Thirumangai Alvar | |
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| Personal | |
| Born | Kaliyan the 8th century CE (traditional dating: 2702 BCE)[1] Kuriayalur (Thiruvali-Thirunagari) |
| Died | Thirukkurungudi (Thirunelveli dist.) |
| Religion | Hinduism |
| Other names | Parakalan |
| Philosophy | Vaishnava Bhakti |
| Religious career | |
| Literary works | Periya Tirumoli Tirunetuntantakam Tirukkuruntantakam Tiruvelukkutrirukkai Ciriya Tirumatal Periya Tirumatal |
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| Vaishnavism |
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Thirumangai Alvar (IAST:Tirumaṅgai Āḻvār ), also referred to as Thirumangai Mannan[2] is the last of the 12 Alvar saints of south India, who are known for their affiliation to the Vaishnava tradition of Hinduism. He is considered one of the most learned Alvars, and the most superior Alvar in the context of composition of verses.[3] He holds the title Narkavi Perumal, the mark of an excellent poet,[3] and Parakala (Beyond Time).
Though he is respected as a Vaishnava saint-poet, he initially worked as a military commander, a chieftain, and then a robber. After his conversion to Vaishnavism, he confronted practitioners the sect of Shaivism, as well as Buddhism and Jainism.
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Dating and hagiography
The traditional date attributed to Thirumangai is year 399 of Kali Yuga, that is 2702[4] or 2706 BCE,[1] making him traditionally the last of the Alvar saints.[4] Modern scholars have placed the Alvars in between 5th to 9th centuries based on few historical evidence. Dr. N. Subba Reddiar summarizes their views and arrives at the date 776 AD for Thirumangai, making him chronologically the eighth Alvar, though even these dates are disputed.[5] Sakkottai Krishnaswami Aiyangar notes he is generally dated to 7th-8th century.[1] Professor of Religion and Asian Studies, James G. Lochtefeld of Carthage College dates Thirumangai to the 9th century.[6] He is generally considered to be a contemporary of Pallava king Nandivarman II (731 CE - 796 CE) as he refers to the later Pallavas of Pallava dynasty in his hymns.[7][8]
The hagiographies detailing the life of Thirumangai and other Alvars are Divya charitam (11th century) and Guruparampara-prabhavam-arayirappadi (13th century) and Guruparampara-prabhavam-muvayirappadi (14th century). Other Vaishnava scholars have written hagiographics based on the above works later.[4]
Early life
Thirumangai was born in the Kallar caste [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16] in Thirukuraiyalur, a small village in Tamil Nadu. Thirumangai's real name was Kaliyan or Kalikanti. Thirumangai's father was Nilam, a general under the Chola empire.[2][17] He was skilled in archery and worked as a military commander himself for the Chola king. In recognition of his valour, he was conferred upon the title Parakala and rewarded a small territory called Ali Nadu to govern, for his military services. Its capital was Thirumangai. He earned the title Thirumangai Mannan or chief of Thirumangai, a name he maintained even when he became a saint.[2][3]
Married life
According to the traditional accounts, he fell in love with Kumudavalli, a Vaishnava doctor's adopted daughter at Thiruvellakkulam (also known as Annan Kovil). She gave a set of conditions that he must become a Vaishnavaite and that he must feed a thousand people for over a year, every day. During that process, he was so attracted to Vaishnavism that he started constructing temple walls for Srirangam. Unable to bear the heavy expense of feeding a thousand people, Kaliyan resorted to highway robbery. One day, he saw a group of people returning from a marriage, with the bride and groom. He and his assistants were able to get all the loot, but the toe ring from the groom was left. He tried to remove them, but could not do so. Then he realised the bridegroom was none other than Vishnu himself. Narayana revealed himself to Kaliyan and transformed him by teaching the Narayana mantra or Ashtakshara (the eight syllabled) – Om Namo Narayanaya, turning the robber into a saint, and starts singing the first verse of Periya Tirumoli (Vaadinen Vaadi). The temple-god of Thirunaraiyur (Naraiyur Nindra Nambi) – a form of Vishnu – is believed to have initiated Thirumangai into Vaishnavism, by teaching him the pancha samskara.[2][17][18]
The first ten verses of Thirumangai's poem Periya Tirumoli sing of his transformation, after receiving the spiritual knowledge from Vishnu.[17] He sings about his transformation thus:[19]
I became a thief
deceitful and dishonest
I wandered hither and thither
yet light dawned upon me –
I reached Your feet
and instantly your grace fell upon me
with melting heart and choked voice
your praises I sing
bathed in streaming tears
I repeat day and night
the sacred name of Narayana (Vishnu)
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Transformed by his encounter with God, Thirumangai gave up his chieftainship and became a devout Vaishnava, dedicated to god Vishnu. To atone for his sins, he visited 88 of the Divya Desams, a group of 108 Vishnu shrines primarily in south India.[3] He spread the poems of older Alvars in his wandering.[20] He was also well versed in earlier Tamil literature like Naaladiyar, Thirukkural, Sangam literature, and Jain literature.[21]
