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad becomes governor.
- 683 - Uprising against Umayyads.[1]
- 684 - The governor Mas'ud ibn Amr is killed by the asāwira under Māh-Afrīdūn[3][4]
- 691 - Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan in power.
- 701 - Uprising against the Umayyads.[1]
- 772 - Ramparts built.[5]
- 820 - Zott conflict.[6]
- 868 - Zanj Rebellion.[1]
- 871 - City sacked during Zanj Rebellion.[1]
- 923 - Qaramitah conflict.[6]
- 10th century - Public library active.[7]
- 1052 - Traveller Nasir Khusraw visits city.[7]
- 1122 - Imad ad-Din Zengi in power.
- 1123 - City wall rebuilt.[7]
- 1258 - City sacked by Mongols.[5]
- 1327 - Traveller Ibn Battuta visits city.[1]
- 1411 - Kara Koyunlu in power.
16th-19th centuries
- 1546 - Ottomans in power.[1]
- 1547 - Basra Eyalet (administrative region) formed.[1]
- 1556 - Portuguese attempt to take city.[1]
- 1596 - Afrasiyab becomes governor.[6]
- 1604 - Population: 50,000 (approximate); number of houses: 10,000 (approximate).[8]
- 1645 - English factory in business.[1]
- 1668 - City was conquered by the Turks.[9]
- 1694 - Muntafiq tribes in power.[1]
- 1733 - City becomes part of Baghdad Eyalet (administrative region).[6]
- 1763 - British East India Company in business.[1]
- 1773 - Epidemic.[1]
- 1777 - City besieged by Persian forces led by Sadiq Khan Zand.[9]
- 1779 - Turks in power.[10][9]
- 1823 - Population: 55,000 (approximate).[11]
- 1840 - Turks in power.[10]
- 1865 - Baghdad-Basra telegraph begins operating.[12]
- 1884 - Basra Vilayet (administrative region) formed.[9]
20th century
- 1901 - Consulate of Russia established.[1]
- 1910 - Cholera and bubonic plague outbreak.[13]
- 1911
- 1913 - Reform Society of Basra founded.[14]
- 1914 - Battle of Basra (1914); British in power.
- 1915 - April: Turkish forces attempt to take city.[1]
- 1919 - Baghdad-Basra Railway in operation.[1]
- 1920
- 1947 - Population: 101,535.[15]
- 1964 - University of Basrah established.[1]
- 1965 - Population: 310,950.[16]
- 1967 - Basrah Medical College established.[citation needed]
- 1982 - July: Iranian forces attempt to take city.[1]
- 1984 - Iranian forces attempt to take city.[1]
- 1987
- 1991
- 1 March: Uprising against Saddam Hussein.
- Marsh Arab population in city expands.[1]
- 1999
- 25 January: Bombing by United States forces.
- Uprising.[citation needed]
21st century
- 2003
- March–April: Battle of Basra (2003); British forces in power.
- August: Oil strike.[citation needed]
- 2004 - 21 April 2004 Basra bombings.
- 2005 - July: Oil strike.[citation needed]
- 2007
- 2008 - Battle of Basra (2008).
- 2011 - 2011 Basra bombings.
- 2012 - 14 January 2012 Basra bombing.[21]
See also
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w Stanley 2008.
- ^ a b Naji 1981.
- ^ Mohammadi-Malayeri, Mohammad (1382). تاریخ و فرهنگ ایران در دوران انتقال از عصر ساسانی به عصر اسلامی (in Persian). Vol. 5. Tehrān: Tūs. pp. 369–370. Retrieved 13 February 2020.
- ^ Tabari, Muhammad ibn Yarir al- (1989). The History of al-Tabari Vol. 20: The Collapse of Sufyanid Authority and the Coming of the Marwanids: The Caliphates of Mu'awiyah II and Marwan I and the Beginning of The Caliphate of 'Abd al-Malik A.D. 683-685/A.H. 64-66. SUNY Press. p. 32. ISBN 978-0-88706-855-3.
- ^ a b Grove 2009.
- ^ a b c d Abdullah 2001.
- ^ a b c Le Strange 1905.
- ^ Matthee 2006.
- ^ a b c d Britannica 1910.
- ^ a b Hartmann 1913.
- ^ Morse 1823.
- ^ Shahvar 2003.
- ^ a b c US GPO 1920.
- ^ Tauber 1989.
- ^ "Population of capital city and cities of 100,000 or more inhabitants". Demographic Yearbook 1955. New York: Statistical Office of the United Nations.
- ^ United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Statistical Office (1976). "Population of capital city and cities of 100,000 and more inhabitants". Demographic Yearbook 1975. New York. pp. 253–279.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ United Nations Department for Economic and Social Information and Policy Analysis, Statistics Division (1997). "Population of capital cities and cities of 100,000 and more inhabitants". 1995 Demographic Yearbook. New York. pp. 262–321.
{{cite book}}:|author=has generic name (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ "Second Sunni Mosque Is Blown Up in Basra". New York Times. 16 June 2007. Retrieved 3 February 2013.
- ^ "UK troops return Basra to Iraqis". BBC News. 16 December 2007. Retrieved 3 February 2013.
- ^ "Basrah". Inter-Agency Information and Analysis Unit. Retrieved 2 February 2013.