Thirumangai preached against penance and advocated bhakti (devotion) as way to attain salvation. He composed 6 poems in Tamil, together acoounting for 1361 verses. In the book Divya Prabandham, 1361 verses of Thirumangai are included, making them the most composed by any Alvar.[20] Tamil Vaishnavas consider them as the six Tamil Vedangas or Angas of the 4 poems of Nammalvar, which are considered as Vedas.[3][22] His most important work is Periya Tirumoli, composed of 1084 hymns. The others are: Tirunetuntantakam (30 verses), Tirukkuruntantakam (20 verses), Tiruvelukkutirukkai (a single long poem of 47 lines), Siriya Tirumadal (155 lines) and Periya Tirumadal (297 lines).[17][22]
A late ninth century text, Tamilalangaram by Dandapani Swamigal describes him of having the rare privilege of biting god Vishnu's toes and being pardoned for all his sins, as he wrote in Tamil.[23] Vaishnavas consider him as a divine incarnation of Sharanga, Vishnu's bow.[24]
Works
The Periya Tirumoli is the composition of hymns illustrating the greatness of Vaishnava shrines and their presiding deity as well as God's numerous attributes. His songs extol the largest number of shrines – over 40 forms of Vishnu, from Badrinath in North India to Thirukkurungudi in the extreme South. Thirumangai also discusses causes of human suffering and ways to overcome it to achieve salvation. Vedanta Desika praises the work as "a deep insight in spiritual knowledge".[2][17][22]
The word tandakam in Tirunetuntantakam and Tirukkuruntantakam refers to the staff used for support for climbing a hill, this refers to God as the support for sustence of the soul in context of the poems. The words nedu and kuru signify the length of the compositions and its poetic meter. In Tirunetuntantakam, Thirumangai speaks as a Nayaki (consort of the Lord), who separated from her beloved God (Nayaka). Tirukkuruntantakam speaks dependency of the soul on God and its way to escape suffering with the help of Vishnu, who is the sole supporter.[17]
Tiruvelukkutirukkai deals with the concept of surrender to God to attain freedom from suffering, the nature of God and the means of attaining Him.[17]
Periya Tirumatal and Ciriya Tirumatal use the matal, an ancient Tamil custom which is practised by a rejected lover to win back his love, though it is prohibited for women. The custom evolves singing about his love in love, devoid of food and sleep and finally trying to commit suicide before her if all things fail.[22] Thirumangai sings as a woman threatening Lord to finish her life if He can not reciprocate her love. He assumes the role of a gopika (milkmaid) who threatens Krishna (a form of Vishnu) with madal. He defends the gopika's actions of performing the prohibited madal, by saying that he follows the Sanskrit literary tradition who permits madal for women, not the Tamil one.[25] His songs are also based on akam love poems, and talk of employing bees and storks are messengers to God.[20] He goes to the length of portraying himself as the nayaki, pining for the love of Vishnu.[17][21]
Interaction with other faiths
Thirumangai was instrumental in the decline of Jainism in south India.[26] He is known for building of the third wall at the Vishnu temple, Srirangam for which he melted a gold Buddha statue from the Negapatam monastery. This indicates a conflict with Buddhism.[27] Sri Rangastavam by Parashara bhattar praises Thirumangai, who won over philosophies such as Jainism to establish the complete philosophy of Sri Vaishnavism and used the jewels and images from them to build the third wall around Srirangam Temple.
Thirumangai plundered "refractory" Shaivas (devotees of Shiva) and lived on the acquired wealth.[3] He is described as cold-hearted Vaishnava who defeated the rival Shaivas by his words and his argumentum ad baculum.[3] Vaishnava texts like the Divyasuri charitam and the Guruparamparai prabhavams tell of his meeting with Thirugnana sambandhar, a Shaiva saint, who went to meet Thirumangai on his own and invited Thirumangai to his home town Sirkazhi so that Thirumangai would compose a poem in praise of the local deity Thadaalan.[21] On the request of Thirugnana sambandhar at Sirkazhi, Thirumangai composed a poem on the spot, which was admired by the Shaiva – who granted Thirumangai a trident as a mark of appreciation.[28]
Temples
In Hampi's Vitthala temple complex, a temple was dedicated to Thirumangai Alvar.[29]
Festival
The Thirumangai Alvar Mangalasasana utsavam(festival)in the month of Thai(Jan–Feb) witnesses 11 Garudasevai a spectacular event in which festival images idols from the 11 Thirunaangur Divyadesam shrines in the area are brought on Garuda mounts to Thirunangur. An idol of Thirumangai Alvar is also brought here on a Hamsa Vahanam(swan) and his paasurams(verses) dedicated to each of these 11 temples are recited. The Utsavar(festival deity) of Thirumangai Alvar and his consort Sri Kumudavalli Naachiyar are taken in a palanquin to each of the 11 temples, through the paddy fields in the area. The paasurams(poems) dedicated to each of the 11 Divyadesams are chanted in the respective shrines.[30]
Legacy
The Nangur Vishnu Temples are regarded to have been sanctified by him.[31] K. C. Varadachari, author of Alvars of South India describes Thirumangai as:[20]
He was a petty chieftain. He in many respects a dynamic figure, ardent in love, spectacular in his deeds, a rebel and a social reformer, even a kind of Robin Hood, and above all an exquisite lyricist.
Notes
- ^ a b c Sakkottai Krishnaswami Aiyangar (1911). Ancient India: Collected Essays on the Literary and Political History of Southern India. pp. 403–404, 409. ISBN 9788120618503.
- ^ a b c d e VK 2006, p.49
- ^ a b c d e f g Pillai 1994, pp. 192–4
- ^ a b c Chari 1997, p. 10
- ^ Chari p.11
- ^ James G. Lochtefeld (2002). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M. The Rosen Publishing Group. pp. 29–30. ISBN 978-0-8239-3179-8.
- ^ Vidya Dehejia. Slaves of the Lord: The Path of the Tamil Saints. Munshiram Manoharlal, 1988. p. 107.
- ^ P. V. Jagadisa Ayyar. South Indian Shrines: Illustrated. Asian Educational Services, 1982. p. 87.
- ^ A Seminar on Saints: Papers Presented at the Second Seminar of the Union for the Study of the Great Religions (India). 1960. p. 152.
- ^ Dalal, Roshen (2014). Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide. ISBN 9788184752779.
- ^ Sharma, Suresh K.; Sharma, Usha (2004). Cultural and Religious Heritage of India: Cultural and religious reform. p. 3. ISBN 9788170999638.
- ^ Jayaraman, Dr. P. (2019). A Brief History of Vaishnava Saint Poets : The Alwars. p. 88. ISBN 9789389012699.
- ^ Dalal, Roshen (2014). The Religions of India: A Concise Guide to Nine Major Faiths. ISBN 9788184753967.
- ^ Bhāratī: Bulletin of the College of Indology, Volume 22. 1996. p. 23.
- ^ Pande, Rekha (2010). Divine Sounds from the Heart—Singing Unfettered in their Own Voices. p. 68. ISBN 9781443825252.
- ^ Division, Publications (2017). Cultural Leaders of India - Devotional Poets and Mystics : Part - 1. ISBN 9788123024820.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Chari 1997, pp. 29–32
- ^ Krishnaraj, Veeraswamy (2002). The Bhagavad-Gita: Translation and Commentary. iUniverse. p. 181. ISBN 9781475911817.
- ^ Heehs, Peter (2002). Indian Religions: A Historical Reader of Spiritual Expression and Experience. C. Hurst, Publishers, Limited. ISBN 9781850654964.
- ^ a b c d Das 2006, p. 41
- ^ a b c Lal, Mohan (1992). Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: sasay to zorgot, Volume 5. Sahitya Akademi. p. 4337. ISBN 9788126012213.
- ^ a b c d T. 2002, p. 59
- ^ Ā. Irā, Vēṅkaṭācalapati (2006). In Those Days There was No Coffee: Writings in Cultural History. Yoda Press. p. 105. ISBN 9788190227278.
- ^ Chari 1997, p. 13
- ^ T. 2002, pp. 59–60
- ^ Singh, N. Kr. (2001). Encyclopaedia of Jainism. Anmol Publications. p. 878. ISBN 978-81-261-0691-2.
- ^ Das 2006, p.37
- ^ "Thirumangai Azhwar's unique distinction". The Hindu. 18 July 2002. Archived from the original on 1 January 2003. Retrieved 20 April 2013.
{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ^ Mack, Alexandra (2002). Spiritual Journey, Imperial City: Pilgrimage to the Temples of Vijayanagara. Vedams eBooks (P) Ltd. pp. 106–107. ISBN 9788179360040.
- ^ "Garuda Sevai" (PDF). Ramanuja.org. pp. 1–4. Retrieved 19 August 2011.
- ^ "Facets of South Indian art and architecture", originally from the University of Michigan, p. 263. ISBN 978-8173052460.
References
- Pillai, M. S. Purnalingam (1994). Tamil Literature. Asian Educational Services. ISBN 978-81-206-0955-6.
- V.K., Subramanian (2006). 101 Mystics of India. Abhinav Publications. ISBN 978-81-7017-471-4.
- Das, Sisir Kumar (2006). A History of Indian Literature, 500–1399: From the Courtly to the Popular. Sahitya Akademi. ISBN 9788126021710.
- T., Padmaja (2002). Temples of Kr̥ṣṇa in South India: history, art, and traditions in Tamilnāḍu. New Delhi: Shakti Malik. ISBN 81-7017-398-1..
- Chari, S. M. Srinivasa (1997). Philosophy and Theistic Mysticism of the Āl̲vārs. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. ISBN 9788120813427.
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This page was last edited on 9 February 2024, at 07:21