- ^ Encyclopædia Britannica Book of the Year. Encyclopaedia Britannica. 2013. ISBN 978-1-62513-103-4.
Bibliography
in English
- Published in 19th century
- James Hingston Tuckey (1815). "Bussora". Maritime Geography and Statistics. London: Black, Parry, and Co.
- Jedidiah Morse; Richard C. Morse (1823), "Bassora", A New Universal Gazetteer (4th ed.), New Haven: S. Converse
- William Milburn; Thomas Thornton (1825). "Bussorah". Oriental Commerce. London: Kingsbury, Parbury, and Allen.
- J. R. Wellsted (1840), "(Busrah)", Travels to the City of the Caliphs, along the Shores of the Persian Gulf and the Mediterranean, London: H. Colburn, OCLC 5395027
- Ainsworth, William Harrison (1846). "Bassora". Ainsworth's Magazine. London.
- Al Hariri of Basra (1850). "The Makamah of the Mosque Beni Haram". Makamat: Or, Rhetorical Anecdotes. Translated by Theodore Preston. London: Oriental Translation Fund.. Also: The Makamah of Basra.
- James Horsburgh (1852). "Persian Gulf: Basra". India Directory: Or, Directions for Sailing to and from the East Indies, China, Australia, and the Interjacent Ports of Africa and South America (6th ed.). London: William H. Allen & Co. – via Google Books.
- Edward Balfour, ed. (1871). "Bassorah". Cyclopaedia of India and of Eastern and Southern Asia (2nd ed.). Madras.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
- Published in 20th century
- Pedro Teixeira (1902), "(Basora)", Travels of Pedro Teixeira, translated by William F. Sinclair, London: Printed for the Hakluyt Society
- Guy Le Strange (1905). "(Al-Basrah)". Lands of the Eastern Caliphate. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781107600140.
- Peters, John Punnett (1910). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). p. 489.
- Hamdallah Mustawfi (1910). Tarikh-i guzida. Translated by Edward G Browne.. (Includes description of Basra in the 14th century)
- R. Hartmann (1913). "al-Basra". Encyclopaedia of Islam. Brill. ISBN 9004082654.
- "Al Basra". Persian Gulf Pilot. Washington DC: Government Printing Office. 1920.
- A. J. Naji; Y. N. Ali (1981). "The Suqs of Basrah: Commercial Organization and Activity in a Medieval Islamic City". Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient. 24: 298–324. doi:10.1163/156852081X00130.
- Eliezer Tauber (1989). "Sayyid Talib and the Young Turks in Basra". Middle Eastern Studies. 25.
- Khoury (1992). "Iraqi Cities during the Early Ottoman Period: Mosul and Basra". Arab Historical Review for Ottoman Studies.
- Published in 21st century
- Thabit A. J. Abdullah (2001), Merchants, Mamluks, and Murder: The Political Economy of Trade in Eighteenth-Century Basra, State University of New York Press, ISBN 9780791448076, 079144807X
- Soli Shahvar (2003). "Tribes and Telegraphs in Lower Iraq: The Muntafiq and the Baghdad-Basrah Telegraph Line of 1863-65". Middle Eastern Studies. 39.
- Rudi Matthee (2006). "Between Arabs, Turks and Iranians: The Town of Basra, 1600-1700". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. 69: 53–78. doi:10.1017/s0041977x06000036. S2CID 159935186.
- Josef W. Meri, ed. (2006). "Basra". Medieval Islamic Civilization. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-96691-7.
- C. Edmund Bosworth, ed. (2007). "Basra". Historic Cities of the Islamic World. Leiden: Koninklijke Brill. p. 49+.
- Bruce Stanley (2008), "Basrah", in Michael R.T. Dumper; Bruce E. Stanley (eds.), Cities of the Middle East and North Africa, Santa Barbara, USA: ABC-CLIO, p. 72+
- Gabor Agoston; Bruce Alan Masters (2009). "Basra". Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire. Facts on File. ISBN 978-1-4381-1025-7.
- "Basra". Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art & Architecture. Oxford University Press. 2009.
in other languages
- Jean Baptiste Tavernier (1676). "Suite de la mesme route depuis Bagdat jusqua Balsara". Les Six Voyages (in French). Paris.
- Jacques Savary des Brûlons (1748). "Bassora". Dictionnaire universel de commerce (in French) (New ed.). Paris: Estienne et fils. hdl:2027/ucm.5317968141.
- Domenico Sestini (1798). "Arrivee et sejour a Bassora". Voyage de Constantinople à Bassora en 1781 (in French). Paris.
- Vital Cuinet (1894). "Bassorah". La Turquie d'Asie (in French). Paris: Leroux.
- Max Freiherr von Oppenheim (1899), "(Basra)", Vom Mittelmeer zum Persischen Golf (in German), Berlin: D. Reimer (E. Vohsen), OCLC 13166400
- Leone Caetani (1905), "14 a.H. (al-Basrah etc.)", Annali dell'Islam (in Italian), Milano: Hoepli
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to History of Basra.
- "Mosques Architecture in Basra". Basra Governate.
- "Al Basrah Province Landmarks". BasrahCouncils.org. Archived from the original on 14 April 2013.
30°30′N 47°49′E / 30.500°N 47.817°E
This page was last edited on 14 March 2024, at 16:22